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THE RUSI JOURNAL K/ ϭϬϭϬϴϬϬϯϬϳϭϴϰϳϮϬϭϰϴϵϱϮϱϯ Ξ Zh^/ :KhZE> &ZhZzDZ, ϮϬϭϰ sK> ϭϱϵ EK ϭ ƉƉ ϲʹϭϰ THINKING ABOUT ORGANISED CRIME STRUCTURE AND THREAT MICHAEL LEVI The term ‘organised crime’ suggests a greater level of coherence than exists in reality, while the major threat imagery it evokes is useful for some purposes but ĐŽƵŶƚĞƌƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞ ĨŽƌ ŽƚŚĞƌƐ tŚŝůĞ ƐŽŵĞ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞĚ ĐƌŝŵŝŶĂů ŐƌŽƵƉƐ ĂŶĚ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ƉŽƐĞ Ă ƚŚƌĞĂƚ ƚŽ ŶĂƟŽŶĂů ƐĞĐƵƌŝƚLJ ŵŽƐƚ ĂīĞĐƚ ŚƵŵĂŶ ƐĞĐƵƌŝƚLJ Ăƚ Ă ƐƵďͲŶĂƟŽŶĂů ůĞǀĞů DŝĐŚĂĞů >Ğǀŝ ĐƌŝƟĐĂůůLJ ĞdžĂŵŝŶĞƐ ƐŽŵĞ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂů ĂŶĚ ƉĞƌĐĞƉƟŽŶ ĨĞĂƚƵƌĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŚĂƌŵƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚƌĞĂƚƐ ĞŶĐŽŵƉĂƐƐĞĚ ďLJ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞĚ ĐƌŝŵĞ ĂŶĚ ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐĞƐ ƚŚĞŝƌ ŝŵƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ ĨŽƌ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐ ĂŶĚ ƚĂĐƟĐĂů ŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶƐ O rganised crime is a curious ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚ ƐŬ ŶŐůŝƐŚͲƐƉĞĂŬŝŶŐ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƐƚƌĞĞƚ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞLJ ĂƌĞ ŵŽƐƚ ůŝŬĞůLJ ƚŽ ƚŚŝŶŬ ŽĨ ĮĐƟŽŶĂů ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƐ ŝŶ Įůŵ Žƌ ƚĞůĞǀŝƐŝŽŶ ʹ The Godfather Goodfellas or The Sopranos ;ƉůƵƐ Underbelly ŝĨ ƚŚĞLJ ĂƌĞ ƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂŶͿ KƚŚĞƌ ůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĐƵůƚƵƌĞƐ ŚĂǀĞ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĮĐƟŽŶĂů ĞƋƵŝǀĂůĞŶƚƐ /Ĩ ƚŚĞ ĐƌŝŵĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĂƉƉĂƌĞŶƚ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ ĚŽ ŶŽƚ Įƚ ƚŚŝƐ gestalt ŽĨ ĐƵŶŶŝŶŐ ƚƌĂĸĐŬŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ǀŝŽůĞŶĐĞ ƚŚĞŶ ŵŽƐƚ ǁŽƵůĚ ƚŚŝŶŬ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞƌĞ ǁĂƐ ŶŽƚ Ă ƉƌŽďůĞŵ ŽĨ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞĚ ĐƌŝŵĞ KŶ ƚŚĞ ŽƚŚĞƌ ŚĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ hE ŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶ ĂŐĂŝŶƐƚ dƌĂŶƐŶĂƟŽŶĂů KƌŐĂŶŝnjĞĚ ƌŝŵĞ ĂŐƌĞĞĚ ŝŶ WĂůĞƌŵŽ ŝŶ ϮϬϬϬ ƐĞƚƐ Ă ĨĂƌ ůŽǁĞƌ ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ůĂďĞů ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĞdžƚĞŶƚ ƚŚĂƚ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞĚ ĐƌŝŵĞ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ĨƵůĮůůĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚƌĞĞ ďƵƌŐůĂƌƐ ĂŶĚ Ă ǁŝŶĚŽǁͲĐůĞĂŶŝŶŐ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ ʹ Ă ŚĂŶĚLJ ĨƌŽŶƚ ĨŽƌ ŵŽŶĞLJ ůĂƵŶĚĞƌŝŶŐ ƵŶůĞƐƐ Ă banker or accountant wonders how ĨĞĂƐŝďůĞ ŝƚ ƌĞĂůůLJ ŝƐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ŵĞŵďĞƌƐ ŽĨ ƐƵĐŚ Ă ƐŵĂůů ŽƵƞŝƚ ƚŽ ĞĂƌŶ άϭϬϬϬϬϬ Ă LJĞĂƌ ĞĂĐŚ ǁŚĞŶ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĐŽƐƚƐ ĂƌĞ ƐŽ ŵŽĚĞƐƚ 1 ůƚŚŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞƌĞ ŵĂLJ ďĞ ŶŽƚŚŝŶŐ ĚŝƐŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞĚ ĂďŽƵƚ ŝƚƐ ĐŽŶĚƵĐƚ ƚŚĞ ƐĐĂůĞ ŽĨ ƐƵĐŚ Ă ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ ŝƐ ĨĂƌ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƉƵůĂƌ Žƌ ĞǀĞŶ ƚŚĞ ƉŽůŝĐĞ ŝŵĂŐĞ ŽĨ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞĚ ĐƌŝŵĞ dŚŝƐ ŝƐ Ăůů ƚŚĞ ŵŽƌĞ ŝƌŽŶŝĐ ǁŚĞŶ ŽŶĞ ƚŚŝŶŬƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŚĂĚ ĞƌŶĂƌĚ DĂĚŽī ĂĐƚĞĚ ĂůŽŶĞ Žƌ ũƵƐƚ ǁŝƚŚ ŚŝƐ ďƌŽƚŚĞƌ ŝŶ ĐƌŝŵŝŶĂů ŝŶƚĞŶƚ ŵĞƌĞůLJ ƵƐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƵŶƐĞĞŝŶŐ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ŽĨ ŚŝƐ ĂĐĐŽƵŶƚĂŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƐƚĂī ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŐůŽďĂů WŽŶnjŝ ƐĐŚĞŵĞ ƚŚĂƚ ŚĂƐ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚ ƐŽŵĞ Ψϭϳϱ ďŝůůŝŽŶ ŝŶ ůŽƐƐĞƐ ŚĞ ǁŽƵůĚ not have been ĂŶ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞĚ ĐƌŝŵŝŶĂů ŝŶ ƚŚĞ WĂůĞƌŵŽ ƐĞŶƐĞ 2 dŚĞ ƚĞƌŵ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞĚ ĐƌŝŵĞ ŝƐ ƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƵĂůůLJ ŝŶĂĚĞƋƵĂƚĞ ƚŚŝƐ ĂƵƚŚŽƌ ŚĂƐ ĂƩĞŵƉƚĞĚ ƚŽ ŵŽĚŝĨLJ ƚŚĞ ůĞdžŝĐŽŶ ďLJ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƉŚƌĂƐĞ ƚŚĞ KƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ^ĞƌŝŽƵƐ ƌŝŵĞƐ ĨŽƌ 'ĂŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƚƌŝĞƐ ƚŽ ĐĂƉƚƵƌĞ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝƟĞƐ ďĞƩĞƌ ũƵƐƚ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ h< ĂŶĚ ƵƌŽƉŽů ŚĂǀĞ ŵĂĚĞ ƐĞƌŝŽƵƐ ĂŶ ĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞ Žƌ Ă ƐƵƉƉůĞŵĞŶƚ ƚŽ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞĚ ĐƌŝŵĞ ĂƐ Ă ďĂƐŝƐ ĨŽƌ ŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶ 3 ^ƵĐŚ ĂƩĞŵƉƚƐ ŶŽƚǁŝƚŚƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞĚ ĐƌŝŵĞ ŝƐ ŶŽƚ ĞĂƐŝůLJ ĚŝƐƉĞŶƐĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ĂƐ Ă ƚĞƌŵ ŶŽƚ ũƵƐƚ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ŝƚ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ĂŶƟƚŚĞƐŝƐ ŽĨ ŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƐƟĐ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů ĐƌŝŵĞ ďƵƚ ĂůƐŽ ƉƌĞĐŝƐĞůLJ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ŽĨ ŝƚƐ ĞǀŽĐĂƟǀĞ ĐŽŶŶŽƚĂƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ ŝŶƚĞƌƉĞƌƐŽŶĂů ĂŶĚ ƐŽĐŝĂů ƚŚƌĞĂƚ &ƵƌƚŚĞƌŵŽƌĞ ŵĞŵďĞƌƐŚŝƉ ŽĨ Ă ĐƌŝŵŝŶĂů ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ ;ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ ƚƌŝĐŬLJ ƚŚŝƐ ŝƐ ƚŽ ĚĞĮŶĞ ŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůůLJͿ ƚƌŝŐŐĞƌƐ ŐƌĞĂƚĞƌ ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟǀĞ ƉŽǁĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŽƵŐŚĞƌ ƐĞŶƚĞŶĐĞƐ ŝŶ ŵĂŶLJ ĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůLJ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ h dŚŝƐ ĂƌƟĐůĞ ƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ ƐĞĞŬƐ ƚŽ ƚĞĂƐĞ ŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ ĂŶĚ ĞdžƚĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŚĂƌŵƐ ĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞĚ ĐƌŝŵĞ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶĐůƵĚĞƐ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŝŵƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ ƚŚŝƐ ĨŽƌ ĐŽŶƚƌŽů dŚĞ ƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ ŚĞƌĞ ŝƐ ǁŚĂƚ ŝƚ ŵĞĂŶƐ ƚŽ ƌĞŐĂƌĚ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞĚ ĐƌŝŵĞ ĂƐ Ă ŚƵŵĂŶ Žƌ Ă ŶĂƟŽŶĂůͲƐĞĐƵƌŝƚLJ ƚŚƌĞĂƚ DŝůŝƚĂƌLJ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝƐƚƐ ĂƌĞ ĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌ ǁŝƚŚ ŚĂǀŝŶŐ ƚŽ ƌĞŐĂƌĚ ƐĂLJ ZƵƐƐŝĂ Žƌ ƚŚĞ mujahedeen ĂƐ ĂůůŝĞƐ ŽŶĞ ŵŽŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ĂƐ Ă ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů ƚŚƌĞĂƚ ƚŚĞ ŶĞdžƚ ůƚŚŽƵŐŚ ĂŶLJ ĐƌŝŵĞ ĐŽƵůĚ ŽŶ ƐŽŵĞ ůĞǀĞů ĐŽŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ Ă ƚŚƌĞĂƚ ƚŽ ŚƵŵĂŶ ƐĞĐƵƌŝƚLJ ƚŚĞƌĞ ŝƐ ƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐ ĂďŽƵƚ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞĚ ĐƌŝŵĞ ƚŚĂƚ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐ ƚŚĞ ƌŝƐŬ ŽĨ Ă ƚŚƌĞĂƚ ƚŽ ŶĂƟŽŶĂů ƐĞĐƵƌŝƚLJ ŌĞƌ Ăůů ĐŽƵŶƚĞƌͲƚĞƌƌŽƌŝƐŵ ĞdžƉĞƌƚƐ ĂƌĞ ĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌ ĞŶŽƵŐŚ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ ĚĞĂů ǁŝƚŚ ĂƐLJŵŵĞƚƌŝĐ ƚŚƌĞĂƚƐ ĂŶĚ ĂƌĞ ǁĞůů ĂǁĂƌĞ ƚŚĂƚ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ůͲYĂŝĚĂ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ŵŽƌĞ ĚŝĸĐƵůƚ ƚŽ ĐŽŵďĂƚ ƚŚĂŶ ĂƌŵŝĞƐ KŶĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞĚ ĐƌŝŵĞ ĂŶĚ ƚĞƌƌŽƌŝƐŵ ŝƐ ƚŚĂƚ Ă ƐŵĂůů ŶƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ;ƵŶůĞƐƐ ƚŚĞLJ ĂƌĞ ĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞ ĞdžĞĐƵƟǀĞƐͿ ĐĂŶ ƐĞůĚŽŵ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞ ƚŚĞ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĞƐ ŽĨ ƐĐĂůĞ ŝŶ ĐƌŝŵĞ ĨŽƌ ĮŶĂŶĐŝĂů ŐĂŝŶ ƚŚĂƚ ƉĂƌĂůůĞů ƚŚĞ ĚĞǀĂƐƚĂƟŽŶ ƚŚĂƚ Ă ĨĞǁ ƚĞƌƌŽƌŝƐƚƐ ;Žƌ ĞǀĞŶ ŽŶĞ ůŽŶĞ ǁŽůĨ vide ŶĚĞƌƐ ƌĞŝǀŝŬ Žƌ WĂǀůŽ >ĂƉƐŚLJŶͿ ĐĂŶ ŝŶ ƵŶĚĞƌƚĂŬŝŶŐ Ă ďŽŵď ĂƩĂĐŬ Žƌ ƚŚĂƚ ƐŽŵĞŽŶĞ ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ ƉŽůŝƟĐĂů ŐŽĂůƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ĞƌƌŝĐŬ ŝƌĚ ĐĂŶ ŝŶ ƐƉƌĞĞ Žƌ ƐĞƌŝĂů ŬŝůůŝŶŐƐ dŚŝƐ ĂƉƉůŝĞƐ ǁŚĞƚŚĞƌ ŽŶĞ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌƐ ƉƌĞĚĂƚŽƌLJ ĐƌŝŵĞƐ ;ůŝŬĞ ĨƌĂƵĚ ĂŶĚ ƌŽďďĞƌLJ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŚĂǀĞ ĚŝƌĞĐƚ ǀŝĐƟŵƐͿ Žƌ ŵĂƌŬĞƚ ĐƌŝŵĞƐ ;ƐƵƉƉůLJŝŶŐ ĚĞƐŝƌĞĚ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ĚƌƵŐƐ ƐĞdž ĂŶĚ ƉŽƌŶŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ ǁŚĞƌĞ ƚŚŽƐĞ

Thinking about Organised Crime

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  • THE RUSI JOURNAL

    THINKING ABOUT ORGANISED CRIMESTRUCTURE AND THREAT

    MICHAEL LEVI

    The term organised crime suggests a greater level of coherence than exists in reality, while the major threat imagery it evokes is useful for some purposes but

    Organised crime is a curious The

    Godfather Goodfellas or The Sopranos Underbelly

    gestalt

    banker or accountant wonders how

    1

    not have been

    2

    3

    mujahedeen

    vide

    RUSI 159_1 TEXT .indd 6 27/02/2014 13:49:32

  • 7

    Courtesy of Andrew Milligan/AP Photo.

    4

    capacity to predatory

    5

    Costs, Harms and Threats

    and

    RUSI 159_1 TEXT .indd 7 27/02/2014 13:49:33

  • THINKING ABOUT ORGANISED CRIME

    6

    intriguing that when asked which crimes

    did not

    7

    8

    9 this

    x

    explicit

    10

    evidence about actual risks and costs

    11

    12

    RUSI 159_1 TEXT .indd 8 27/02/2014 13:49:34

  • 9

    MICHAEL LEVI

    them to organised crime and assessing

    13 This

    grounds that without organised crime

    14

    strong enough to threaten or resist the

    15

    occur within

    some

    16

    Table 1: Minimum

    Direct Economic Cost ()

    RUSI 159_1 TEXT .indd 9 27/02/2014 13:49:34

  • THINKING ABOUT ORGANISED CRIME

    17

    A high level of

    criminal group creates economies of scale

    18

    public

    Organising Crimes

    19

    rate of growth

    20

    21

    RUSI 159_1 TEXT .indd 10 27/02/2014 13:49:34

  • 11

    MICHAEL LEVI

    associated with serious organised crime

    organised-crime-related

    22

    Intervening Against Organised Crimes

    the dynamics

    23 This

    caudillos

    24

    commit crime

    25 This

    concept

    26

    RUSI 159_1 TEXT .indd 11 27/02/2014 13:49:34

  • THINKING ABOUT ORGANISED CRIME

    reduced

    Concluding Thoughts

    organised crimes and the networks

    Few individual elements of organised

    threat

    their crimes in their totality

    countermeasures are needed to monitor

    Michael Levi is Professor of Criminology

    the control of white-collar and organised

    Senior Research Fellow at RAND Europe.

    is an Academician of the Academy of Social Sciences and a Fellow of the

    The author would like to thank John

    and the anonymous reviewers

    RUSI 159_1 TEXT .indd 12 27/02/2014 13:49:34

  • 13

    MICHAEL LEVI

    individuals as crimes such

    13 Ibidnet

    The :

    16 Ibid

    Second Report of the Inter-Departmental

    Counts

    Notes

    Criminology th

    The Character

    in Control

    RUSI 159_1 TEXT .indd 13 27/02/2014 13:49:34

  • THINKING ABOUT ORGANISED CRIME

    Territories

    Crime Strategy

    Journal

    Further Insights into Aspects of the EU Illicit Drugs Market

    RUSI 159_1 TEXT .indd 14 27/02/2014 13:49:35