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In-Vehicle InfotainmentMoving Solution Development Into the Fast Lane

In-Vehicle Infotainment | Page �

Drivers today seem determined to make over their car interiors into a fun, productive space where

they can access information and entertainment much like they would in a home theater environment

or at the well-wired workplace. From wireless e-mail connectivity to iPod* integration to hands-free

voice control over mobile phones, to front-seat navigation screens and back-seat DVD screens, today’s

cars are bridging the gap between the digital home and the digital office, and rapidly becoming a rich

infotainment experience for the road.

This trend opens up tremendous opportunities for the automotive industry. But as consumer demand for next-generation in-vehicle infotainment (IVI) systems gains speed, car manufacturers are faced with the need to pump out features and functionality in high gear. They’re being pressed to deliver seamless access to affordable, easy-to-use entertainment systems, productivity applications and information solutions, both within and across their automotive product lines. The challenge of quickly bringing new offerings to market is especially daunting if automakers use a proprietary development platform. Adding new features can easily become a burden due to the amount of software that must be rewritten and the amount of hardware that must be redesigned for each new feature.

Intel is taking the initiative to address this automotive industry challenge with a two-pronged effort to accelerate IVI system development:

• Standards. Intel advocates industry standards and offers solutions that provide auto manufacturers with the flexibility to reuse software and hardware across multiple IVI designs, resulting in shorter development cycles and lower overall cost.

• Vendor ecosystem. Intel collaborates with a large community of industry vendors who are working together to build comprehensive IVI solutions, leading to economies of scale and enabling carmakers to choose solutions that are best suited to their needs and development environment.

Working in collaboration, Intel and its ecosystem can offer auto manufacturers a selection of robust, standards-based solutions that enable rapid, cost-effective development, deployment and upgrading of IVI systems. By adopting this approach, auto manufacturers can respond with agility and remain competitive while giving consumers an extensive choice of ways to enjoy various forms of multimedia in the car.


Vizualogic — a maker of rear-seat entertainment

and vehicle backup systems — seizes every possible

cost and time-to-market advantage. A division of TMI

Products Inc. based in Corona, California, Vizualogic

established a reputation for itself in �00� by intro-

ducing car headrests with embedded displays that

swap in for factory headrests, making it easy to add

entertainment to a vehicle. Vizualogic also develops

overhead rear-seat entertainment players.

Seeking to create a next-generation in-vehicle

rear-seat entertainment (RSE) solution, Vizualogic

engineers decided to base their design on an open

computing platform — specifically, Intel® architecture

and Microsoft Windows*. The decision paved the

way for Vizualogic to collaborate with a network

of computer and automotive industry vendors who

work together to deliver comprehensive, standards-

based IVI solutions. By turning to members of the

Intel® Communications Alliance — StreetDeck for

software and system integration, and Portwell for

boards — Vizualogic delivered a user-friendly, easy-

to-use media-on-demand entertainment system.

The result: Vizualogic* Media on Demand (VMOD*),

a compact, powerful computing module designed to

install under a car seat or in the glove compartment

or trunk. VMOD integrates an Intel® Celeron® M

processor 1.4 GHz and a 40 GB automotive-grade

hard drive that runs the Windows XP* operating

system. A composite video output allows the system

to plug directly into a vehicle’s existing RSE system,

enabling vehicle occupants to play games and watch

movies stored on the hard drive, browse the

Internet, download and listen to music, and enjoy

other multimedia experiences at a quality equivalent

to that of a full-size home PC or Media Center PC.

VMOD will be sold through the automotive after-

market and via retail channels. Vizualogic’s ability

to ship a product quickly and at low development

cost offers convincing proof that teaming up with

a mature team of in-vehicle infotainment vendors can be a shortcut to success.

Vizualogic Delivers User-Friendly In-Car Media-On-Demand System in Record Time

The decision to use the open computing platform provided by Intel® architecture and Microsoft Windows* paved the way for Vizualogic to collaborate with a network of computer and auto-motive industry vendors who work together to deliver comprehensive, standards-based IVI solutions.

For more information about Vizualogic, visit www.vizualogic.com.

In-Vehicle Infotainment | Page 4

Solution One Solution Two

Closed Architectures — Limited Hardware and Software Reuse

Solution Three Solution One

Open, Single Architecture Across Product Offerings

Solution Two Solution ThreeMax Reuse Max Reuse

HMI HMI HMIHigh Reuse High Reuse HMI

Application Application ApplicationLow Reuse ApplicationLow Reuse

Middleware Middleware MiddlewareLow Reuse MiddlewareLow Reuse

Operating System Operating System Operating SystemLow Reuse Operating SystemLow Reuse

Hardware Hardware HardwareLow Reuse HardwareLow Reuse

Silicon Silicon SiliconLow Reuse SiliconLow Reuse

A Common Hardware/Software Platform StrategyDespite escalating consumer demand for IVI applications, the automotive industry has yet to settle on sweeping standards

like those that have been adopted by, for example, the telecom industry. Until such standards emerge, Intel recommends that

carmakers accelerate their development productivity by transitioning toward a more open platform — a move that will allow

them to reuse hardware and software across multiple IVI designs. This can be accomplished by designing solutions with general-

purpose processing, the right amount of performance, the necessary I/O connectivity and a full spectrum of standards-based

ingredient technologies designed with interoperability in mind.

Intel’s key contributions to the common hardware/ software platform are:

• Silicon. Intel® processors and chipsets serve as high-performance building blocks for IVI systems.

• Complementary hardware and software building blocks. Intel enables IVI products through its ecosystem, including members of the Intel® Communications Alliance.

• Standards. Intel actively drives industry standards that will benefit the automotive community.

Auto manufacturers can use a standard board based on Intel® architecture as their base platform, then add various layers of software as needed to enable exciting new infotainment usage models. This modular approach to solution development is much faster and more cost-effective than engineering a complete overhaul of hardware and software with every new design. In addition, Intel architecture offers the benefits of powerful performance, longevity and interoperability with existing technologies, such as desktop PCs, laptops and computing devices in the home and office.

Intel’s vision of an open platform with common hardware and software within and across product generations encompasses the entire value chain — everything from complementary silicon vendors, to software application providers, to board manufacturers, to Tier 1 automotive suppliers who integrate all the various components into an IVI solution. When these companies are aligned throughout the process and all the pieces are compatible and optimized to work in unison, the result is a seamless experience in the supply chain and a recipe for success.

A robust, interoperable and open development environment will help auto manufacturers bring new IVI offerings to market more rapidly and cost-effectively. In addition, it will allow carmakers to become more agile so they can develop a greater assortment of offerings and choices, including choices that may not have been possible with their existing pool of employees due to resource constraints. For example, an open platform clears a path to the latest industry connectivity solutions, such as WiMAX and ultra-wideband, enabling enticing new features that might not be quickly integrated into a proprietary platform.


• Supplying silicon. Intel meets the diverse requirements of digital IVI applications by delivering high-performance, scalable, flexible and energy-efficient ingredients for embedded and mobile solutions.

• Enabling and complying with standards. Intel takes an active hand in driving new standards that can serve the interests of the automotive industry, such as WiMAX and ultra-wideband. Intel also enables connectivity by means of more established technologies, such as Wi-Fi* and Bluetooth*. And, Intel actively participates in the ongoing work of standards bodies, such as the WiMAX Forum*, the Digital Living Network Alliance* (DLNA*) and the Ultra Mobile PC community.

• Offering software building blocks. Intel® Performance Primitives, a set of functionalities optimized for platforms based on Intel architecture, allow system designers to imple-ment advanced digital signal processing (DSP) functionality using software instead of requiring a separate DSP chip. System manufacturers stand to benefit in terms of a smaller hardware footprint and lower board manufacturing costs.

• Creating reference designs. Intel engaged the help of key vendors to develop the Intel® Single DIN In-Vehicle Infotainment Reference Design to facilitate the development of IVI systems based on Intel architecture. Intel plans to release additional reference designs for the various form factors that auto manufacturers require.

These Intel elements, coupled with hardware and software from a mature third-party vendor community, offer auto manufacturers and their suppliers a way to efficiently and profitably roll out new capabilities and usage models as consumers drive infotainment solutions from novelty status to must-have status.

Driving Toward Next-Generation In-Vehicle Infotainment SystemsIntel is advancing open platforms for IVI solutions in various ways, from offering expert technical advice to assembling a network

of recommended vendors who provide interoperable hardware and software ingredients. Key Intel contributions include:


Putting Infotainment on WheelsWith the rationale for a common IVI platform well established, the next question for auto manufacturers

becomes: “Where can I go for the ingredients that will allow me to build a solution today?”

The answer is Intel — in combination with the community of software vendors, hardware vendors,

operating system vendors and other best-of-breed companies working together to enable robust,

interoperable IVI systems. A host of leading companies are already developing compelling products,

assuring carmakers and their Tier 1 suppliers of economies of scale, as well as the ability to choose

the solution best suited to their specific needs and/or development environment.

The following is a sampling of vendors who have teamed up with Intel to deliver an immediate set of

IVI solutions that are well suited for an open platform. Note that while a large network of third-party

developers are building IVI products, not all are represented here. More information on vendors and their

IVI offerings will be made available as this ecosystem continues to expand.

Arbor Technology Corp. Taiwan-based Arbor Technology, an Affiliate member of the Intel Communications Alliance, is a leading provider of embedded computing and networking solutions. Arbor serves global customers in a range of industries by delivering advanced, standards-based embedded and networking products for Car PC and infotainment, gaming, medical, network communication and storage, security surveillance, industrial automation and point-of-sale applications.

Arbor applies its extensive embedded design expertise to after-market IVI systems, designing board-level solutions based on Intel® processors and chipsets. The E-Guardian* Car PC, Arbor’s recent mobile digital video recorder (DVR) solution, integrates a specific mechanical design with digital surveillance capabilities to offer a solution suited to commercial and industrial vehicles that may be subjected to vibration and shock in various climates and terrains. Arbor also develops a dedicated power module that enables E-Guardian to withstand power surges and maintain performance with an intermittent power supply.

Arbor has been collaborating with Intel to create the Intel Single DIN In-Vehicle Infotainment Reference Design. Based on Arbor’s embedded platform design experience and the company’s close alignment with Intel’s IVI roadmap, Intel worked closely with Arbor on the hardware specifications. Engineers at Arbor provided valuable input, including key feature support and board form factor.

For more information about Arbor Technology, visit www.arbor.com.tw.

For a case study profiling the company’s IVI solution development on Intel architecture, see www.intel.com/design/embedded/casestudies/arbor.htm.

Wuhan Bluestar Technology Co. Ltd.Operating in China since 1953, Bluestar produces PCs, network computers and high- performance servers and has a long history in designing Intel-based solutions. Since 2002, Bluestar has also invested heavily in auto electronics product development, especially on-board computers that include system integration services. These solutions are sold as comprehensive after-market IVI systems within China.

Bluestar currently focuses exclusively on local consumption, developing system designs based on transportation specifications unique to China. This narrow focus, coupled with Bluestar’s active engagement with China’s top two automakers, led Bluestar to become the first system integrator in China with a total Car PC solution. The Hiinfo* Onboard Computer adopts embedded software and hardware technologies to integrate high-performance Intel architecture-based platforms into vehicles. Product features include touch-screen technology, GPS navigation, multimedia entertainment, games, wireless networking and on-board telephone.

According to Bluestar, designing Intel architecture into the Hiinfo Onboard Computer enables them to improve performance, and reduce power consumption, size and cost of the unit.

Tier 1 automakers in China estimate that 300,000 of the country’s cars will have IVI solutions installed by 2008. Such projections signal a huge business opportunity for automotive hardware vendors, software vendors and suppliers. To be poised for this opportunity, Bluestar is building its products to Tier 1 automaker specifications and aligning its future product development with the Intel Single DIN In-Vehicle Infotainment Reference Design.

For more information on Bluestar, visit www.bluestar-pc.com.

Automotive IHVsLeading independent hardware vendors (IHVs) developing boards and other IVI products based on Intel’s common platform include the following:


E.E.P.D. GmbH

Electronic Equipment Produktion & Distribution (E.E.P.D.) is a leading provider of advanced high-performance, low-power processor boards and systems designed for industrial control, test equipment, telecom and mobile applications. Headquartered in Germany, E.E.P.D. specializes in developing rugged industrial-grade computers that can perform reliably under extreme conditions. The company’s product portfolio includes a range of industry-standard PC/104-Plus processor boards, modules and adapters.

E.E.P.D. has developed a DIN-sized computer platform specifically for the automotive industry, called the Mobile ENVADER*. Integrated by sister company INPERIO* Systems GmbH and intended for installation in passenger cars, the Mobile ENVADER is based on the Ultra Low Voltage Intel® Celeron® processor 650 MHz. A new version of the unit is based on the Ultra Low Voltage Intel Celeron M processor 800 MHz and the Intel® Pentium® M processor Low Voltage 738∆ operating at 1.4 GHz. Designed as a highly integrated multifunction system for in-vehicle infotainment (IVI), the Mobile ENVADER is capable of sustaining extreme environmental stresses while providing a flexible platform for third-party software applications. It runs on the Microsoft Windows Embedded XP operating system and includes a sophisticated programmable DC/DC power supply, an integrated DVD-drive, a 20 GB or 40 GB automotive-grade hard drive and an external automotive-grade TFT display with a multiple card reader interface. Basic features include navigation, music, movies, games, picture viewer, telephone and Internet access.

An Affiliate member of the Intel Communications Alliance, E.E.P.D. is aligned with Intel’s long-term embedded technology roadmap and is working with Intel to deliver robust IVI solutions that meet the requirements of the global marketplace.

For more information about E.E.P.D. GmbH, visit www.eepd.com.

IBASE Technology Inc.IBASE Technology, headquartered in Taiwan, is a leading manufacturer of single-board computers and motherboards for industrial PCs (IPCs). The company’s product mix also encompasses embedded boards and interface cards, as well as customized IPC systems that have wide-ranging application in the automation, communications, networking, gaming, digital surveillance and medical fields.

Expertise in industrial motherboard R&D proved to be an asset as IBASE moved into designing IVI systems. This expertise influences both board design and overall system integration design, including such elements as chassis and socket. IBASE’s approach enables the company to deliver a complete solution based on Intel architecture, excepting only the software. Especially suitable for IVI applications is IBASE’s ECX800 product. Compliant with the Intel® Embedded Compact Extended Form Factor (Intel® ECX Form Factor), this product is a single-board computer based on the Mobile Intel® 915GM Express chipset. The solution is designed with various Car PC functions and targeted to car resellers that offer mobile media centers.

IBASE designs its IVI systems around the specific requirements of Tier 1 automakers in Europe, who integrate software in the IBASE platform to fill out the solution. This engagement with the European marketplace and familiarity with the infotainment usage model in Europe — including iPod integration and hands-free connectivity — is valuable to the marketplace. IBASE, an Affiliate member of the Intel Communications Alliance, plans to use this reference design to create a single-DIN solution that meets the small form factor requirements of the European marketplace.

For more information about IBASE, visit www.ibase.com.tw.



Kontron AGA global company headquartered in southern Germany, Kontron is a leader in embedded computing technology. Kontron designs and manufactures high-performance open computer platforms and systems, single-board computers, human-machine interface (HMI) systems and rugged mobile solutions for diverse market segments, including industrial automation, communications, government, medical and transportation. Within transportation, Kontron specializes in developing standards-based embedded in-vehicle systems designed for real- time applications in fields such as commercial trucking, law enforcement and railways.

A Premier member of the Intel Communications Alliance (ICA), Kontron relies on Intel processors and chipsets to design standard off-the-shelf in-car systems like the CV-Server, a “drivable” computer that serves as the basis for applications in road and rail vehicles. Based on its expertise in rugged mobile computing and a range of building blocks available from Intel, Kontron can deliver in-vehicle infotainment solutions tailored to customer needs.

Kontron’s longstanding relationship with Intel has resulted in a rich portfolio of Intel architecture-based products. Kontron also recently announced that it has 10 new designs in production that take advantage of Intel’s dual-core technology. The new boards are being developed to serve a variety of applications, including communications, medical, in-car and in-truck computing, public transportation and infotainment. Besides receiving engineering support through Kontron’s ICA membership, the company’s sales force also collaborates with Intel’s field team on cross-selling opportunities.

For more information on Kontron, or to learn more about the company’s embedded solutions for transportation applications, visit www.kontron.com.

Maxan Co. Ltd.South Korea-based Maxan has been developing and manufacturing industrial CPU boards for 17 years, accruing a strong R&D background while producing more than 160 highly customized models.

Recently, Maxan launched Infill*, the brand name for its line of multimedia Car PCs. Infill Car PCs offer numerous entertainment features, including the ability to play CDs, MP3s, DVDs and radio as well as a navigation system. Infill’s Microsoft Windows XP-based system also allows the driver to access desktop PC functions such as music streaming, downloading and live online broadcasting via an Internet connection. These features are integrated in a compact, robust Car PC unit that’s designed to fit in a vehicle’s DIN slot and run stably under harsh automotive environments.

Maxan has optimized the Infill Car PC for Intel platforms. The car battery being the only power source, the power efficiency and low thermal output of Intel architecture processors and chipsets offer Maxan an ideal solution for a Car PC. The company further notes that the unparalleled performance and stability of Intel products help ensure the best quality that Maxan wants to deliver to its clients.

No stranger to Intel reference designs, Maxan recognizes the benefits of a common hardware/software architecture for IVI solutions. Maxan believes that the Intel Single DIN In-Vehicle Infotainment Reference Design facilitates its ongoing efforts to build a true multimedia Car PC through a highly efficient development process. Also, the simplicity of development offered by the reference design helps Maxan customize its Car PC products according to the various requirements of its international clients in a short time and with reduced effort.

For more information about Infill, visit www.infill.co.kr.

In-Vehicle Infotainment | Page 1�


Portwell Inc.Taiwan-based Portwell designs and manufactures a range of industrial PC (IPC) components, as well as highly specialized communication appliances, embedded computing solutions and digital surveillance platforms, offering a product portfolio that spans from boards to systems. An Associate member of the Intel Communications Alliance, Portwell uses the latest Intel technology to deliver solutions that meet customer needs in the fields of telecommunications, medical electronics, industrial automation, defense and life automation.

Typically ranked as the second-largest third-party board vendor in Taiwan, Portwell is especially strong in board design. The company’s design of board-level solutions includes industrial infotainment products that are gaining Portwell extensive experience in commercial applications such as public transportation. System-level solutions include the Portwell BTLE-X35*, an Intel architecture-based in-vehicle computer with a rugged system design. The BTLE-X35 is a multi-function IVI system that integrates necessary peripherals with the Microsoft Windows CE* operating system.

Portwell’s extensive technical design knowledge, coupled with its reputation for delivering sophisticated customer support throughout Asia, the United States and Europe, led Intel to engage Portwell as a reference design lead for the IVI solution. Portwell engineers worked with their counterparts at Intel to create the Intel Single DIN In-Vehicle Infotainment Reference Design. The two companies also plan to team up in the future to showcase the reference design and Portwell’s IVI products. Portwell is initially targeting after-market customers with its IVI products, but eventually plans to focus on Tier 1 automotive suppliers as well.

For more information about Portwell, visit www.portwell.com.tw.


Microsoft Corp. Microsoft works closely with automakers, suppliers, after-market manufacturers and service providers to provide software technology, systems and tools that enable the automotive industry to build next-generation in-car embedded solutions for navigation, communication, information and entertainment. The company, which has been active in the automotive industry since 1995, offers two award-winning automotive-grade embedded operating systems designed specifically for IVI solutions. Microsoft Windows Automotive* 5.0 (based on Windows CE 5.0, which supports Intel architecture) powers a variety of screen-based multi-function navigation devices, and Microsoft Windows Mobile for Automotive 1.0 delivers integrated connectivity for personal devices such as mobile phones and personal media players using Bluetooth and other industry-standard technologies. Also, IVI systems based on Microsoft Windows XP are being produced that allow drivers and passengers to run a full range of entertainment and productivity applications.

Microsoft’s efforts to create building blocks that enable a wide range of IVI solutions are closely aligned with Intel’s own efforts in the automotive industry. The two companies share a focus on improving the digital lifestyle by bringing automotive consumers a better, more integrated user experience.

For more information about Microsoft’s automotive industry efforts and offerings, visit www.microsoft.com/windowsautomotive/default/mspx.

Parrot S.A.Headquartered in Paris, France, Parrot has earned a worldwide reputation as an innovator specializing in Bluetooth technology, a widely accepted standard for wireless communication between electronic devices and a key technology for the automotive industry. Founded in 1994, Parrot is a Golden Associate Member of the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) and has co-chaired the SIG’s car working group since 1999. Parrot provides high-performance multimedia reference design solutions to the suppliers of audio, infotainment and telematics systems. The company’s reference design portfolio includes high-end Bluetooth hands-free telephony and audio streaming, as well as voice recognition and digital audio connectivity.

Parrot is one of a small number of companies working to develop its own Bluetooth protocol stack as opposed to relying on third-party code. The company develops and manufactures Bluetooth-enabled devices that are designed to enable smooth integration of vehicles, drivers and mobile phones. Key technology areas include the design of Bluetooth chipsets, integrated circuit design and the development of advanced voice digital signal processing (DSP) software.

Parrot is currently considering a modification to their chipsets for compatibility with Intel architecture chipsets, thus achieving increased functionality. For example, coupling the Parrot P5+* with Intel technology would benefit customers by enabling a much greater amount of on-screen information to be displayed for a driver.

For more information about Parrot and its IVI solutions, visit www.parrot.biz.

Automotive ISVsLeading independent software vendors developing in-vehicle infotainment solutions based on Intel’s common platform include:


QNX Software SystemsA Canadian firm based in Ottawa, QNX Software Systems is a leading developer of real-time operating system (RTOS) software, development tools and services for embedded design. QNX recognizes that automakers can’t compromise on reliability, safety or performance for their in-car computing platforms. The company addresses this marketplace need by developing operating system solutions and middleware that help leading automakers and their suppliers get their in-cab electronics designs out of the lab and into production.

The component- and standards-based architectures of the QNX Neutrino* RTOS and QNX Momentics* development suite together provide a highly reliable and scalable framework for building compelling audio, infotainment, navigation and telematics systems. QNX focuses on technology innovations geared especially to the automotive marketplace, such as power manage-ment, “instant-on” capabilities, advanced 2-D and 3-D graphics, and multimedia technologies.

To further help customers build successful, market-leading designs, QNX offers the OEM Innovation Labs program (OIL) to qualified automotive OEM research groups, where advanced research is subsidized through access to QNX development tools and technologies. Intel participates in this program by co-sponsoring these labs and providing access to Intel-based hardware platforms. This joint effort is just one example of how QNX and Intel build on their 20-year collaboration to fuel the next generation of media-rich, high-performance in-cab designs.

For more information about QNX Software Systems and its in-vehicle infotainment solutions, visit www.qnx.com or www.qnx.com/markets/automotive.

StreetDeckA mobile computer solutions vendor based in Baltimore, Maryland, StreetDeck designs and develops driver-friendly navigation and infotainment software for cars. StreetDeck also designs specialty hardware products built to facilitate the integration of PCs in cars. The StreetDeck* software suite, an open-architecture, standards-based solution, uses an innovative human machine interface (HMI) for navigation, entertainment, connectivity to portable devices and hands-free access to mobile phones. The software minimizes driver distraction by letting the driver draw shortcut characters on a touch screen to scroll playlists, change channels, repeat a selection, make a phone call, switch to navigation and so forth, while keeping his or her eyes safely on the road. StreetDeck also provides text-to-voice functionality and steering wheel controls for drivers who prefer other methods of interaction.

The StreetDeck HMI includes a software development kit (SDK), and the ability to create skins and customized plug-ins that can be easily incorporated into the HMI. The entire software suite is optimized to take advantage of the computing and graphics performance offered by Intel architecture. StreetDeck developers have determined that Intel architecture has the capability to render graphics quickly and smoothly. With performance headroom for advanced applications, car manufacturers can be assured of bringing consumers a superior user experience. In addition to StreetDeck’s software suite, Intel and StreetDeck collaborate on infotainment proof-of-concept designs and demo systems.

For more information about StreetDeck, visit www.streetdeck.com.


For more information visit: www.intel.com/go/infotainment

Bluetooth is a trademark owned by its proprietor and used by Intel Corporation under license.

∆ Intel processor numbers are not a measure of performance. Processor numbers differentiate features within each processor family, not across different processor families. See http://www.intel.com/products/processor_number for details.

Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.

Intel, the Intel logo, Intel. Leap ahead., Intel. Leap ahead. logo, Pentium and Celeron are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries

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they can access information and entertainment …...They’re being pressed to deliver seamless access to affordable, easy-to-use entertainment systems, productivity applications and