Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
The Stevenson-WydlerTechnology InnovationAct of 1980
~l'.qTES Of P'
Report to the Presidentand the Congressfrom the Secretary of CommerceFebruary 1984
i
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCEREPORT ON THE ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED
PURSUANT TO SECTIONS 5, 6, 8, 11, 12 AND 13 OFTHE STEVENSON-WYDLER TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION ACT
OF 1980 (PUBLIC LAW 96-480)
III. Report on Section 5, Commerce and Technological Innovation 9
Initiatives to Establish Cooperative R&D Arrangements 14
I.
II.
IV.
V.
VI.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Summary and Recommendations
- Summary
- Recommendations
- General Policy Initiatives
Industrial Technology Partnerships Program (ITP)
- Industrial Competitiveness Assessments
- National Technical Information Service
- Small Business Innovation Resources Program
- Government Patent Policy
Report on Section 6,·Centers for Industrial Technology andSection 7, Grants and Cooperative Agreements
Report on Section 8, National Science Foundation Centersfor Industrial Technology
Report on Section 11, Util ization of Federal Technology
1
4
4
7
9
10
12
12
12
13
14
18
20
- Center for the Utilization of Federal Technology (CUFT) 20
- Research and Technology Application Offices 21
Information 22
Intellectual Property 22
i i
Table of Contents
VII. Report on Section 12, National Technology Medal
VIII. Report on Section 13, Personnel Exchanges
Appendix: Summary of Agency Reports on Office ofResearch and Technology Application (ORTA) Activities
Introduction
- U. S. Department of Agriculture
- U. S. Department of Commerce
- U. S. Department of Defense
- U. S. Department of Energy
- U. S. Department of Health and Human Services
- U. S. Department of Interior
U. S. Department of Transportation
- U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- National Science Foundation
Page
27
28
29
29
31
33
39
44
46
52
54
55
57
59
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCEREPORT ON THE ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED
PURSUANT TO SECTIONS 5, 6, 8, 11, 12 AND 13 OFTHE STEVENSON-WYDLER TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION ACT
OF 1980 (PUBLIC LAW 96-480)
Chapter 1: Introduction
The Report
Section 5(d) of the Stevenson-Wydler Act. requires that theSecretary of Commerce prepare and sUbmit t.o the President andCongress, within three years after the date of enactment ofthis Act, a report on the progress, findings, and conclusionsof activities conducted pursuant to sections 5, 6~ 8, 11, 12,and 13 of this Act and recommendations for possiblemodifications thereof.
This is in response to the requirements of Section Sed).
The Purpose of the Act and the Means for Meeting ThatPurpose.
The purpose of the Stevenson-Wydler Act as set forth in Section3 is "to improve the economic, environmental, and socialwell-being of the United Stat.es". Section 3 provides that thispurpose is to be achieved by the following means:
(1) establishing organizations in the executive branchto study and stimulate technology;
(2) promoting technology development through theestablishment of centers for industrial technology;
(3) stimulating improved utilization of Federallyfunded technology developments by state and localgovernments and the private sector;
(4) providing encouragement for the development oftechnology through the recogni tion of indi viduals andcompanies which have made outstanding contributions intechnology; and
(5) encouraging the exchange of scientific andtechnical personnel among academia, industry, andFederal laboratories.
--2-
The Act's purpose and the means to achieve it are driven by theAct's finding that increased industrial innovation will followfrom cooperation among academia. Federal laboratories, labor,and industry, in such forms as technology transfer. personnelexchange and joint research projects. While the Act finds thatindustrial innovation is affected significantly by Governmentantitrust, economic. trade. patent, procurement, regulatory,R&D and tax policies. these policies are not addressed inachieving the purpose of the Act. It is clear, however, thatthe Act intended these policies to be examined and modified, ifappropriate, under the Act's broad mandate "to study andstimulate technology".
Programs Established by the Act to Meet Its Purpose.
The operative sections of the Act authorize activities tosupport each of the means as follows:
Section 5 of the Act is intended to implement (1) aboveby establishing an Office of Industrial Technology toundertake a number of duties including studies andpolicy experiments. The studies and policy experimentsare to be aimed generally at heightening the worldposition of the United States in generating newtechnology. The Act authorizes up to $5 million toundertake these studies and policy experiments infiscal year 1981. Authorizations increase to$9 million in fiscal year 1982 and $14 million forfiscal years 1983, 1984 and 1985:
Sections 6 and 8 of the Act are intended to implement(2) above through Department of Commerce and NationalScience Foundation funding of centers for industrialtechnology. These centers would be affiliated withuniversity or other nonprofit institutions for theprimary purpose of fostering technology developmentthrough cooperative R&D efforts with industry. Itis also intended that the centers undertake genericresearch projects. The Act authorizes up to$19 million for the funding of centers infiscal year 1981. Authorizations increase to$40 million in fiscal year 1982, $50 million infiscal year 1983 and $60 million for fi scal years 1984and 1985:
-3-
Section 11 of the Act is intended to implement (3)above by establishing dedicated offices in the Federallaboratories and a central focus in the Department ofCommerce for the purpose of intensifying the transferof Federally owned or originated technology.
Section 12 of the Act is intended to implement (4)above by establishing a National Technology Medal; and
Section 13 of the Act is intended to implement (5)above through a joint personnel exchange programestabliShed by the Department of Commerce and theNational Science Foundation.
Chapter II:
-4-
Summary and Recommendations
Summary
The Department of Commerce and the Administration have madesubstantial progress in carrying out the intent ofStevenson-Wydler Act to increase cooperative R&D, technologytransfer and industrial innovati.on. The law was designed tostimulate productivity, technology and .innovation in theprivate sector with the intent of regaining or maintainingu. S. technical and industrial leadership in global markets.The comprehensive Administration strategy to do this focuses onthe multi-faceted process of innovation itself rather thanselected end-products of the process. Weak points in theinnovation process have been identified, options for remedialaction have been analyzed, and a series of initiatives have·been undertaken as described below. These initiatives can becategorized as removing barriers to innovation, providingincentives for private sector initiatives, and increasingawareness of these initiatives in noninterventionist ways. Forthe most part, this has involved specific use or modificationof Government antitrust, patent, procurement, regulatory, R&D,and tax policies.
Examples of initiatives that have been taken include thefollowing:
o An R&D Limited Partnership (RDLP) concept has beenarticulated as a new method· of financing innovationthat is equally available and useful both to decliningand growth industries. It minimizes direct Governmentintervention in the private sector. This approach isdesigned to achieve the objectives of Stevenson-Wydler,but to a much greater degree and over a much broaderspectrum of industries than originally envisioned.
o The transfer of Federally funded technology in theprivate sector is being pursued through patent policychanges that "automatically" transfer new technology tothe organizations that develop it and that have theincentive to commercialize it, rather than continuingthe current process of "warehousing" and licensing itat a later time.
-5-
o Private sector cooperative R&D is being promotedthrough the removal or reduction of antitrust and otherbarriers to procompetitive arrangements.
o Federal research funding is being reallocated towardbasic research, where commercial incentives are weak ordo not exist, and away from development and demonstration of commercial technologies, which are moreappropriately undertaken with private funding.
o BasiC research performers are being encouraged to beinvolved in shepherding their new ideas farther alongthe innovation process toward commercialization.
o The role of the Federal laboratories is being broadenedto include more cooperation with universities, othernonprofit organizations and industry.
o Protection of intellectual property held by developersof new technologies is being increased and ambiguitiesin current laws are being clarified.
As a result of the many policy changes introduced by theAdministration along with an improving economic climate, wehave already seen:
o An increase in private R&D spending, which has recentlysurpassed Federal·R&D spending. (Industry is forecasted to increase its R&D spending for 1983 by9.7 percent for a total of $41. 7 billion. If theforecast holds true, industry will contribute49.8 percent of total R&D funding. The FederalGovernment will contribute 46.4 percent, with academiaand others making up the balance.)
o A sharp increase in university/industry/state and localgovernment R&D cooperation. (Corporate contributionsare estimated to have increased to. about 6-7 percent ·oftotal academic R&D, or about $400-500 million annually. )
o Major new private sector cooperative R&D ventures.(The Semiconductor Research Corporation, theMicroelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation,the American Welding Technology Applications Center andControl Data's CDC Research Limited Partnership arefour examples. Many others are in process offormation. )
-6-
Within this improved environment the Administration'sStevenson-Wydler initiatives have led to results such as thefollowing:
o A sharp increase in patenting and licensing oftechnology by universities and the Federal agencies.(University sources indicate that approximately33 percent of the growing university patent portfoliois being licensed. Further, the Department's Centerfor the Utilization of Federal Technology hasquadrupled its rate of licensing of Federally ownedinventions assigned to the Department since fiscal year1980.)
o An upsurge in private sector activity in R&D limitedpartnerships. .
o Issuance of a Presidential Memorandum on patent policyextending contractor ownership of Federally fundedinventions under P. L. 96-517 to performers not coveredby that Act as permitted by law.
o The creation of new roles and organizational structuresto intensify the development and utilization ofuniversity, nonprofit and Federal laboratory researchresults.
It is the Department's view that the primary importance of theStevenson-Wydler Act is in its early anticipation andarticulation of the need for increased cooperative R&D andtechnology transfer as a means of strengthening industrialinnovation. The Department has taken action to increasecooperative R&D and technology transfer, but in ways consistentwith the policies of this Administration and existing economiccircumstances. The Department and the Administration havefocused on Government antitrust, patent, procurement,regulatory, research and development and tax policies as theprimary means of increasing industrial innovation. By doingso, the Department has implemented the spirit and intent ofStevenson-Wydler and accelerated the rate of achievement of itsintended result.
The Department has not implemented the Centers for IndustrialTechnology authorized by Section 6 or the personnel exchangeprogram envisioned by Section 13. Gi.ven the economicenvironment at the time that these programs were to beinitiated, the Department chose to use alternative means ofachieving the goals of these sections without the expenditureof the funds authorized. This is discussed in greater detailin the parts of the report covering Section 6 and 13.
-7--
Recommendations
The Department nOw has no specific recommendations formodification of sections 5, 6, 8, 11, l~ and 13 ofStevenson-Wydler, as invited by the Act. The Department'sview is that the following actions will increase industrialinnovation as the Act intended:
o Passage of the Administration's proposed antitrustlegislation removing barriers to cooperative R&Dventures and the procompetitive exercise ofintellectual property rights.
o Passage of legislation increasing intellectual propertyprotection for software and microchips.
o Passage of legislation to extend contractor ownershipof federally funded inventions. as specified underP.L. 96-517, to Federally funded research anddevelopment performers not now covered by that Act.
In addition, ·the Department is considering the followingactions (and the methods for aChieving them) as means ofheightening cooperative R&D, technology transfer .and industrialinnovation:
o To the extent not impowered, extending the authorityof the Federal agencies' Offices of Research andTechnology Applications (ORTAs) to:
Enter into cooperative research projects withindustry, universities and other nonprofitorganizations. including the use of limitedpartnerships.
Administer an incentive program for laboratoryinventors, including royalty sharing.
Grant patent licenses or assign future inventionownership rights to industry, university or othernonprofit organizations in order to encouragecooperation in Federal laboratory research efforts.
o Developing techniques for use by the ORTAs to aid indetermining the commercial potential of newtechnologies generated in performance of Federallaboratory research.
-8-
o Establishing a new category of Federal professionalemployees to undertake the extended authorities ofORTAs recommended above.
o Developing a training course to increase the inventionawareness of research performers and to communicate theessentials of commercialization options which areavailable to the ORTAs in the Federal agencies and thetechnology management offices of universities and othernonprofit organizations.
o Developing organizational incentives (includingfinancial) for Federal laboratories, which willstrengthen their support of technology transfer andcommercialization of laboratory research results.
o Strengthening means by which U. S. industry canparticipa.te in determining the Nation's basic researchagenda.
o Investigating the advantages of extending the25 percent R&D incremental tax credit to those thatneed it most, including new start-up ventures.
Section 5 provides for the establishment of an Office ofIndustrial Technology and a Director who is required toundertake a number of duties, including studies and policyexperiments aimed at strengthening the world position of theUnited States in generating new technology.
Chapter III:
-9-
Report On Section 5, Commerce and TechnologicalInnovation
In implementing Section 5, the Secretary of comme rceestablished the Office of the Assistant Secretary forproductivity, Technology and Innovation (PTI), appointed anAssistant Secretary to head that Office, and charged him withthe responsibility for carrying out Commerce's responsibilitiesunder P. L. 96-480. Section 5 activities undertaken by PTIinclude:
General Policy Initiatives
A series of noninterventionist initiatives taken to removebarriers to innovation and provide incentives for privatesector innovation have resulted in:
o Proposed legislation designed to modify the antitrustlaws to encourage cooperative R&D by U. S. companies.
o A Memorandum of Understanding with the FederalLaboratory Consortium designed to make easiercommercialization of Federally funded technology.
o A Presidential Memorandum requiring all agencies,within their statutory limitations, to grant back tocontractors exclusive rights to Government fundedtechnology.
o A major conference that highlighted key issuesinvolving taxes, antitrust barriers and mechanisms forfinancing the innovation process.
o A President's Commission on Industrial Competitivenessto make specific recommendations on increasingindustrial innovation.
~lO-
o A National Technology Medal to be awarded annually bythe President.
o Proposed legislation designed to strengthenintellectual property rights held by developers ofsoftware and microchips.
In addition, other initiatives currently being pursued include:
o Review of national manpower shortages of scientistsand engineers, and investigation of methods fordeveloping videodisc-computer interactive teachingsystems to improve the quality and productivity ofeducation in these areas.
o Analysis of management methods and organizationalstructures required for greater adaptability to changeand for better integration of R&D into the strategicplanning process of industrial concerns.
o Strengthening the in-house capabilities of FederalLaboratories to identify technology that hascommercial potential and to disseminate it in usefulformats to the private sector.
o Integrating and coordinating DOC productivity programsthat are now fragmented and sometimes redundant.
o Developing legislation to extend further contractorownership of Federally funded inventions not nowcovered under P. L. 96-517.
Industrial Technology Partnerships Program (ITP)As part of its program to encourage private sector R&D, theDepartment of Commerce has launched the Industrial TechnologyPartnership (ITP) program. The principal element in thisprogram is promotion of the use of R&D Limited Partnerships tofinance later stage R&D for new products and processes withoutdirect Government funding.
The Research and Development Limited Partnership is a method offinancing R&D which is an alternative to direct in-housefunding, borrowing, or venture capital funding. The advantagesinclude the following:
-11-
o It draws on previously untapped venture capital--rather than more traditional retained earnings orborrowing by corporations---into the fin':lncing of R&D.
o It is available to all companies regardless of theircash or competitive position.
o It redudestherisk for producers or other users ofprocess or product innovations by transferring thatrisk to a large number of limited partners.
o No loss of equity ownership is necessary.
o It allows a scale of effort beyond the risk orcash-floor threshold of the individual companiesinvolved.
The Department of Commerce is encouraging the use of thisconcept through a number of initiatives, including:
o Preparing and disseminating detailed guidelines forforming RDLPs by large and small companies.
o Sponsoring educational forums for industryassociations, universities, research institutes,Government laboratories and individual entrepreneurs.Four regional workshops are being scheduled.
o Clarifying ambiguities in present tax laws with theTreasury Department.
o Conducting competitive assessments of industry trends,of sensitive factors in manufacturing, and of theimpact of new technologies on existing businesses, foruse by private sector firms and pUblic policy makers.
o Implementing a search and analysis process thatpackages Federally funded technology tor licensing tothe private sector.
There is evidence of widespread interest in RDLPs, . and agrowing number are forming in the 25 million to 100 milliondollar range. Financial institutions such as E. F. Hutton andMerrill-Lynch have syndicated open RDLPs without designatingspecific programs in advance.
~12-
Indust ry .Competi t i veness Assessments
The Office of the Assistant Secretary of Productivity,Technology and Innovation has carried out six in-depth andthirteen preliminary assessments of selected industries. Eightadditional in-depth studies are being scheduled. Results ofthese sophisticated analyses will be communicated to interestedGovernment agencies and to companies involved in eachindustry. RDLP consortia are expected to find these studiesimportant for their strategic .planning.
Much of the data needed for these assessments is not availablein Government data bases and must be gathered from the privatesector. A cooperative agreement to develop the requiredinformation has been worked out with a nonprofit private sectororganization that has access to such data.
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
NTIS operates the world's largest data base and is the onlyorganization that catalogs in accessible form much of theFederally funded technology that otherwise would be lost tocommercial interests. NTIS is now being organized to conductselective searches of industry-specific .technology forlicensing by the private sector. The information will becategorized in business portfolio format. It is anticipatedthat this portfolio can be used routinely to provide a worldscan of new developments for use by technology ventures(including RDLPs). NTIS has also reached agreements with manyforeign nations to access technical developments in thosecountries. Translations from foreign languages are performedby NTIS or contractors.
Small Business Innovation Resources Program
This is a new PTI initiative to develop strategies forassisting high technology small business firms to become morecompetitive by gaining access to information regarding:
o Technologies available for licensing from the FederalGovernment.
o Financing for innovation and productivity improvement.
o Markets for innovation and new technologies.
-13-
o Existing services to aid innovation, SUCh as "businessincubators" and technical evaluation of inventions.
o Policy affecting smaller firms involved in innovationand/or technology transfer.
A support network will be developed for small high technologyfirms. The network will include pUblic and privateorganizations and resource services that can assist such firmsin the innovation process.
Government Patent Policy
On February 18, 1983, the President signed a memorandumdirecting Federal agencies to extend the policy of contractorownership of inventions that P. L. 96-517 established for smallbusiness and nonprofit organizations to all research anddevelopment contractors. This new policy is a major step inensuring that Government funded technology is available to theprivate sector for commercial use. In most cases, theinventing contractor is most likely to have the knowledge andmotivation to commercialize new technology. The statutes of afew agencies still restrict this policy to some degree, andlegislative efforts are under way to remove these last barriersto a uniform Government patent policy.
Initiatives To Establish Cooperative R&D Arrangements
Sections 6 and 7 were designed to encourage cooperative R&D byproviding seed money to Centers for Industrial Technology(CITs) that are affiliated with a university or other nonprofitinstitutions.
-14-
Report On Section 6, Centers for IndustrialTechnology and Section 7, Grants and CooperativeAgreements
The CITs and accompanying grants envisioned in sections 6 and 7have not been established. As part of Government-wide budgetrecisions proposed by President Reagan in fiscal year 1981, theDepartment proposed and the Congress agreed to rescind the DOCfunding for CITs. Instead, the Department decided to attackthe key impediment to cooperative R&D arrangements--concernsabout antitrust.
Chapter IV:
The Administration's proposed antitrust legislation, TheNational Productivity and Innovation Act of 1983, will greatlyease the antitrust constraints on cooperative R&D programs.Once free of the "chilling effect" of antitrust uncertainty,the private sector will be able to design many organizationalvehicles for the accomplishment of cooperative R&D withoutdirect Federal Government participation.
Joint ventures often may be necessary to lower the risk andcost associated with R&D. Under the Administration's proposal,so long as ventures do not aid price fixing (through, forexample, exchange of information on prices or productionlevels), or reduce innovation (by, for example, a tacitagreement to underinvest in R&D), the ventures do not violatethe antitrust laws. Title II of the bill provides that thecourts may not find a joint R&D venture to be illegal in and ofitself. Specifically, it will prevent courts from finding thatany joint R&D venture violates the antitrust laws without firstfinding that it actually has anticompetitive effects thatoutweigh its procompetitive effects.
-15-
A second provision of Title II provides that firms operating ajoint R&D venture that has. been fully disclosed to theDepartment of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission may besued only for the amount of the actual damage caused by anyanticompetitive conduct, plus prejudgment interest. Currently,an injured private party who wins an antitrust damage suit isautomatically entitled to treble. damages. The threat of suchsuits may inhibit the formation of joint R&D. The Administration's proposed changes should encourage the formation ofprocompetitivejointR&D ventures, and, unlike some otherproposals currently before Congress, they will do so withminimal administrative r equd remerrt s ,
The Administration's proposal deliberately excludes restrictiveclauses, such. as compulsory licensing of research results ofthe cooperative venture after a certain.period, as proposed inother legislation. While compulsory licensing may not beunreasonable for the electronics industry, where the averagelife cycle of a new product is now three to five years, forpharmaceuticals or specialty chemicals it might create asubstantial disincentive to cooperative R&D, because the FDA orother regulatory clearance process may take five to ten years.
Even prior to 'passage of this new legislation, the privatesector has formed unique cooperative research organizationssuch as the Microelectronic Computer Corporation and theSemiconductor Research Corporation. After the passage of thenew legislation, cooperative R&D activity should increasesharply, mobilizing large gains in private funding. Moreimportantly, the projects undertaken will likely include thosebeyond the financial or technical capability of even thelargest firms alone, i.e., those that otherwise would probablynever be undertaken at all.
In addition to the antitrust initiative, the tax incentives inthe Economic Recovery Tax Act (ERTA) of 1981, which include theincremental R&D tax credit and the tax credits for.contributions of equipment to universities, have been createdto encourage increased R&D. Using the tax system rather thandirect funding, the Administration believes it can stimulateindustrial growth in an even-handed way and avoid a direct rolein private sector decision-making, including avoidance of theGovernment choosing·winning technologies.
-16-
,Taken together, the tax and antitrust initiatives, along withthe Industrial Technology Partnership program (ROLP) forlater-stage R&D, .represent a package which implements theoverall objectives of Sections 6 and 7 of P.L.96-480.
Centers for Industrial Technology are forming without directGovernment funding. Many universities are developingTechnology Management Offices that have undertaken many of theactivities intended for CITs. The pace of developing theseoffices has accelerated·since enactment of P.L. 96-517 inresponse to the requirement to manage arid license inventionsresulting from Federal R&D funding that the university choosesto own in accordance with the Act. Preliminary reportsindicate a significant surge of disclosures of such inventionssince enactment of P.L. 96-517. In addition to patentlicensing, many of these offices have become involved in otheraspects of industry/university cdoperation similar to thoseanticipated by Section 6. This is due, in part, to theirauthority to consummate cooperative R&D ventures with industrythat involve the transfer of future invention rights On anexclusive basis. Once accepted as a communications path, theseoffices are being asked by industry and university investigators to help develop more complex arrangements, e.g., theMonsanto-Washington University (St. Louis) agreement.
Based on the activities of the more successful universityTechnology Management Offices, i.t appears that an ideal officehas the authority and ability to at least:
o Identify, evaluate, protect and disseminate informationon new university technologies.
o Promote commercial use of and respond to industryinquiries concerning new technologies produced by theuniversity, which may lead to new business ventures.
o Alert university research management to industrialneeds, particularly those of small business.
o Fund research from royalty receipts.
o Seek venture capital.
o Enter into cooperative research projects, inclUdinglimited partnerships.
-17-
o Estaplish policies encouraging employee-inventorstart-ups and follow-on participation.
o Share royalties with inventors and the researchorganization.
o conduct training on invention, entrepreneurship andindustrial innovation.
o Assess potential conflicts of interest.
o Grant patent licenses or assign future inventionownership rights as an incentive for industrycooperation in developing, participating in, orcontributing resources for further laboratory researchefforts.
This range of activities is much like the expanded role thatthe Department of Commerce foresees for the Federal laboratoryOffices of Research and Technology Applications (ORTAs) createdunder Section 11 of Stevenson-Wydler Act.
Relatively few of the hundreds of university TechnologyManagement Offices presently have this full range ofauthorities and abilities. The Department's view is thatthe Government has a significant opportunity to support theintent of Section 6 by providing technical assistance for theTechnology Management Offices of universities and other,nonprofit organizations that request it. ~ccordingly, theDepartment is examining techniques that may take the form oftraining courses to teach invention awareness to researchperformers and convey commercialization techniques touniversity and nonprofit Technology Management Offices.
-18-
Chapter V: Report On Section 8, National Science FoundationCenters For Industrial Technology
Section 8 Provides for NSF Centers for Industrial Technology.
The following charts summarize NSF's activities in supportingCenters for Industrial Technology. NSF funding in this areawas at the $2.0M level in FY 1983 and is projected to be $3.0Min FY1984.
NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION UNIVERSITY/INDUSTRY CENTERS.
LOCATION SCIENCE AREADEGREE OF SELFSUFFICIENCY
(% of Funding ByIndustry
Balance is FundedBy NSF)
(NOTE) ANNUAL INDUSTRY FUNDING FOR EACH CENTER IS USUALLYBETWEEN $500,000 and $1,000,000, WITH BETWEEN 5 AND30 INDUSTRIAL PARTICIPANTS.
Massachusetts Instituteof Technology
Rensselaer PolytechnicCase-Western
Reserve UniversityOhio State UniversityUniversity ofMassachusettsUniversity of Rhode
IslandNorth Carolina
State UniversityRutgers UniversityGeorgia Institute of
TechnologyWorchester Poly
technic InstituteTexas A&M UniversityPennsylvania State
University
Polymers (Processing)Computer Graphics
Polymers (applied)
WeldingPolymers (properties)
Robotics
Telecommunications
CeramicsMaterials Handling
Automation Technology
Hydrogen TechnologyDielectrics
10080
70
7075
75
70
7080
50
5060
-19-
NSF CENTERS BEING PLANNED
LOCATION
West Virginia UniversityUniversity of CincinnatiUniversity of WisconsinNorthwestern UniversityUniversity of ArizonaDuke University andUniversity of North Carolina
SCIENCE AREA
Fluidized BedsDigital ProcessingBiotechnologyTribologyMicrocontamination Control
Biotechnology
Center for the Utilization of Federal Technology (CUFT)
CUFT was established within the National Technical InformationService of the U. S. Department of Commerce in June 1981. Itreceived appropriated funding in January 1983. The CUFTprogram is directed to:
Section 11 provides for a central focus in the Department ofCommerce and for the establishment of offices in the Federallaboratories to transfer Federally owned or originatedtechnology to state and local governments and to the privatesector.
-20-
Report On Section 11, Use of Federal TechnologyChapter VI:
o Encourage agency technology evaluation efforts;
o Improve the public's online access to technologyfurnished to CUFT by the Federal laboratories;
o Promote private sector and local government awarenessof Federal laboratory technology;
o Encourage the licensing of Federally owned inventionsthrough the patent licensing function attached to CUFT;
o Highlight Federal laboratory technology havingsignificant potential for commercialization;
o Maintain a directory of Government technology transferpersonnel.
A variety of products and services have been planned anddeveloped to improve industry access to Federal laboratorytechnology, including:
o Tech Notes: A monthly subscription service alertingreaders to the latest technology from the Federallaboratories through one or two page fact sheetsdescribing new processes, equipment, materials, andtechniques with potential commercial or other practicalapplication.
o Federal Technology Catalog: An index of more than1,200 new technologies identified by Federallaboratories.
-21-
o Catalogs of Government Patents: A listing of Federallyowned and patented inventions available for licensing.
o Government Inventions for Licensing AbstractNewsletter: A weekly subscription newsletters ummar i z i nq Federally owned inventions divided into11 categories. When appropriate, a drawing of theinvention is also provided.
o Directory of Federal Technology Resources: Thisdirectory, available in early 1984, will describespecial technical resources provided by the Federalagencies and their laboratories. It will includeequipment for sharing, technical information centers,laboratory contacts available for technologyinterchange, software sources, information analysiscenters, and other services.
o Federal Technology Transfer-Online. A ReferenceGuide: A free service provided to online computersearchers interested in Tech Notes or information onFederally owned inventions. This service explains howto receive this information by computer.
CUFT personnel are involved in a number of other projects,including:
o Cooperation with the Federal Laboratory Consortium inorder to develop working relationships with agencytechnology transfer personnel.
o Contacting small business associations, stateinnovation groups and trade journals, to emphasize theavailability of Federal laboratories technology.
Research and Technology Application Offices
Section 11 requires each laboratory to establish an Office ofResearch and Technology Applications (ORTA) to assist thelaboratory in the transfer of its technology. The Appendix tothis report summarizes information provided by the agencies onthe technology transfer activities undertaken by their ORTAs.
-22-
A major function of the ORTAs is to prepare applicationassessments of R&D projects that have potential for applicationto state and local government or industry. Notwithstanding theORTA's assignment, the lack of uni form guidelines, criteria,and processes in preparing application assessments appears tohave produced difficulty in determining and communicating a newtechnology's commercial potential. This may be particularlytrue when the process involves finding secondary uses fortechnology developed primarily to meet a unique Governmentneed.
A second function of the ORTAs is actual transfer oftechnology. Technology can be transferred in two basic forms:
o Information--which includes advice, technicalassistance, reports, and other forms of aid. This isusually provided at minimal or no cost and is based onwork already performed in the laboratory system.
o Intellectual Property--which includes patehts,copyrights, technical data, rights to futureinventions, and other forms of technology that can beowned, protected, assigned, or otherwise controlled.
Information
A review of the agency activities outlined in the Appendixindicates that most ORTAs have concentrated on informationtransfers. These are less formal, easier to arrange, andappear more consistent with the wording of Section 11.
Intellectual Property
Though the ORTAs have performed valuable services regarding theinformation form of technology transfer, they have been lessinvolved in intellectual p roperty transfer. Yet opportunities to help create new products, large numbers of newjobs, and even new industries are likely to come primarily fromintellectual property transfers because investment recovery andprofits often depend on ownership or control of the technologybeing developed.
-23-
Patent licensing is the type of intellectual property transfermost used at the Federal agency level as a private sectorincentive for development of Federal laboratory inventions.This is done primarily on a centralized basis, either by thepatent staffs at agency headquarters or the patent licensingfunction attached to the Center for Utilization of FederalTechnology.
Successful promotion of some inventions may require theresources of centralized licensing organizations with accessto potential nationwide and international users. For example,centralized licensing offices can target advertising ofspecific technologies for ORTAs (which could handle otheraspects of the transfer), as well as provide advice andtraining to the ORTAs.
The following problems, however, have been observed:
o There have been misinterpretations that the licensingprovisions of P. L. 96-517 require nonexclusivelicensing if more than one firm applies for a license.
o Centralized licensing offices tend to concentrate oninventions that meet a known commercial need and arethe easiest to sell. These offices may do less wellthan decentralized operations at the laboratory levelin becoming advocates and market creators for technologies that were not developed to meet a specificprivate sector need or are more suitable fordevelopment by start-up companies.
ORTAs (and licensing offices) which are decentralized havenatural advantages for some types of technology transferbecause of their immediate proximity to the laboratories.Laboratory research could be more effectively transferred toindustry by a "full service" ORTA performing the followingfunctiOns:
-24--
o Identifying, evaluating, and arranging for protectionof new technologies.
o Promoting commercial use of the new technologiesproduced by the laboratory which may le<;ld to newbusiness ventures.
o Coordinating with ORTAs of other laboratories, whennecessary, to meet the needs of industry for Federaltechnologies from more than one source.
o Recommending research to meet market needs;
o Seeking venture capital to help start~up ventures.
o Entering into collaborative research projects withindustry, including limited partnerships.
o Administering pOlicies that encourage employee-inventorstart-ups and follow-on participation.
o Administering a royalty sharing program with laboratoryinventors and with any part of the laboratory deemed to
>have contributed to the invention which generates theroyalties.
o Training and instructing on invention,entrepreneurshipand industrial innovation.
o Assessing and advising on potential conflicts ofinterest.
o Granting patent licenses or assigning future inventionownership rights as an incentive for industrycooperation in developing, participating in, orcontributing resources for further laboratory researchefforts.
These functions are much like those performed by the ORTAcounterpart offices in universities.
It appears to be no accident that technology complexes such asSilicon Valley, Route 128, Research Triangle, and Princeton'sForrestal Center have evolved around major universities.Direct access to the university and the university's right totransfer the results of its research on an exclusive basis isan important incentive for business to invest in the further
-25-
development and commercialization of new 'technologies. Incontrast, Federal laboratories generally have not served asnuclei for similar arrangements. They often perceivethemselves as unable to enter into cooperative developmentarrangements because of organizational and legal restraints.This is one reason why national reviews of Federal laboratorieshave concluded that too little of the results of laboratoryresearch is used in the private sector.
The present authorities of most ORTAs are limited and unclear.In order to perform the full range of desirable functionsdiscussed above, consideration should be given to augmentingtheORTA role as follows:
o Authority to negotiate the assignment or licensing ofGovernment'-owned Lnverrt Lons ;
o Authority to negotiate' arrangements that includedisposition of future research results on an exclusivebasis, acceptance of private sector funding, andformation of Government/private sector research teams.
o Authority to administer incentives to Federal employeeinventors, including royalty sharing and the right ofemployees to own inventions that neither the Governmentnor a participating private sector organization plansto commercialize.
o Authority (with appropriate limits) to arrange forFederal employee inventors to participate in the futuredevelopment of an invention outside of the lab whenthis is necessary for successful commercialization.
In addition, it may be useful to establish a system oforganizational incentives that encourages the laboratories tosupport technology transfer and commercialization. One elementcould be retention by the laboratories. (e.g. the Director'sOffice) of part of the royalties to use for future research.Care must be exercised to ensure that budgetary controls arenot weakened and that a proper balance is maintained betweenFederal research missions and commercialization efforts.
-26-
Further, techniques should be developed and made available tothe ORTAs to help evaluate the commercial potential of newtechnologies. These are particularly necessary to evaluateideas that were not developed to meet a known private sectorneed.
Finally, in order for the ORTAs to achieve their fullpotential, trained professionals will be needed to engage intechnology transfer. The Depart.ment recommends considerationof a new category of professional employees, entitled, "FederalTechnology Managers" (or another appropriate title) toimplement the new authorities outlined above. The Departmentsuggests that previous legal, engineering, technology transferand product development experience be taken into full accountwhen filling positions and making promotions in this newcategory of professional employees. These ORTA officials wouldwork directly in the laboratories to stimulate collaborationwith the private sector and would be key elements in spinningoff important discoveries to industry. The "Federal TechnologyManagers" would function as a cr.itical liaison between theresearch professionals employed in the laboratories and thepri vate sector.
-27-
Section 12 provides for the establishment of a NationalTechnology medal which is to be awarded periodically by thePresident to individuals or companies for outstandingcontributions to the promotion of technology or technologicalmanpower.
Chapter VII: Report On Section 12, National Technology Medal
Procedures for the selection of recipients of the Medal are ineffect. A Steering Committee, chaired by the AssistantSecretary for Productivity,Technology and Innovation, solicitsnominations and refers them to an Evaluation Committee,currently being chartered under the Federal Advisory CommitteeAct. Recommendations for awards are forwarded to the Secretarythrough the Steering Committee.
A Press Release soliciting nominations for the Medals wasreleased August 17. 1983, with nominations to be receivedbetween September 1 and November 30, 1983, and between May 1and July 31 of succeeding years.
The first Meqals are expected to be awarded in the Spring of1984.
Chapter VIII:
-28-
Report On Section 13,·PersonneIExchanges
Section 13 provides that the Secretary of Commerce and theNational Science Foundation (NSF) jointly shall establish aprogram to foster exchange of scientific and technicalpersonnel among academia, industry, and Federal laboratories.In light of similar programs already being run independently byCommerce and NSF, no action has been taken to implement thisSection.
APPENDIX:
Introduction
-29-
SUMMARY OF AGENCY REPORTS ON OFFICE OF RESEARCHAND TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION (ORTA) ACTIVITIES
In addition to the reporting requirements for the Departmentof Commerce under section 5(d), agencies are required bySection ll(e) to report as follows:
"Each Federal agency which operates or directs one ormore Federal laboratories shall .prepare biennially areport summarizing the activities performed by thatagency and its Federal laboratories pursuant to theprovisions of this section. The report shall betransmitted to the Center for the Utilization ofFederal Technology by November 1 of each year in whichit is due. 1I
The Secretary of Commerce requested that relevant Federalagencies submit the report required by Section 11 of the Actfor the two-year period October 1, 19BO, to September 30,1982. Summaries of these reports, which include briefdescriptions of each program and some achievements, areprovided in this Appendix.
Section 11 requires that each Federal laboratory establish anOffice of Research and Technology Applications (ORTA).Further, each laboratory with a total annual budget in excessof $20 million shall provide at least one professionalfull-time individual to staff the ORTA; and beginning inFY 1982, each Federal agency directing a laboratory shall makeavailable not less than 0.5 percent of the agency research anddevelopment budget to support technology transfer, includingoperation of the ORTA. The Act assigns the following fourfunctions to an ORTA:
1. Assess each R&D project which has potential for successfulapplication in state or local government, or in privateindustry;
2. Provide and disseminate information on Federallyowned/originated products, processes, ·or services havingpotential for application in state or local government, orin private industry;
'~30-
3. Cooperate with the Center for the Utilization of FederalTechnology and other appropriate organizations to linkFederal R&D as a whole to potential users; and
4. Provide technical assistance when requested by state andlocal government officials.
Because this is a relatively new effort for many laboratories,there is insufficient information to develop any type ofGovernment wide evaluation measure of technology transfereffectiveness. It is clear, however, that within Federalagencies there is a wide range of definitions and anticipatedresults for the technology transfer process. Most agencieshave a technology transfer program for the movement ofmission-oriented research to mission-oriented application.But, there are very few agencies that look for "spin-off"applications and attempt to seek application of their researchbeyond the original mission.
The greatest effort being exerted by many agencies is in theprocessing and dissemination of written information. Much ofthe dissemination is done through pUblications/communicationsgroups unique to the agency and directed to an agencymission-targeted audience. Also, there is some evidence thatinformation dissemination is believed to be sufficient, in andof itself, to effect technology transfer.
The primary examples of cooperative efforts with industry areparticipation by laboratory representatives at workshops andmeetings. In addition, although there are references to theperformance of the technology application assessment functionof the ORTA, there seems to be some uncertainty regarding theappropriate method to produce the assessment and its ultimateuse.
Finally, many agencies reported dedication of majorresources--both budget dollars and personnel time--to thetechnology transfer function. Few agencies reported active,long range planning and/or evaluation efforts directed towardaChieving a satisfactory level of performance or developing themost cost effective program.
Summaries of the agency reports are provided below:
-31-
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRrCULTURE (USDA)
Two agencies of the U. S.Department of Agriculture (theAgricultural Research Service and the Forest Service)op",rateFederal laboratories. For many years. the USDA has utilized theFederal-State Cooperative Extension Service and State andPrivate Forestry System to transfer technology rapidly andsuccessfully. Additional steps have been taken to implementthe requirements of theStevenson-Wydler Technology rnnovationAct of 1980 (P.L. 96-480) as follows:
Agricultural Research Service (ARS)
Since the passage of P.L. 96-480, the ARS has appointed anAssistant Director from the Northern Regional Research Centerto coordinate the technology transfer activities in the fourlarge Regional Research Centers. Recently, a Science andTechnology Applications Coordinator was appointed to plan,oversee and coordinate the ARS technology transfer activitiesat the Headquarters level. A plan to achieve full compliancewith P.L. 96-~80 has been drafted and will be incorporated intothe new ARS organizational structure.
Achievements Reported
o A safer and more effective vaccine for foot and mouthdisease (FMD) has been made possible by breakthroughresearch in genetic engineering. The vaccines resultingfrom this technology will help the U.S. stockpile vaccine,produce an annual savings of billions of dollars incountries with FMD, reduce barriers to international trade,and increase the world supply of .meat.
o Caseous lumphadenitis abscesses caused by the bacteriaCorynebacterium ovis is one of the most important worldwidediseases of sheep and goats. ARS developed an antibodytest that indicates past or present infection~ The test,which uses an enzyme as an indicator, is simple, economic,fast and nonhazardous.
o Fast-food merchandising and salad bars have greatlyincreased demand for mild-flavored onions. Unfortunately,such onions neither store well nor are adapted to northernproducing areas. ARS scientists produced a new nonpungent,high-yielding hybrid with good storage quality. Wide-scaletesting has generated enthusiastic response, and exportpotential may be significant.
-·32-
o Of the 32 ARSpatents transferred to NTIS, four exclusiveand 28 non-exclusive licenses have been granted. Thepatents include n Anti-Feedant for Boll Weevils,""Preparation of Frozen Quick Cooking Le9umes," and "Toolfor Welding' Plastics." The patents have been licensed tosuch companies as Pennwa1t Corp., Metal Recovery System,and Amity s oytood s ," Inc.
Forest Service (FS)
In 1978, the Forest Service (FS) established an organizationalunit similar to that called for in P.L. 96-480. Followingpassage of P.L. 96-480, the unit was designed as the FS Officeof Research and Technology Application (ORTA). Located in theArea Planning Development Staff of the State and PrivateForestry branch in the Washington Office, the ORTA isresponsible for FS-widetechrto10gy transfer activities. TheORTA is staffed by one full-time professional and a stafftechnician.
Achievements Reported
o Builders in 27 states are using or have expressed interestin a Truss-Framed Building System developed by the FSForest Products Laboratory. More than 1,300 homes havebeen constructed using this system, which provides savingsin the use of wOod and wood base materials.
o The Forest Products Laboratory developed the concept ofpress drying' paper which will permit paper manufacturers touse 100 percent hardwood pulp for, 1inerboard for the firsttime. Several commercial laboratories have built pressdryers to test research concepts to demonstrate theresearch. Black and Clawson, a paper machine manufacturer,is developing a press ,dryer for the commercial market.
o The states of Maryland and Minnesota are using the TimberInventory/Manag'ement Information Planning System which wasdeveloped by Forest Service researchers to assistlandowners of small private forests. Five other states areconsidering the use of this system.
~33-
u.s. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
Four agencies of the united States Department of Commerce arecovered by the requirements of the Stevenson~Wydler TechnologyInnovation Act of 1980. These agenices are the National Bureauof Standards, the National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration, the National Telecommunications and InformationAdministration, and the National Technical In.formationService. Except for the National Technical InformationService,the other three have laboratory facilities.
National Bureau of Standards
The National Bureau of Standards (NBS) established the Officeof Research and Technology Applications (ORTA) on March I,1981. The intent was to augment and exploit NBS activities tomake Federal technology readily accessible to private industryand state and local governments.
The FY 1982 direct budget of the office was s., 25M, . excludingthe cost of administering the Visiting Committee and theEvaluation Panels. In FY 1982, $16M within NBS was dedicatedto implementing technology transfer under the functions of theORTA.
Achievements Reported
o The ORTA staff addressed each NBS R&D project and found216 projects with potential value to U.S. industry. Theseprojects were disclosed to members of the IndustrialResearch Institute .and many other U.S. firms at meetings oftheir respective industry a:;;sociations.
o NBS reports that inquiries about Federal technology are atan all-time high, particularly regarding the NBS IndustrialResearch Associate Program. During FY 1981, NBS had 41Research Associate programs with 124 Research Associates.During FY1982, there were 44 programs . with 121 Research.Associates from s uch U. S. firms as Allen-Bradley,Structural Dynamics Research Corporation, Mobil Researchand Development Corporation, Rheology Research, HardingeBrothers, Johnson Controls, Exxon Chemical Company, andGeneral Electric.
o To further assist industry and state and local governmentsto acquire Federaltechnology,theNBS.ORTAaided theFederal Laboratory Consortium in developing a "Tools of theTrade" primer and prepared a "Directory of Federal
-34-
Laboratories". ORTAsuppdrted·the Model InterstateInformation Clearinghouse (MISTIC) of the NationalConference of State Legislatures, arranged for computerconferencing between NBS and state legislatures throughLegitech, and provided numerous responses to inquiries fromlocal officials. Finally, " the ORTA assisted Pennsylvania,Ohio, and Maryland officials in arranging regional meetingson the availability of technology from various Federallaboratories which might be useful to local businesses.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOk~)
conducts a wide range of research and development activities.Five NOAA Line Organizations (LOs) contribute to the total NOAAR&D effort, each concentrating in its area of missionresponsibility. The five LOs are:
o Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR)o National Weather Service (NWS)o National Ocean Service (NOS)o National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)o National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information
Service (NESDIS)
To ensure an integrated and coordinated agency response toP.L. 96-480, NOAA has established a Technology Transfer WorkingGroup consisting of a representative from each of the LOs.
Assessment of the potential for nonFederal application of NOAAR&D and technology is done at the source, (i.e., at thelaboratories, centers; and R&D project offices). A designatedORTAcontact at each NOAA R&D facility is responsible for theroutine assessment of R&D projects at the facility and for thepreparation of application assessment abstracts fordi ssemination.
Achievements
NOAA has established·a technology transfer program fo ensurethe agency's compliance with both the spirit and letter ofP.L.96-480. Listed below in chronological order are theevents which led to the implementation"of the program:
o In April 1982 the Deputy Administrator of NOAA assignedresponsibility for the development of a NOAA program to theEnvironmental Data and Information Service and directed theformation of a Working Group tocbordinate program planning.
'......""
-35-
o During the summer and fall of 1982, the Working Groupdeveloped interim plans and conducted. a pilot program totest them. All NOAA R&D activities were assessed todetermine the potential for nons'edera l application of theresearch, andover 130 Applicat.ion Assessment Abstractswere submitted to the Working Group by NOAA's laboratories,centers, and R&D project offices.
o In January 1983, a full-time ORTA was established in theNESDIS Office of External Relations. A long-term NOAATechnology Transfer Program Plan was completed in May. andapproved in June 1983.
o In July 1983, a full-time Technology Transfer Specialistwas added to the NOAA ORTA staff.
o NOAA joinedJuly 1983.Federal and
the Federal Laboratory Consortium inNOAA also established contacts with otherstate technology transfer organizations.
National Telecommunications and Information Administration
The Institute for Telecommunication Sciences (ITS) is the chiefresearch and engineering arm of the National Telecommunicationsand Information Administration (NTIA).
ITS allocated approximately $15,000 per year to assuredissemination of tesearc~reports through its TechnicalPublications Office. In addition, ITS has allocatedapproximately $100,000 over FY 1981 and FY 1982 to makeavailable computer programs to aid the private sector inplanning and operating various communications systems.
Achievements Reported
o During 1981, ITS efforts facilitated approval by theFederal Communications Commission (FCC) of applications tooffer direct broadcast satellite service. The deploymentof direct broadcast satellite systems in the u.S. couldresult in very substantial new demand for satellite earthterminals and related equipment.
o Beginning in 1980, and continuing to the present, ITS hasworked to develop technically feasible means by which thehours of operation of small daytime-only radio broadcastingstations could be significantly improved and their numbersincreased. ITS technical expertise and research alsoplayed an important role in u.s. preparation for the 1982World Administrative Radio Plenipotentiary Conference.
-36-
National Technical InformatIon Services (NTIS)
The National Technical Information Service (NTIS) plays a majorrole in thedeveloprrient of adVanced information products andservices for the achievement of u.S. productivity andinnovation goals in the 1980's. NTIS is the central source forthe pUblic sale of u.S. Government-sponsored research,development, and engineering·reports, software, and otheranalyses prepared by Federal agencies, their contractors orgrantees. Its program supplements technology transferactivities of all Government agencies •.
Since NTIS is not a laboratory and funds no research, it doesnot have an Office of Research and Technology Application(ORTA). The NTIS budget involved in technology transfer wasapproximately $16.7M in FY 1982. This included the functionsof the Center for the Utilization of Federal Technology (CUFT)and the Office of Government Inventions and Patents.
Achievements Reported
o In its interagency patent licensing program, NTISnegotiated and granted over 40 patent licenses in FY 1983on behalf of HHS, Commerce, USDA, and Interior,whichrepresents a 50 percent increase over FY1982. Royaltyrevenue increased five-fold to the $800,000 level, makingthe program self-supporting. This includes costs ofcreating and maintaining a large foreign patent portfoliofor licensing to U.s. industry. Proposed development plansSUbmitted with applications for 49 of the licenses grantedin the last two years committed $139.8 million in furtherprivate sector R&D to commercialize these Governmentinventions. New CUFT information products introduced in1983 included:
o The Federal Technology Catalog,o Federal Technology Transfer-On line, ando Directory of Agency and Laboratory Technology
Transfer Contacts.
-37-
NTIS PATENT LICENSES GRANTED FY 1981 - FY 1982
Department of Agriculture
(Title)
Cellulase Producing Microorganism IFP
Nematocide
Particle Board
Pueromone Insecticide
Insect Maturation Inhibitors
Boll Weevil Antifeedant
Department of Army
Department of Commerce
Clear Air Turbulence Detector
Laser Wavelength Meter
Ultrablack Coating
Frequency Stablization
Cryptographic Key Notorization
Rotating Tool Wear Monitor
Echometric Remote TemperatureMeasurement
Contrast Resolution Ultra SoundTesting
Department of Health & Human Services
Fecalator
Assay for Berizod Lazap i ne s
Interferon Inducer
Chromatographic Instruments
Pennwalt
Purdue ResearchFoundation
Albany International
Stauffer Chemical
Bio-Systems Research
Bendix Corporation
Lasertechnics Inc.
Ball Corporation
Efratom Systems Inc.
P.E.Systems Inc.
Valeron Corporation
Radian Corporation
Nuclear Associates
Marion Scientific
Neuobiological Sciences
Behringwerke
BtieChiLi'lboratories Knots
-38-
HHS (cont'd)
(Title)
Fiber Optic Probe
Zwitterionic Detergent
Clot Lysing Timer
Oral Acne Drug(13 - cis retinoic acid)
Toluidine Blue Rinse(Oral Cancer Detector)
Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis Detection
Large Unilamellar Vesicles
Monclonal Antibodies againstHerpes Virus
Blood Cell Separator
Countercurrent Extraction Apparatus
Insulin Infusion Apparatus
Silver Stains for Protein
N-Acetyl Cysteine Prevention ofCardiac Damage in Cancer Therapy
Department of Interior
Modified Sulfur Cement
Veterans Administration
PALAPlatinum Antineoplastics Drug
Advanced Technical Labs
CalbiochemPierce ChemicalPoly Sciences·
Beecher Co.
Ortho PharmaceuticalWestwood PharmaceuticalMcNeil PharmaceuticalDermik Pharmaceutical
BloCk Drug
North American BiologicalsAbbott Laboratories
Abbott Laboratories
Abbott Lab.Cooper Biomedical
IBM Corp.
P.C. Inc.
Nordisk
Electro-Nucleonics
Mead Johnson
Chevron ResearchFBCoatingsJA Reece Inc.Sulcon. Inc.Chemical Enterprises
Adria Lab.Behringwerke, AG.
-39-
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE (DOD)
The Department of Defense (DOD) is the Federal agencyresponsible for the management control of the three MilitaryServices. In fulfilling the requirements of theStevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980(P.L. 96-480), the DOD has waived the full-time staffing andmonetary set-aside requirements for the Military Services, buthas directed them to individually establish mechanisms tocomply with the law, including establishment of Offices ofResearch and Technology Applications (ORTA).
Department of the Navy
The Navy has had a formal technology transfer program for overten years and had been transferring technology to the civiliansector on an ad hoc basis for many years before that.Following passage of P.L. 96-480, ORTAs were created for theten major R&D activities to ensure compliance with the law.Further, a series of major policy statements has been issuedregarding the Navy domestic technology transfer program.
An estimate of the FY 1982 cost of performing the· ORTA functionat each major R&D activity is shown in the table below,including cost estimates for coordinating the program andfunding domestic technology transfer demonstration projects.These costs are expected to increase as awareness of theprogram increases.
Department of NavyFY 82 ($ K)
Laboratory
Naval Air Development Center
Naval Coastal Systems Center
Naval Ocean Systems Center
Naval Personnel Research andDevelopment Center
David Taylor Naval Ship Researchand Development Center
Naval Surface Weapons Center
Naval Underwater Systems Center
ORTA Cost
80
5
40
40
80
20
80
-40-
Naval Weapons Center
Naval Research Laboratory
Naval Ocean Research andDevelopment Activity
Navy-Wide Technology Transfer
30
120
2~~7
Publications and Exhibits 160
Demonstration Projects 70
Industry Information 300
TOTAL
$ 530
$1,021
The publication of thousands of in-house Navy andNavy-sponsored technical reports is the largest and mostsign ficant technique used by the Navy. Many Navy activitiespubl sh annual listings of their technical output.
Achievements Reported
o The Naval Underwater Center (NUSC) initiated the. TechnicalVolunteer Service (TVS) whereby nearly 400 volunteersprovide information, assistance and advice to localGovernments. Two other Navy laboratories will initiate TVSprograms in FY 1983 and several other Federal laboratoriesare exploring the concept.
o The Navy Personnel R&D Center (NPRDC), which is developingmore effective methods and procedures for teaching BasicSkills, produced a computer software package for theteaching of vocabulary and reading comprehension. Inresponse to a request from the San Diego Community College,technical assistance from NPRDC resulted incompetency-based adult education classes in the CommunityCollege District.
o The Navy performs manufacturing technology projects todemonstrate production fea.sibility by industry ofcritically needed items. Successful transfer projectsduring FY 1981 and FY 1982 include:
Naval Research Laboratory -- laser welding, ion beammilling, ion implanation;
-41-
Naval Surface Weapons Center -- graphite-aluminum tapeand tooling, laser hardening of cams; and
Naval Ocean Systems Center -- fiber optic digitalreceiver modules, high radiance light emitting diodes,automate layout of circuits.
o Patented Navy inventions are licensed on bot.h a limited andnonexclusive basis. Two examples of limited exclusivelicenses include:
Naval Ocean Systems Center developed a decompressioncomputer which can be worn on a diver's wrist to providethe diver with both his current depth and safe-ascentdepth; and
Naval Surface Weapons Center developed a pyrotechnicchemical composition which can be used in an underwaterincendiary cutting torch.
Department of Army
The Director of Army Research in the Office of the Deputy Chiefof Staff for Research, Development and Acquisition isresponsible for managing the technology transfer function.Management actions during the reporting period include:
o Army Regulation 70-57, which mandates the technologytransfer activity and was revised in August 1982 toemphasize provisions of the Si:evenson-WydlerTechnologyInnovation Act 9f 1980 (P.L. 96-480);
o Meetings in May and November of 1982 to coordinatetechnology transfer functions;
o Identification of thirty-five Army laboratories asrequiring Offices of Research and Technology Applications(ORTA). These laboratories have been notified of theArmy's support of the fulfillment of P.L. 96-480 andinformed that beginning in 1983 each laboratoryorganization chart must show the ORTA and a direct point ofcontact; and
o Establishment and funding of two tasks (beginning inNovember.1982).to support the central management of thetechnology transfer ~unction;
-42-
Achievements Reported
o Pattern recognition techniques were applied toepidemiological analysis of patterns in Sudden-Infant-Deathsyndrome.
o An instrument developed to provide a rapid, more effectivemeans of presurgical hand and arm scrub by operatorypersonnel is now commercially available.
o A Toxic Corridor Prediction (TOXCOP) Program developed tographically depict downwind hazards resulting fromaccidental release of toxic chemicals has been used by aCalifornia city to design evacuation plans in event ofmajor fires or chemical spills.
Department of the Air Force
In August 1981, the u.s. Air Force established an ORTA at eachof its ten laboratories. All four of the ORTA technologytransfer functions given in the Stevenson-Wydler TechnologyInnovation Act of 1980 are vested in the established ORTA.There are no ORTA personnel devoted exclusively to technologytransfer. Since technology transfer is part of the overallmission of the laboratory, it is difficult to estimate eitherthe amount of time or money dedicated to this activity.
In March 1982, Air Force Systems Command Regulation 80-25,"Technology Management Reviews", was revised to require thatthe Program Manager at each laboratory perform the technologyapplication assessment mandated in P.L,96-480. The ProgramManager, after preparing the assessment, works with the ORTA todevise a plan to transfer the technology.
Achievements Reported
o The Aerospace Medical Division (AMD) has developed theSubjective Workload Assessment Technique (SWAT), a computerprogram made available to several private and educationalinstitutions. The program focuses on behavioral workloadassessment. To date, .AMD has transferred the program toHughes Aircraft, Douglas Aircraft, Lockheed, Boeing, BDMCorporation and Arizona State University.
o The AMD Integrated Sizing System and drawing boardmannequins have been used by several clothing merchandisingcompanies, e.g., Sears, Roebuck and Company, inestablishing sizing data for military as well as civilianuse.
-43-
o The Al LiMo thermal battery concept, formulated at the FrankJ. Seiler Research Laboratory, was put out on developmentalcontract to Eureka Corporation of Illinois. The thermalbatteries could be used on any system having short-termhigh power requirements with extremely high reliability.
o At least one small business has been started using aninstrument developed at the Rome Air Development Center forthe measurement of moisture content in integrated circuitpackages.
o The Air Force Engineering and Services Center has providedtechnical consultations to the cities of Phoenix, Arizona;Natchez, Mississippi; Rockville, Maryland; Jacksonville,Florida; Madison, Wisconsin; North Miami Beach, Florida;and Escambia County, Florida; Broward County, Florida; Landof Sky Regions Council, North Carolina; the University ofKentucky; Ridgeways Chemicals, Inc.; and numerous otheragencies.
-44-
u. S. DEPARTMENT .OF ENERGY (DOE)
The Department of Energy (DOE) is organized to implementtechnology transfer through the 37 national mUltiprogram andprogram dedicated laboratories. The Office of 'Energy Researchis responsible for Headquarters oversight and management of theprogram.
On March 25, 1982, DOE order 5800.1 "Research and DevelopmentLaboratory Technology Transfer Program", was issued to ensurethat technology transfer is integrated into the operations ofeach R&D laboratory. The order details the objectives of theprogram and incorporates the technology transfer program intothe existing laboratory planning and oversight process.
Each laboratory has an Office of Research and TechnologyApplications (ORTA) or equivalent. ,Those laboratories with anannual budget in excess of $20 million have a full-timeprofessional devoted to the management of the program.
Achievements Reported
o An ultrathinning technique developed by the PacificNorthwest Laboratory was transferred to the Medical Collegeof Georgia to aid in examination of calicified tissues.
o Sandia National Laboratories designed an electronicallycontrolled pump, derived from weapon technology, that hasprovided reliable insulin delivery when implanted indiabetic patients. Design and, know-how is beingtransferred to medical equipment manufacturers.
o A geothermal power plant simulation computer program"GEOTHM" has been developed by Lawrence BerkeleyLaboratory. It includes models of the properties ofgeothermal and geopressured brines at high temperatures.Bechtel has used the program in designing two geothermalpower plants, one of which is now under construction in theImperial Valley of California.
o The Morgantown Energy Technology Center has helped thetransfer to private industry of state-of-the-art simulationtechnology for large coal conversion process plants by thecompletion and delivery of the Advanced System for ProcessEngineering (ASPEN) software package. Developed by MITunder contract to Morgantown, the package is availablethrough the National Energy Software Center and from theNational Technical Information Service.
-60-
o The Massachusetts Institute of Technology's PolymerProcessing Center, an Industry/University CooperativeResearch Center, worked with one of the member companies,Martin Marietta, to develop a new time- and cost-savingmolding process for the super-lightweight ablator coatingused on the external fuel tank of NASA's space shuttle. Inconjunction with a gas injection technique, also developedby Martin Marietta, the process is expected to save over$100,000 per launch for an estimated saving of $10 millionover the next ten years.
o An Industry/University Cooperative Research Project.haslinked a faculty member at the Illinois Institute ofTechnology with an industrial scientist at Belllaborat.ories to develop an infrared intracavityspectrometer. They are using the spectrometer to studyvapor deposition reactions which are important in themanufacture of solid electronics, solar cells and opticalfibers for telecommunications.
-59-
NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION (NSF)
The National Science Foundation (NSF) operates only oneresearch center, the National Center for Atmospheric Research(NCAR), which is of sufficient size to require an Office ofResearch and Technology Applications (ORTA). Because of thespecial and limited focus and management structure of NCAR, NSFrequested a waiver from theORTA requirement of theStevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act (P.L. 96-480) inMarch 1982. In lieu thereof, the NSF has implemented a teamapproach whereby the professional research staff at NCARsupport research and technology applications as needed.
In addition, the NSF performs a variety of activities that areconcerned with research and technology application. NSFefforts directed toward the objectives of P.L. 96-480 includesix national centers for research and eight programs devoted inwhole or in part to the transfer and use of science andtechnology by the private sector and state and localgovernments.
Each of the Centers has an individual identified as the ORTAcontact. Although NSF has not pUblished any regulations ordirectives to implement P.L. 96-480, it has identified thepercentage of employee time and percentage of budget at eachcenter dedicated to research and technology applications.Averaging the six centers, in FY 1981 1.2 percent of employeetime and 1.7 percent of budget was expended on such functions.In FY 1982, research and technology applications accounted for1.4. percent of employee time and 1.8 percent of budget.
Achievements Reported
o The Air Quality Management Study, developed by NCAR, isbeing used by Federal and State Governments to develop amethodology for assessing the performance of air qualitymodels. The Study includes work on methods for improvingstatistical analysis of ambient pollutant data andvisibility research.
o The Small Business Innovation Research Program made awardsto Collaborative Research, Inc. of Lexington, Massachusettsin 1977 and 1978. Announcement of the awards led the PowChemical Corporation to contract more than $11 million tothat firm in research and investment. The firm's expansionwith NSF and Dow funds led to a 1982 pUblic offering whichprovided an additional $13.5 million. Today, CollaborativeResearch, Inc. is a well known producer of interferon andrelated products.
-58-
testing the device for medical applications. Lixiscope'ssmall size and low radiation dosage make it attractive inmedical applications, such as emergency room examination ofsmall children.
o A flat conductor cable is being highly praised as the bestcost-saving office support system ever developed. Flatconductor cable was developed of necessity as aircraft andspacecraft became increasingly complex. NASA recognizedthat the cable offered a benefit in design ofelectrification systems for commercial buildings andundertook its promotion.
o A NASA-developed stress monitor was designed to providehighly precise stress measurement in industrialapplications--such as pressure vessels and powerplants--where overtighthened or undertightened bolts canfail and cause accidents or costly equipment shutdowns.The monitor is licensed tol2 companies.
o NASA wanted a system for monitoring two differentpropellants being supplied to a spacecraft rocketthruster. A positive displacement measuring device had tobe developed that would not miss any of the propellantflow. The technology thus developed provided ~ basis forlater design of an extremely precise low-flow calibrationsystem now being marketed worldwide.
-57-
NATIONAL AERONA\JTIc:S AND SPAC:E ADMINIS.TRATION (NAS."')
The Nationa.l Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)conducts no activities directly pursuant to theStevenson-WydlerTechnology Innovat;ionAct, having exercisedthe waiver and election. provided by Section ll(b) and 1l(c)(4)of the AcLNASA does conduct a Technology Uti i Ldza ttonprogram, Pegunin1962, to enhanqenational economicg.rowt;h andproducti vi ty through t he transfer of new.' technology resultingfrom NASAre13earch and development efforts.to the nonaero13pacesegment of the economy.' ..
Achievements Reported
o A safety net was r equ i.r.ed for personnel wo.r k i nq on theShuttleOrbit;er. Asophis.ticated twisting process wasi nvented .whiqh .resultedin a supedwine that met the N.ASAspecifications; a net of this twine can sustain a .load of800 pounds falling 25 feet.
A firm is now manufact,uring this pet, which has provenat t r act i ve to f i.sh i nq fleets •. .rapan hal> almost totallydominated this market, but.the.net could.proyideafoundation for American compet;ition .i n the $500-·600 milliona y:ear netting industry. .
o To improve certain characteristics of composite materials,which are finding increased use in aircraft and otherareospace systems, NASA developed an improved impregnatingsolution known as PMR-15. A company obtained the formulaand the procedure for synthesizing PMR-15 and used it indeveloping new composite materials. These composites havea variety of applications, such as compressor blades foraircraft engines, radar domes, aircraft structures andother components requiring a material with high temperatureresistance.
o A portable x-ray instrument developed by NASA and now beingproduced commercially may soon find further use as amedical system. The instrument is called Lixiscope--LowIntensity X-ray Imaging Scope--a self-contained,battery-powered fluoroscope that produces an instant imagethrough use of a small amount of radioactive isotope. Itis designed to use less than one percent of the radiationrequired by conventional x-ray devices.
Lixiscope is being produced by a company which has anexclusive NASA license for one version of the device.has received Food and Drug Administration approval to
Itbegin
-56-
o In support of its efforts to develop .the synfuels industry,EPA provided assistance to both states and private industryin the preparation of Environmental Impact Statements,permits, and environmental monitoring plans. Areferencemanual was developed for synfuel developers that describesstreams and polluta.nts to be monitored and the frequency,cost and procedures for such monitoring.
o EPA has <;!stablished, by cooperative agreements, eightresearch centers at co~petitively selected universities.The focus of the center progra.ms is generally on long-term(3-5 years or longer) resea.rch which links basic to appliedresearch as related to EPA's mission.
o A series of ten two-day Emerging Technology Seminars onwastewater control provided the 900 attendees with arational basis for the consideration of new technologiesduring the planning and design of waste water treatmentfacilities.
Other reported achievements include:
o Sodium conditioning to solve problems associated with hotside electrostatic precipitators for electric utilities;
o \\Taste load allocation guidance document for toxicsubstances in a computer program for the State of Michigan;
o Biological availability to fish of organics in municipalfly ash conducted cooperatively with Dow Chemical Companyfor use by industry and states;
o Design and specification guidelines for low pressure sewersystems for the State of Florida; and
o Treatment techniques for controlling t r t haLome t.hanes formedin drinking water for water utility managers.
-55-
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA)
The technology transfer program of the Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA) seeks to transfer R&D outputs to Federal and stateagencies and private industry. The program is coordinated bythe Regional Services, Staff" which is part of the r esearchprogram management reporting to the Assistant Administrator forResearch and Development. The Regional Services Staff willplan, broker and network the EPA functions required underSection 11 (c) (3) of the Stevenson-Wydler TechnologyInnovation Act. The individual laboratories are responsiblefor the functions specified in Section 11 (c) (2), informationprovision and dissemination; and 11 (c) (4), technicalasssistance to state and local governments. In addition, the10 Regional Offices of EPA interact directly with states,territories and possessions, and frequently transfer user needsto the' appropriate laboratory and/or the"Regional ServicesStaff.
EPA estimates that technology transfer expenditure for FY 1981were $3 million and FY 1982 were $2.8 million. A breakdown ofthe EPA spending organizations is shown below.
o Areas of particular interest during FY 1981 and FY 1982inclUded acid rain and hazardous waste disposal. EPAdeveloped methodologies for defining susceptability ofaquatic systems to acid rain impacts through cooperativeresearch efforts with the States of Minnesota, Michigan andWisconsin. Efforts to control hazardous waste using landtreatment were initiated at the request of the OklahomaState Health Department, and an innovative mobileincinerator has been provided to New Jersey for thedisposal of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) at aland-fill site.
$3,000.0
1,092.4
657.3
700.0$2,841.0
1982
$ 391. 3
Budget ($K)
716.6
706.8
1981
482.9
1,093.7
Technology Transfer Function
Achievements Reported
Regional Services Staff (Executive $Directorate, ORTA function)
Center for Environmental ResearchInformation
Technical Information ProductManagement
Research Laboratories (Estimated)
-54-
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATON (DOT)
The Department of Transportation manages nine laboratoriesengaged in R&D activities.
The responsibility for technology transfer rests withi.n each ofthe operating DOT administrations. Office of Research andTechnology Application (ORTA) contacts have been identified foreach laboratory. Departmental oversight and coordination isprovided by the Technology Sharing Program under the AssistantSecretary for Governmental Affairs within the Office of theSecretary.
The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) technology transferactjvities represent approximately $9.1 million in FY 1981 and$8.3 million in FY 1982. Within the Office of the Secretary,approximately $490,000 and $200,000 were expended on techrio1ogysharing efforts in FY 1981 and FY1982 respectively. Althoughother operating administrations do not identify technologytransfer as a separate budget item, DOT estimates that another$10 to 15 million is directed toward such activities.
Achievements Reported
o The FHWA has been very active in the area of transfer andcommercialization of DOT research results. One activityhas resulted in savings of over $8 million for the states.One example is the DOT work in the development of the dryerdrum mixer for producing hot-mix asphalt. Now nearly allnew hot~mix plants sold in the U.S. use this approachbecause of lower capital and operating costs.
o In another area, the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA)has contracted with the Association of American Railroads(AAR) for the "Care, Custody and Control" of theTransportation Test Center in Pueblo, Colorado. Thus, theFRA will provide the bulk of the funds while the AAR willdo the actual testing for its own or member accounts.
o As a cooperative venture, the FHWA selected 10 statehighway agencies to establish Technology Transfer Centersto assist local transportation agencies responsible forroads, bridges and pubLi c transportation•. Working with alocal university, the Center activities include quarterlynewsletters, technical reports, seminars and trainingcourses.
-53-
Fish and wildlife Service
All research activities of the Fish and Wildlife Service arecentrally managed by the Associate Director-Research. Althoughthe Fish and Wildlife Service has not assigned any full-timepersonnel to the functions of an Office of Research andTechnology Applications (ORTA). each R&D facility has adesignated official whose functions also include responsib lityfor ORTA activities. In addition. an ORTA representative nWashington, D,C. was named as a national coordinator. Dur ngFY 1982 an estimated $3.3 million was spent on technologytransfer efforts.
InFY 1983, the Fish and Wildlife Service anticipates a majorreorganization merging Research, the Office of. ExtensionEducation and most of the Office of Biological Services intoone R&D organization. As part of this merger an Office ofInformation Management will be established in Fort Collins.Colorado and will include an Office of Research and TechnologyApplication.
Achievements Reported
o One of the most significant discoveries was thedeterm~nation of the life cycle of an obscure organismknown to cause whirling disease in salmonid fish.Enthusiastically received by state fisheries and state andprivate fish hatcheries. it is expected that culturalmethods will be developed to control the organism, therebyresulting in measurable savings for fish producers.
o The Fish and Wildlife Service demonstrated that fat soybeanmeal can be used to replace nearly all fishmeal inpelletized fish food. The soybean substitute will resultin cost reductions of.approximately 15 percent for themanufacturers of prepared fish foods.
o In support of the. 4-H fish. and wildlife programs. the Fishand Wildlife Service has funded adult volunteer leadertraining programs and sponsored recognition certificatesand awards to outstanding 4-H youths and leaders. TheNational Wildlife Health Laboratory provided diagnosticservices on wildlife specimens for 16 state agencies,5 universities and 6 zoos, and provided 300 consultationson wildlife health problems.
-52-
u. S. DEPARTMEN'r OF THE INTERIOR (DOl)
Two units within the Department of the Interior operatelaboratories, as defined in the Stevenson-Wydler TechnologyInnovation Act of 1980. A summary follows of the technologytransfer activities conducted by the Bureau of Mines and theFish and Wildlife Service.
Bureau of Mines (BOM)
For several years, the Bureau of Mines has conducted atechnology transfer program through the Branch of TechnologyTransfer (BTT) in'the Office of Technical Information. Withpassage of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act, theBTT assumed the ORTA functions.
The BTT has a total of four professional and two clericalpositions and an annual budget of $250,000 which is derivedfrom assessments against authorized BOM programs. In addition,the BTT is assisted by the Technology Transfer Liaison Officers(TTLO) stationed at each of the Bureau's 10 Research Centers.Although technology transfer is a collateral duty for eachTTLO, the costs (essentially for salary and occasional travel)are supported by the research centers.
Achievements Reported
o During FY 1981 and FY 1982, the BTT was responsible forthe conduct of 14 seminars on 7 technology developments,5 industry briefings, 4 workshops, 2 demonstrations,12 exhibits and 74 issues of the Technology News. Incooperation with the Federal Laboratory Consortium, the BTTcompleted twenty-seven technology assessments describingspecific research projects.
As a result of the BTT's efforts, a number of researchdevelopments have been commercially adopted. They includetechnologies that have:
o substantially lowered respirable dust concentrations inunderground coal mines;
o improved visibility for operators of large surface minehaulage equipment;
o provided automatic systems for the suppression of minefires;
o helped control acid mine drainage; ando enabled minerals recycling and recovery plants to
reclaim valuable minerals from wastes or from low-gradeores.
-51-
o In responding to an increasing number of requests, NIDA hasdeveloped effective treatment programs for specificpopulations with drug abuse problems; establishedschool~based drug prevention programs; and distributedspecial information products.
o The National Institute of Mental Health responded to astate mental health program director who needed anappropriate patients rights program for the state. Basedpartly on an R&D project that developed and tested a modelstate program on the topic, NIMH consultants were able tohelp plan the program.
-50-
Achievements Reported
o During FY 1980 and FY 1981, CDC engaged in two relCitedactivities to be used by state and private laboratories andprivate industry. In the first effort, CDC developedsensitive and selective analytical methodologies for PBB's(polybaominated biphenyls) that were transferred to the·Michigan Department of Public Health; subsequently, CDCdeveloped simultaneous measurement of both PBB's and PCB's(polychlorinated biphenyls) and prepared, dispensed,assigned values and made available s~rum samples containingPCB's and commonly occurring chlorinated pesticides for useby state and private laboratories.
o In a related area, CDC investigators completed controltechnology assessments for industrial processes includingprimary aluminum, pesticide manufacturing and formulating,raw cotton processing, secondary nonferrous smelters, drycleaning, tire manufacturing, spray painting and coating,and coal gasification and liquefaction. Altogether,47 industry-wide studies concerned with occupational safetyand health were conducted and 13 educational resourcescenters were supported.
o CDC also participated in cardiovascular interventiontrails, assisted in the formation of standarized qualitycontrol reference materials, set up training clinics, andwas responsible for operating 23 WHO collaborating centers.
Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration
The Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration(ADAMHA) provides the Federal focus to increase knowledge andpromote effective strategies to deal with health problemsassociated with the use and abuse of alcohol and drugs and withmental health and mental illness. The ADAMHA Office of t.heAdministration (OA) is responsible for interpretation ofrequirements, policy guidance, and recommendations onimprovements and augmentation of the knowledge transfer programand has been designated as an ORTA. Three full~time
professionals are assigned to the ORTA functions.
ADAMHA has determined that each of its three institutesfunctions as a "laboratory" arid so has designated an ORTAwithin each institute.
Achievements Reported
o Workshops on occupational alcoholism programs wereconducted for labor and management in both public andprivate agencies and industries. .
-49-
Nation's food, cosmetics, drugs, medical devices, biologic andradiological products. within the Office of the Commissioner.FDA. theO~fice of Scientific Coordination is responsible foroverseeing the .applied .R&D conducted by all FDA components.The Office of Scientific Coordination has been designed as theORTA at FDA.
Achievements Reported
The FDA's National Center for< Devices and Radiological Healthhas effected two interesting transfers:
o The first was a collaborative effort with Johns Hopkins,SIEMENS Corporation, and Terminal Computers. Inc., todevelop an electronic video report which transmitsinformation instantaneously from radiologists topllysicians. To promote its transfers, FDA produced al6-minute documentary. Users have reported time savings.reduction in costs, and improved patient care.
o The same FDA Center established a consortium of hospitalsto test the use of laser high-density storage discs forx-ray information. Through FDA, Phillips has loaned astorage system to a hospital in St. Louis and RCA hasloaned a system to the University of Pennsylvania forsimilar testing.
o FDA also has developed a portable neutron spectrometer tomeasure. neutron radiation being emitted during high-energydose applications from linear accelerators. Thus far, twopatents have been issued and are available for use by theprivate sector.
Center for Disease Control (CDC)
CDC programs are administe:r-ed through: the centers forprevention services, e~vironmental health, health promotion andeducation, professional development andtl:"aining,.andinfec.t.ious diseases; the National Institute for OccupationalSafety and Health; and program offices addressing the areas ofepidemiology, international health; and laboratory improvement.
As the group responsible for coordinating the provision ofreference laboratory services to Federal, state and localhealth department laboratories, the Laboratory ImprovementProgram Office (LIOP) has been designated as the CDC ORTA. Itsprimary function is liaison between LIPO and the functionallaboratory offices and staff as they conduct their individualtechnology transfer activities.
-48-
National Insti t.ut e s of Health (NIH)
By supporting basic and applied research, the NIH provides astrong foundation for discovery of new knowledge andtranslation of that knowledge into medical technology. Oncethe assessment process indicates the safety and efficacy of newtechnology, individual groups promote widespread applicationthrough demonstration projects.
The Office of Medical Applications of Research (OMAR) , whichwas established in. the office of the Director, NIH, in 1977,has been designated as the Office of Research and TechnologyApplications (ORTA) for NIH. OMAR's staff consists of sevenfull-time professionals and three full-time support members.In FY 1981 and FY 1982, the funding allocated to OMAR'sassessment and transfer activities was $1.5 million and$2.1 million, respectively.
Achievements Reported
o Seven conferences were held between 1980-1982 on varioussubjects including "Diagnosis and Treatment of Reye'sSyndrome" (March 1981) and "Clinical Application ofBiomaterials" (November 1982). Eight such conferences arescheduled for 1983-1984. In an effort to strengthen thiseffort, OMAR has undertaken three evaluation studies. Theresults show that although current dissemination reachesone-third of the target population, efforts should beexpanded. The second study basically validated the currentprocess but recommended that methods for directing datasynthesis and selecting conference panelists could beimproved. The. final study, now in progress, is expected toproduce recommendations for future activities to strengthenthe dissemination process and enhance diffusion.
o Within the patent programs, our evaluation study revealedthat patent applications have been filed for 40 percent ofall inventions, approximately 70 percent of the filingshave been awarded patents, and nearly 50 percent of thepatented inventions have been commercially licensed.Approximately 14 percent of all NIH inventions have, at onetime, been commercially licensed.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
As a regulatory agency, the FDA employs a strategy which isanticipatory rather than reactionary, and preventive ratherthan corrective. In implementing this strategy, FDA conductsapplied research and development directed to the safety of the
-47-
PHS Funding.for Research and Development and Technology
Transfer Activities, FY 1981 and FY 1982, by Laboratory
FY1981($ in millions)
TechnologyTotal R&D Transfer
Budget Budget
ADAMHA :I; 239 $ 35
CDC 71 28
FDA 71 3
NIH 3,320 571
Total $3,701 $637
FY 1982($ in millions)
TechnologyTotal R&D Transfer
Budget - Budget
s 248 $ 38
69 26
73 3
3,419 560
$3,809 $627
-46-
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (DHHS)
Within the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), thePublic Health Service (PHS) is the only component that fundsFederal laboratories for research and development as defined bythe Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act. The PHSsupports biomedical technology-related activities which includethe conduct and support of basic, applied and developmentalresearch.
The Public Health Service Act requires that the Secretary ofHealth and Human Services coordinates all research,evaluations, and demonstrations relating to the assessment ofhealth care technology undertaken and supported through DHHS.The Technology Coordinating Committee is ,the mechanism foraChieving this coordination. With representatives from DHHS,committee activities include research studies, specialinitiatives and plans, and conferences, workshops and symposiapertinent to health care technology.
In FY 1981, 17 percent of the R&D budget was devoted totechnology transfer; in FY 1982, it was 16 percent. A summaryfollows of each agency's approach to technology assessment andtransfer, and includes highlights of achievements.
-45-
o Ames National Laboratory estimates an annual sales level of$100 million over 1,500 installations for the Inductivelyand Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrograph developedat the laboratory.
o Los Alamos National Laboratory estimates over $800,000 inbusiness by six instrument manufacturers from laboratoryinvented technology.
o Oak Ridge National Laboratory estimates that over $200million has been invested by industry since 1978 in theuranium extraction process developed at the laboratory.
![STEVENSON–WYDLER TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION ACT OF 1980 · STEVENSON–WYDLER TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION ACT OF 1980 [As Amended Through P.L. 111–358, Enacted January 4, 2011] AN ACT To](https://img.dokumen.tips/doc/110x75/5f98bf31881d0f79341596d0/stevensonawydler-technology-innovation-act-of-1980-stevensonawydler-technology.jpg)
