15
130315 1 Advice on wri1ng a thesis (or a paper) Cathy Ryan First presented MSc students at the Universidad Mayor, Real y Pon1ficia de San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca, Sucre, Bolivia (November, 2009) Essen1al components Title Abstract Introduc1on Materials and Methods Results and Discussion Conclusions References Acknowledgements Figures and Tables Order of comple1ng Figures and Tables Conclusions Extended outline Abstract (dra%) Introduc1on Title Results and Discussion Materials and Methods References Acknowledgements

Thesis or paper writing (Ryan, March, 2013) or paper... · 130315 2 Tella&scien1fic&story & && • The&mostinteres1ng&and&complete&story&that your&datatell&(~3&conclusions&maximum)&

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    2

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Thesis or paper writing (Ryan, March, 2013) or paper... · 130315 2 Tella&scien1fic&story & && • The&mostinteres1ng&and&complete&story&that your&datatell&(~3&conclusions&maximum)&

13-­‐03-­‐15  

1  

Advice  on  wri1ng  a  thesis  (or  a  paper)  

Cathy  Ryan    First  presented  MSc  students  at  the  Universidad  Mayor,  Real  y  Pon1ficia  de  San  Francisco  Xavier  de  

Chuquisaca,  Sucre,  Bolivia  (November,  2009)  

Essen1al  components  

 •  Title  •  Abstract  •  Introduc1on  •  Materials  and  Methods  •  Results  and  Discussion  •  Conclusions  •  References  •  Acknowledgements  •  Figures  and  Tables  

Order  of  comple1ng  

•  Figures  and  Tables  •  Conclusions  •  Extended  outline  •  Abstract  (dra%)  •  Introduc1on  •  Title  •  Results  and  Discussion  •  Materials  and  Methods  •  References  •  Acknowledgements  

Page 2: Thesis or paper writing (Ryan, March, 2013) or paper... · 130315 2 Tella&scien1fic&story & && • The&mostinteres1ng&and&complete&story&that your&datatell&(~3&conclusions&maximum)&

13-­‐03-­‐15  

2  

Tell  a  scien1fic  story      •  The  most  interes1ng  and  complete  story  that  your  data  tell  (~  3  conclusions  maximum)  

•  Don’t  necessarily  include  ALL  of  you  data  (even  if  you  worked  really  hard  to  collect  them,  and/or  they  are  really  interes1ng)  

•  Use  [unlimited]  appendices  to  report  the  data  that  don’t  contribute  to  the  story.    (Be  sure  to  refer  to  these  data  in  your  main  text).  

•  Your  final  story  may  be  very  different  from  the  story  you  started  out  with  (i.e.  objec1ves  frequently  change,  par1cularly  in  field  research)  

Step  1:  Figures  and  tables,  cap1ons  •  Figures  and  tables  are  the  ‘pictures’  of  the  story  –  need  logical  sequence  

•  A  reader  should  be  able  to  know  most  of  what  the  story  says  by  looking  at  the  figures  and  tables  

•  Figures  should  contain  only  essen1al  informa1on  needed  to  transmit  the  story  effec1vely  

•  Cap1ons  provide  complete  explana1on,  not  interpreta1on    

•  reader  shouldn’t  need  to  look  back  and  forth  between  text  and  figures  with  appropriate  cap1ons  

•  Tables  contain  data/values  that  can’t  be  included  in  text  effec1vely  

 

Page 3: Thesis or paper writing (Ryan, March, 2013) or paper... · 130315 2 Tella&scien1fic&story & && • The&mostinteres1ng&and&complete&story&that your&datatell&(~3&conclusions&maximum)&

13-­‐03-­‐15  

3  

Step  2:  Write  your  conclusions  first    

•  You  need  to  know  how  the  story  ends  for  the  wri1ng  to  be  coherent  (logic  in  hindsight)  

•  Focus  on  primary  conclusions,  consider  leaving  secondary  conclusions  in  discussion  

•  Once  you  have  your  figures  and  tables  and  conclusions  ready,  you  should  consult  with  your  supervisor(s)  and  be  sure  you  agree  that  everything  is  in  order  to  ‘start  wri1ng’  your  thesis    

Step  3:  Write  an  extended  outline  and  an  Abstract  dra%  

•  The  abstract  is  likely  to  be  the  most  frequently  read  single  page  of  your  whole  thesis  –  it  deserves  an  unusual  amount  of  care  

•  200  to  400  words,  clear  overview  (what  done,  why,  how,  what  learned?)    

•  Summarize  essen1al  informa1on  (never  say  ‘…  is  discussed’)  

•  Ideally  ask  your  supervisor(s)  to  review  and  approve  this  stage  before  you  proceed      

Page 4: Thesis or paper writing (Ryan, March, 2013) or paper... · 130315 2 Tella&scien1fic&story & && • The&mostinteres1ng&and&complete&story&that your&datatell&(~3&conclusions&maximum)&

13-­‐03-­‐15  

4  

Step  4:  Write  your  introduc1on  (1  of  2)  

•  You  will  end  the  intro  with  your  research  ques1on  •  Before  that  you  will  explain  what  is  known  about  the  research  area,  and  how  your  research  fills  a  gap  

•  Start  with  an  overview  of  the  issue  (shorter  for  scien1fic  papers,  longer  for  a  thesis)  

•  Lead  to  specific  work  that  backgrounds  your  work  directly  

•  Descrip1ve  work  (e.g.  characteriza1on  of  a  recharge  area,  or  aquifer)  doesn’t  need  a  hypothesis  

Step  4:  Write  your  introduc1on  (2  of  2)  

•  Aher  sta1ng  background,  ra1onale,  goal/objec1ves,  briefly  state  how  work  was  done  and/or  study  approach  (road  map)  

•  Exis1ng  literature  is  used  in  the  intro  to  illustrate  the  need  for  your  work,  it  is  NOT  a  chronological  list  of  work  done  on  the  subject/in  the  geographical  area  

•  Needs  to  be  consistent  with  conclusions  (‘objec1ves’  should  match  ‘conclusions’)  

Page 5: Thesis or paper writing (Ryan, March, 2013) or paper... · 130315 2 Tella&scien1fic&story & && • The&mostinteres1ng&and&complete&story&that your&datatell&(~3&conclusions&maximum)&

13-­‐03-­‐15  

5  

Step  6:  The  1tle  

•  Concise!  •  Avoid  ‘Study  of’  or  equivalent  clauses  •  Example:  “The  study  of  shallow  groundwater  contamina1on  under  a  corn  field  and  poten1al  for  denitrifica1on  in  southern  Alberta”          becomes    

“Poten1al  groundwater  denitrifica1on  under  Zea  Mays”  

Step  7:  Re-­‐drah  the  abstract  

•  Avoid  repe11on  of  1tle  •  Indicate  the  approach  used    •  Indicate  new  informa1on,  conclusions,  and  if  applicable,  the  essen1al  parts  of  any  new  theory,  technique,  etc.  

Page 6: Thesis or paper writing (Ryan, March, 2013) or paper... · 130315 2 Tella&scien1fic&story & && • The&mostinteres1ng&and&complete&story&that your&datatell&(~3&conclusions&maximum)&

13-­‐03-­‐15  

6  

AVOID  working  on  your  interior  sec1ons  before  this  point  

•  Easier,  so  ostensibly  more  rewarding,  BUT  will  need  to  be  focused  on  data  that  are  in  the  conclusions  only  

•  Liple  to  be  gained  by  supervisory  review  of  interior  sec1ons  prior  to  agreement  on  Abstract,  Intro,  Figs  and  Tables,  and  Conclusions  

Step  8:  Results  and  Discussion  

•  Go  through  your  figures  and  tables  and  interpret  the  data  for  the  reader  such  that  you  lead  to  your  conclusions  

•  Include  all  the  informa1on  you  need  for  conclusions  

•  Minimize  specula1on  

Page 7: Thesis or paper writing (Ryan, March, 2013) or paper... · 130315 2 Tella&scien1fic&story & && • The&mostinteres1ng&and&complete&story&that your&datatell&(~3&conclusions&maximum)&

13-­‐03-­‐15  

7  

Step  9:  Materials  and  methods  

•  Ohen  includes/preceded  by  ‘extra’  Site  Descrip1on  sec1on  in  hydrogeology  

•  Minimal  amount  of  informa1on  necessary  to  repeat  (i.e.  prove)  the  work  

•  Include  names  of  equipment  used  •  State  analy1cal  methods  used,  but  use  references  to  describe  the  actual  methods  (for  example  “Standard  Methods”  

Step  10:  References  •  Use  judiciously  to  either  i)  credit  an  idea/accomplishment,  or  ii)  guide  the  reader  to  appropriate  informa1on  

•  Don’t  make  reference  subject  of  sentence  –  put  the  most  important  informa1on  first  in  sentence  

•  Priorize  by  historical  context  and  overall  importance  (not  by  accessibility)  

•  Use  textbooks,  not  papers,  where  the  topic  is  well-­‐covered  

•  You  should  have  read  a  reference  to  use  it  (at  least  the  abstract!)  

•  Use  consistent  and  appropriate  format  •  Scrupulously  cross-­‐check  

Page 8: Thesis or paper writing (Ryan, March, 2013) or paper... · 130315 2 Tella&scien1fic&story & && • The&mostinteres1ng&and&complete&story&that your&datatell&(~3&conclusions&maximum)&

13-­‐03-­‐15  

8  

Step  11:  Acknowledgements  •  Give  credit  where  credit  is  due.  Err  on  the  generous  side.  

•  Like  all  science  wri1ng  –  clear  and  concise  •  For  papers:  technicians,  research  assistants,  reviewers,  logis1cal  support,  funding  agencies,  others    

•  In  theses:    –  acknowledgement  of  personal  support  –  don’t  fill  this  sec1on  in  un1l  aher  you  have  defended  your  thesis.    It  can  put  examiners  in  a  difficult  posi1on.    

Length  of  paper/thesis  manuscripts  

•  First  and  second  ‘holy  grails’  of  scien1fic  wri1ng  (1.  honesty  and  the  scien1fic  method;  2.  concise  &  clear  wri1ng).  

•  Papers  typically  15  –  30  double  spaced  pages  (incl.  references);  5  to  10  figures;  a  few  tables  

•  Longer  theses  are  not  beper  –  use  appendices  •  Tradi1onal  vs.  paper  approach  to  thesis  wri1ng  

Page 9: Thesis or paper writing (Ryan, March, 2013) or paper... · 130315 2 Tella&scien1fic&story & && • The&mostinteres1ng&and&complete&story&that your&datatell&(~3&conclusions&maximum)&

13-­‐03-­‐15  

9  

How  many  drahs,  how  long  to  review?    

•  In  my  experience,  two  to  four  drahs  for  thesis  •  Up  to  ten  drahs  for  scien1fic  papers  •  Supervisors  are  busy  –  if  you  hand  them  a  significant  amount  of  material,  allow  up  to  two  weeks  

•  Review  of  smaller  sec1ons  (e.g.  figures/tables/conclusions)  should  be  tractable  together  

Figures  and  tables  separate  from  text!  

•  Inser1ng  figures  and  tables  into  document  can  take  an  inordinate  amount  of  1me  

•  It  also  makes  electronic  files  large  and  unwieldy  

•  Paper  submissions  typically  have  separate  figures  and  tables  

•  Keep  separate  un1l  you  have  to  insert  (if  ever?)  

Page 10: Thesis or paper writing (Ryan, March, 2013) or paper... · 130315 2 Tella&scien1fic&story & && • The&mostinteres1ng&and&complete&story&that your&datatell&(~3&conclusions&maximum)&

13-­‐03-­‐15  

10  

Use  of  a  table  

•  Imagine  the  following  data  set  (Gopen  and  Swan,  1990):  

t  (1me)  =  15  min,    T  (temperature)  =  32o;  t  =  0,  T  =  25o;  t  =  6  min,  T  =  29o;  t  =  3  min,  T  =  27o;  t  =  12  min,  T  =  32o;  t  =  9  min,  T  =  31o  

Use  of  a  table  (default  version)  

Temperature  (oC)  

Time    (min)  

25   0  

27   3  

29   6  

31   9  

32   12  

32   15  

o  

Page 11: Thesis or paper writing (Ryan, March, 2013) or paper... · 130315 2 Tella&scien1fic&story & && • The&mostinteres1ng&and&complete&story&that your&datatell&(~3&conclusions&maximum)&

13-­‐03-­‐15  

11  

Reduce  cluper….  

Temperature  (oC)  

Time    (min)  

25   0  27   3  29   6  31   9  32   12  32   15  

Put  data  in  expected  order….  

Time    (min)  

Temperature  (oC)  

0   25  3   27  6   29  9   31  12   32  15   32  

o  

Page 12: Thesis or paper writing (Ryan, March, 2013) or paper... · 130315 2 Tella&scien1fic&story & && • The&mostinteres1ng&and&complete&story&that your&datatell&(~3&conclusions&maximum)&

13-­‐03-­‐15  

12  

Table  vs.  Figure?  

Normal  sequence  of  geochemical  data  (columns  from  leh  to  right):  Loca1on,  date,  field  parameters,  ca1ons,  anions,  charge  balance,  ‘other’  analyses  

Page 13: Thesis or paper writing (Ryan, March, 2013) or paper... · 130315 2 Tella&scien1fic&story & && • The&mostinteres1ng&and&complete&story&that your&datatell&(~3&conclusions&maximum)&

13-­‐03-­‐15  

13  

!"#$%

!"#&%

!"#'%

!"(#%

!"()%

!"($%

!"(&%

!"('%

!")#%

!"))%

!"#*% !"()% !"(*% !"))% !")*%

!"#

$%&'(')*

(+

,&'(')*(+

,--"#'.-+/*01+23+

!"!*%

!"#%

!"#(%

!"#+%

!"#,%

!"#*%

!"(%

!"((%

!"#$% !"(% !"($% !")%

!"#

$%&'(')*

(+

,&'(')*(+

,--"#'.-+/*01+4+

!"#%

!"#(%

!"#+%

!"#,%

!"#*%

!"(%

!"((%

!"(+%

!"(,%

!"#$% !"#&% !"#'% !"(#% !"()% !"($% !"(&% !"('%

!"#

$%&'(')*

(+

,&'(')*(+

,--"#'.-+,.5+67+

!"()%

!"()$%

!"(+%

!"(+$%

!"($%

!"($$%

!"(,%

!"(,$%

!"(&%

!"(&$%

!"#$% !"#&% !"#'% !"(#% !"()% !"($% !"(&% !"('%!"#

$%&'(')*

(+

,&'(')*(+

,--"#'.-+,.5+89++

!"!#$

!"%$

!"%&$

!"%'$

!"%($

!"%#$

!"&$

!"&&$

!"&'$

!"&($

!"&#$

!")$

!")&$

!")'$

!"%'$ !"%($ !"%#$ !"&$ !"&&$ !"&'$ !"&($ !"&#$ !")$ !")&$ !")'$ !")($ !")#$

!"#

$%&'(')*

(+

,&'(')*(+

,--"#'.-+

*+,$&-$

./01$%'$

./01$#$

*+,$)!$

Page 14: Thesis or paper writing (Ryan, March, 2013) or paper... · 130315 2 Tella&scien1fic&story & && • The&mostinteres1ng&and&complete&story&that your&datatell&(~3&conclusions&maximum)&

13-­‐03-­‐15  

14  

!"!#$

!"%$

!"%#$

!"&$

!"&#$

!"'$

!"'#$

!"($

!"!#$ !"%$ !"%#$ !"&$ !"&#$ !"'$ !"'#$ !"($

)*+

,-./0/12

0$)3(,)$45

6789$

:./0/120$)3(,)$456789$

:;6$&#$

<2=>$%($

<2=>$?$

:;6$'!$

!"

!#$"

!#%"

!#&"

!#'"

!" !#$" !#%" !#&" !#'"

()*

+,-./.01

/"(2'+("34

5678"

9-./.01/"(2'+("345678"

Sept  8  

Aug  30  

Sept  14  Aug  25  

Page 15: Thesis or paper writing (Ryan, March, 2013) or paper... · 130315 2 Tella&scien1fic&story & && • The&mostinteres1ng&and&complete&story&that your&datatell&(~3&conclusions&maximum)&

13-­‐03-­‐15  

15  

!"#$%

!"#&%

!"#'%

!"(#%

!"()%

!"($%

!"(&%

!"('%

!")#%

!"))%

!"#*% !"()% !"(*% !"))% !")*%

!"#

$%&'(')*

(+

,&'(')*(+

,--"#'.-+/*01+23+

!"!*%

!"#%

!"#(%

!"#+%

!"#,%

!"#*%

!"(%

!"((%

!"#$% !"(% !"($% !")%

!"#

$%&'(')*

(+

,&'(')*(+

,--"#'.-+/*01+4+

!"#%

!"#(%

!"#+%

!"#,%

!"#*%

!"(%

!"((%

!"(+%

!"(,%

!"#$% !"#&% !"#'% !"(#% !"()% !"($% !"(&% !"('%

!"#

$%&'(')*

(+

,&'(')*(+

,--"#'.-+,.5+67+

!"()%

!"()$%

!"(+%

!"(+$%

!"($%

!"($$%

!"(,%

!"(,$%

!"(&%

!"(&$%

!"#$% !"#&% !"#'% !"(#% !"()% !"($% !"(&% !"('%!"#

$%&'(')*

(+

,&'(')*(+

,--"#'.-+,.5+89++

•  Cherry,  J.A.,  1995  – Guidance  for  Wri1ng  Scien1fic  Papers  and  Theses  (unpublished)  

•  Ferré,  T.P.A.,  2003  –  Ferré  Wri1ng  Group  Policy  –  h2p://web.hwr.arizona.edu/~ty/Students/group_wri?ng.pdf  

•  University  of  Calgary,  Graduate  Studies,  2009  –  Thesis  Guidelines