Upload
others
View
2
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
13-‐03-‐15
1
Advice on wri1ng a thesis (or a paper)
Cathy Ryan First presented MSc students at the Universidad Mayor, Real y Pon1ficia de San Francisco Xavier de
Chuquisaca, Sucre, Bolivia (November, 2009)
Essen1al components
• Title • Abstract • Introduc1on • Materials and Methods • Results and Discussion • Conclusions • References • Acknowledgements • Figures and Tables
Order of comple1ng
• Figures and Tables • Conclusions • Extended outline • Abstract (dra%) • Introduc1on • Title • Results and Discussion • Materials and Methods • References • Acknowledgements
13-‐03-‐15
2
Tell a scien1fic story • The most interes1ng and complete story that your data tell (~ 3 conclusions maximum)
• Don’t necessarily include ALL of you data (even if you worked really hard to collect them, and/or they are really interes1ng)
• Use [unlimited] appendices to report the data that don’t contribute to the story. (Be sure to refer to these data in your main text).
• Your final story may be very different from the story you started out with (i.e. objec1ves frequently change, par1cularly in field research)
Step 1: Figures and tables, cap1ons • Figures and tables are the ‘pictures’ of the story – need logical sequence
• A reader should be able to know most of what the story says by looking at the figures and tables
• Figures should contain only essen1al informa1on needed to transmit the story effec1vely
• Cap1ons provide complete explana1on, not interpreta1on
• reader shouldn’t need to look back and forth between text and figures with appropriate cap1ons
• Tables contain data/values that can’t be included in text effec1vely
13-‐03-‐15
3
Step 2: Write your conclusions first
• You need to know how the story ends for the wri1ng to be coherent (logic in hindsight)
• Focus on primary conclusions, consider leaving secondary conclusions in discussion
• Once you have your figures and tables and conclusions ready, you should consult with your supervisor(s) and be sure you agree that everything is in order to ‘start wri1ng’ your thesis
Step 3: Write an extended outline and an Abstract dra%
• The abstract is likely to be the most frequently read single page of your whole thesis – it deserves an unusual amount of care
• 200 to 400 words, clear overview (what done, why, how, what learned?)
• Summarize essen1al informa1on (never say ‘… is discussed’)
• Ideally ask your supervisor(s) to review and approve this stage before you proceed
13-‐03-‐15
4
Step 4: Write your introduc1on (1 of 2)
• You will end the intro with your research ques1on • Before that you will explain what is known about the research area, and how your research fills a gap
• Start with an overview of the issue (shorter for scien1fic papers, longer for a thesis)
• Lead to specific work that backgrounds your work directly
• Descrip1ve work (e.g. characteriza1on of a recharge area, or aquifer) doesn’t need a hypothesis
Step 4: Write your introduc1on (2 of 2)
• Aher sta1ng background, ra1onale, goal/objec1ves, briefly state how work was done and/or study approach (road map)
• Exis1ng literature is used in the intro to illustrate the need for your work, it is NOT a chronological list of work done on the subject/in the geographical area
• Needs to be consistent with conclusions (‘objec1ves’ should match ‘conclusions’)
13-‐03-‐15
5
Step 6: The 1tle
• Concise! • Avoid ‘Study of’ or equivalent clauses • Example: “The study of shallow groundwater contamina1on under a corn field and poten1al for denitrifica1on in southern Alberta” becomes
“Poten1al groundwater denitrifica1on under Zea Mays”
Step 7: Re-‐drah the abstract
• Avoid repe11on of 1tle • Indicate the approach used • Indicate new informa1on, conclusions, and if applicable, the essen1al parts of any new theory, technique, etc.
13-‐03-‐15
6
AVOID working on your interior sec1ons before this point
• Easier, so ostensibly more rewarding, BUT will need to be focused on data that are in the conclusions only
• Liple to be gained by supervisory review of interior sec1ons prior to agreement on Abstract, Intro, Figs and Tables, and Conclusions
Step 8: Results and Discussion
• Go through your figures and tables and interpret the data for the reader such that you lead to your conclusions
• Include all the informa1on you need for conclusions
• Minimize specula1on
13-‐03-‐15
7
Step 9: Materials and methods
• Ohen includes/preceded by ‘extra’ Site Descrip1on sec1on in hydrogeology
• Minimal amount of informa1on necessary to repeat (i.e. prove) the work
• Include names of equipment used • State analy1cal methods used, but use references to describe the actual methods (for example “Standard Methods”
Step 10: References • Use judiciously to either i) credit an idea/accomplishment, or ii) guide the reader to appropriate informa1on
• Don’t make reference subject of sentence – put the most important informa1on first in sentence
• Priorize by historical context and overall importance (not by accessibility)
• Use textbooks, not papers, where the topic is well-‐covered
• You should have read a reference to use it (at least the abstract!)
• Use consistent and appropriate format • Scrupulously cross-‐check
13-‐03-‐15
8
Step 11: Acknowledgements • Give credit where credit is due. Err on the generous side.
• Like all science wri1ng – clear and concise • For papers: technicians, research assistants, reviewers, logis1cal support, funding agencies, others
• In theses: – acknowledgement of personal support – don’t fill this sec1on in un1l aher you have defended your thesis. It can put examiners in a difficult posi1on.
Length of paper/thesis manuscripts
• First and second ‘holy grails’ of scien1fic wri1ng (1. honesty and the scien1fic method; 2. concise & clear wri1ng).
• Papers typically 15 – 30 double spaced pages (incl. references); 5 to 10 figures; a few tables
• Longer theses are not beper – use appendices • Tradi1onal vs. paper approach to thesis wri1ng
13-‐03-‐15
9
How many drahs, how long to review?
• In my experience, two to four drahs for thesis • Up to ten drahs for scien1fic papers • Supervisors are busy – if you hand them a significant amount of material, allow up to two weeks
• Review of smaller sec1ons (e.g. figures/tables/conclusions) should be tractable together
Figures and tables separate from text!
• Inser1ng figures and tables into document can take an inordinate amount of 1me
• It also makes electronic files large and unwieldy
• Paper submissions typically have separate figures and tables
• Keep separate un1l you have to insert (if ever?)
13-‐03-‐15
10
Use of a table
• Imagine the following data set (Gopen and Swan, 1990):
t (1me) = 15 min, T (temperature) = 32o; t = 0, T = 25o; t = 6 min, T = 29o; t = 3 min, T = 27o; t = 12 min, T = 32o; t = 9 min, T = 31o
Use of a table (default version)
Temperature (oC)
Time (min)
25 0
27 3
29 6
31 9
32 12
32 15
o
13-‐03-‐15
11
Reduce cluper….
Temperature (oC)
Time (min)
25 0 27 3 29 6 31 9 32 12 32 15
Put data in expected order….
Time (min)
Temperature (oC)
0 25 3 27 6 29 9 31 12 32 15 32
o
13-‐03-‐15
12
Table vs. Figure?
Normal sequence of geochemical data (columns from leh to right): Loca1on, date, field parameters, ca1ons, anions, charge balance, ‘other’ analyses
13-‐03-‐15
13
!"#$%
!"#&%
!"#'%
!"(#%
!"()%
!"($%
!"(&%
!"('%
!")#%
!"))%
!"#*% !"()% !"(*% !"))% !")*%
!"#
$%&'(')*
(+
,&'(')*(+
,--"#'.-+/*01+23+
!"!*%
!"#%
!"#(%
!"#+%
!"#,%
!"#*%
!"(%
!"((%
!"#$% !"(% !"($% !")%
!"#
$%&'(')*
(+
,&'(')*(+
,--"#'.-+/*01+4+
!"#%
!"#(%
!"#+%
!"#,%
!"#*%
!"(%
!"((%
!"(+%
!"(,%
!"#$% !"#&% !"#'% !"(#% !"()% !"($% !"(&% !"('%
!"#
$%&'(')*
(+
,&'(')*(+
,--"#'.-+,.5+67+
!"()%
!"()$%
!"(+%
!"(+$%
!"($%
!"($$%
!"(,%
!"(,$%
!"(&%
!"(&$%
!"#$% !"#&% !"#'% !"(#% !"()% !"($% !"(&% !"('%!"#
$%&'(')*
(+
,&'(')*(+
,--"#'.-+,.5+89++
!"!#$
!"%$
!"%&$
!"%'$
!"%($
!"%#$
!"&$
!"&&$
!"&'$
!"&($
!"&#$
!")$
!")&$
!")'$
!"%'$ !"%($ !"%#$ !"&$ !"&&$ !"&'$ !"&($ !"&#$ !")$ !")&$ !")'$ !")($ !")#$
!"#
$%&'(')*
(+
,&'(')*(+
,--"#'.-+
*+,$&-$
./01$%'$
./01$#$
*+,$)!$
13-‐03-‐15
14
!"!#$
!"%$
!"%#$
!"&$
!"&#$
!"'$
!"'#$
!"($
!"!#$ !"%$ !"%#$ !"&$ !"&#$ !"'$ !"'#$ !"($
)*+
,-./0/12
0$)3(,)$45
6789$
:./0/120$)3(,)$456789$
:;6$&#$
<2=>$%($
<2=>$?$
:;6$'!$
!"
!#$"
!#%"
!#&"
!#'"
!" !#$" !#%" !#&" !#'"
()*
+,-./.01
/"(2'+("34
5678"
9-./.01/"(2'+("345678"
Sept 8
Aug 30
Sept 14 Aug 25
13-‐03-‐15
15
!"#$%
!"#&%
!"#'%
!"(#%
!"()%
!"($%
!"(&%
!"('%
!")#%
!"))%
!"#*% !"()% !"(*% !"))% !")*%
!"#
$%&'(')*
(+
,&'(')*(+
,--"#'.-+/*01+23+
!"!*%
!"#%
!"#(%
!"#+%
!"#,%
!"#*%
!"(%
!"((%
!"#$% !"(% !"($% !")%
!"#
$%&'(')*
(+
,&'(')*(+
,--"#'.-+/*01+4+
!"#%
!"#(%
!"#+%
!"#,%
!"#*%
!"(%
!"((%
!"(+%
!"(,%
!"#$% !"#&% !"#'% !"(#% !"()% !"($% !"(&% !"('%
!"#
$%&'(')*
(+
,&'(')*(+
,--"#'.-+,.5+67+
!"()%
!"()$%
!"(+%
!"(+$%
!"($%
!"($$%
!"(,%
!"(,$%
!"(&%
!"(&$%
!"#$% !"#&% !"#'% !"(#% !"()% !"($% !"(&% !"('%!"#
$%&'(')*
(+
,&'(')*(+
,--"#'.-+,.5+89++
• Cherry, J.A., 1995 – Guidance for Wri1ng Scien1fic Papers and Theses (unpublished)
• Ferré, T.P.A., 2003 – Ferré Wri1ng Group Policy – h2p://web.hwr.arizona.edu/~ty/Students/group_wri?ng.pdf
• University of Calgary, Graduate Studies, 2009 – Thesis Guidelines