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Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
This chapter presents the background and purpose of the study, statement
of the problem, significance of the study, scope and limitations and definition of
terms.
Background and Purpose of the Study
Nowadays students were still introduced to the usual color wheel, a color
wheel is based on a circle that joins the ends of the spectrum and is helpful as a
guide to mixing colors. There are many possible color wheel configurations or
native color mixing. These color wheels indicates the result of two different colors
mixed together. For example, when red and blue were mixed, it will result into
purple. We usually use color pigments what those mixed colors would turned into.
But most of the people or a student doesn’t get confused on what the mixed
colors will look like if we try to combine lights from bulbs of different colors, will the
combination of red and blue will still result into purple or will it form a different
color after the combination of lights from the light bulb. 1
To avoid too much confusion, the researchers would like to study the
difference between color pigments and spectrum of lights. This study will help
students understand the difference between color and spectra. This research can
also be helpful to teachers on explaining why the result of mixed colors didn’t turn
out with same result as the combined lights.
Based from the Science Act of 1958, also known as RA No. 2067, as
amended by RA No. 3589: An Act to Integrate, Coordinate, and Intensify Scientific
2
and Technological Research and Development and to Foster Invention: To
Provide Funds therefore: and for other Purposes.
This is an act enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
Philippines in Congress assembled:
(1) Strengthen the educational system of the country so that the same will
provide a steady source of competent scientific and technological
manpower;
(2) Promote and encourage the dissemination of the results of scientific and
techno logical research and the general application thereof; and
(3) To disseminate the results of scientific and technological research and to
encourage their practical application; 2
A spectrum is a condition that is not limited to a specific set of values but
can vary infinitely within a continuum. The word had its first scientific use within
the field of optics to describe the rainbow of colors in visible light when separated
using a prism; it has since been applied by analogy to many fields other than
optics. Thus, one might talk about the spectrum of political opinion, or the
spectrum of activity of a drug, or the autism spectrum. In these uses, values within
a spectrum may not be associated with precisely quantifiable numbers or
definitions. Such uses imply a broad range of conditions or behaviors grouped
together and studied under a single title for ease of discussion.3
In the 17th century the word spectrum was introduced into optics, referring
to the range of colors observed when white light was dispersed through a prism.
Soon the term referred to a plot of light intensity or power as a function of
frequency or wavelength, also known as a spectral density.4
3
The term spectrum was soon applied to other waves, such as sound
waves, and now applies to any signal that can be decomposed into frequency
components. A spectrum is a usually 2-dimensional plot, of a compound signal,
depicting the components by another measure. Sometimes, the word spectrum
refers to the compound signal itself, such as the "spectrum of visible light", a
reference to those electromagnetic waves which are visible to the human eye.
Looking at light through a prism separates visible light into its colors according to
wavelength. It separates them according to its dispersion relation and a grating
separates according to the grating equation and if massive particles are measured
often their speed is measured. To get a spectrum, the measured function has to
be transformed in their independent variable to frequencies and the dependent
variable has to be reduced in regions, where the independent variable is
stretched. For this imagine that the spectrum of pulse with a finite number of
particles is measured on a film or a CCD. Assuming no particles are lost, any
nonlinearity (compared to frequency) on the spectral separation concentrates
particles at some points of the film. The same is true for taking a spectrum by
scanning a monochromator with a fixed slit width. Violet at one end has the
shortest wavelength and red at the other end has the longest wavelength of
visible light. The colors in order are violet, blue, green, and yellow, orange, red. As
the wavelengths get bigger below the red visible light they become infrared,
microwave, and radio. As the wavelengths get smaller above violet light, they
become ultra-violet, x-ray, and gamma ray.5
The light emitted by most light sources contains photons of many different
colors. By using a tool that creates a spectrum, scientists can get much more
detailed information about the light source than they would get simply by looking
4
at it or taking a picture of the light source. When astronomers refer to a spectrum
(the plural is spectra), they are usually referring to an image that was made by
dispersing the light from a light source onto a camera. It is not very easy to make
careful measurements of the spectra from an object when working with an image,
so astronomers often simplify their spectra by making a two-dimensional graph of
the spectrum. On the x-axis, they plot the wavelength of the light (which is
equivalent to the energy of the light or the color of the light), and on the y-axis
they plot the intensity of the light. Astronomers use the word spectrum to refer
either to an image of the light, or the two dimensional plot of the image of a
spectrum. 6
A pigment is a material that changes the color of reflected or transmitted
light as the result of wavelength-selective absorption. This physical process differs
from fluorescence, phosphorescence, and other forms of luminescence, in which
a material emits light.7
Many materials selectively absorb certain wavelengths of light. Materials
that humans have chosen and developed for use as pigments usually have
special properties that make them ideal for coloring other materials. A pigment
must have a high tinting strength relative to the materials it colors. It must be
stable in solid form at ambient temperatures.8
For industrial applications, as well as in the arts, permanence and stability
are desirable properties. Pigments that are not permanent are called fugitive.
Fugitive pigments fade over time, or with exposure to light, while some eventually
blacken.9
Pigments are used for coloring paint, ink, plastic, fabric, cosmetics, food
and other materials. Most pigments used in manufacturing and the visual arts are
5
dry colorants, usually ground into a fine powder. This powder is added to a vehicle
(or binder), a relatively neutral or colorless material that suspends the pigment
and gives the paint its adhesion.10
A distinction is usually made between a pigment, which is insoluble in the
vehicle (resulting in a suspension), and a dye, which either is itself a liquid or is
soluble in its vehicle (resulting in a solution). The term biological pigment is used
for all colored substances independent of their solubility. A colorant can be both a
pigment and a dye depending on the vehicle it is used in. In some cases, a
pigment can be manufactured from a dye by precipitating a soluble dye with a
metallic salt. The resulting pigment is called a lake pigment.11
Pure pigments reflect light in a very specific way that cannot be precisely
duplicated by the discrete light emitters in a computer display. However, by
making careful measurements of pigments, close approximations can be made.
The Munsell Color System provides a good conceptual explanation of what is
missing. Munsell devised a system that provides an objective measure of color in
three dimensions: hue, value (or lightness), and chroma. Computer displays in
general are unable to show the true chroma of many pigments, but the hue and
lightness can be reproduced with relative accuracy. However, when the gamma of
a computer display deviates from the reference value, the hue is also
systematically biased.12
Spectrum is a rainbow like series of colors, in the order violet, blue, green,
yellow, orange, and red, produced by splitting a composite light, such as white
light, into its component colors Indigo was formerly recognized as a distinct
spectral color. The rainbow is a natural spectrum, produced by meteorological
phenomena. A similar effect can be produced by passing sunlight through a glass
6
prism. The first correct explanation of the phenomenon was advanced in 1666 by
the English mathematician and physicist Sir Isaac Newton.13
Furthermore it was said that, when a ray of light passes from one
transparent medium, such as air, into another, such as glass or water, it is bent;
upon reemerging into the air, it is bent again. This bending is called refraction; the
amount of refraction depends on the wavelength of the light. Violet light, for
example, is bent more than red light in passing from air to glass or from glass to
air. A mixture of red and violet light is thus dispersed into the two colors when it
passes through a wedge-shaped glass prism.14
On the other hand, a device for producing and observing a spectrum
visually is called a spectroscope; a device for observing and recording a spectrum
photographically is called a spectrograph; a device for measuring the brightness
of the various portions of spectra is called a spectrophotometer; and the science
of using spectroscopes, spectrographs, and spectrophotometers to study spectra
is called spectroscopy. For extremely accurate spectroscopic measurements, an
interferometer is used. During the 19th century, scientists discovered that beyond
the violet end of the spectrum, radiations could be detected that were invisible to
the human eye but that had marked photochemical action; these radiations were
termed ultraviolet. Similarly, beyond the red end of the spectrum, infrared
radiations were detected that, although invisible, transmitted energy, as shown by
their ability to raise the temperature of a thermometer .The definition of spectrum
was then revised to include these invisible radiations, and has since been
extended to include radio 3waves beyond the infrared, and X rays and gamma
rays beyond the ultraviolet. 15
7
The term spectrum is often loosely applied today to any orderly array
produced by analysis of a complex phenomenon. A complex sound such as noise,
for example, may be analyzed into an audio spectrum of pure tones of various
pitches. Similarly, a complex mixture of elements or isotopes of different atomic
weights can be separated into an orderly sequence called a mass spectrum in
order of their atomic weights.16
Different colors of light are similar consisting of electromagnetic radiations
that travel at a speed of approximately 300,000 km per sec (about 186,000 mi per
sec). They differ in having varying frequencies and wavelengths, the frequency
being equal to the speed of light divided by wavelength. Two rays of light having
the same wavelength also have the same frequency and the same color. The
wavelength of light is so small that it is conveniently expressed in nanometer
(nm), which is equal to one-billionth of a meter. The wavelength of violet light
varies from about 400 to 450 nm, and of red light from about 620 to 760 nm, or
from about 0.000016 to 0.000018 in for violet, and from 0.000025 to 0.000030 in
for red.17
Wikipedia another informant said that, spectrum (plural spectra or
spectrums) is a condition that is not limited to a specific set of values but can vary
infinitely within a continuum. The word saw its first scientific use within the field of
optics to describe the rainbow of colors in visible light when separated using a
prism; it has since been applied by analogy to many fields other than optics. Thus,
one might talk about the spectrum of political opinion, or the spectrum of activity of
a drug, or the autism spectrum. In these uses, values within a spectrum may not
be associated with precisely quantifiable numbers or definitions. Such uses imply
8
a broad range of conditions or behaviors grouped together and studied under a
single title for ease of discussion.18
Wikipedia also stated that a pigment is a material that changes the color of
reflected or transmitted light as the result of wavelength-selective absorption. This
physical process differs from fluorescence, phosphorescence, and other forms of
luminescence, in which a material emits light.19Many materials selectively absorb
certain wavelengths of light. Materials that humans have chosen and developed
for use as pigments usually have special properties that make them ideal for
coloring other materials. A pigment must have a high tinting strength relative to
the materials it colors. It must be stable in solid form at ambient temperatures.19
For industrial applications, as well as in the arts, permanence and stability
are desirable properties. Pigments that are not permanent are called fugitive.
Fugitive pigments fade over time, or with exposure to light, while some eventually
blacken.20
Pigments are used for coloring paint, ink, plastic, fabric, cosmetics, food
and other materials. Most pigments used in manufacturing and the visual arts are
dry colorants, usually ground into a fine powder. This powder is added to a vehicle
(or binder), a relatively neutral or colorless material that suspends the pigment
and gives the paint its adhesion.21
A distinction is usually made between a pigment, which is insoluble in the
vehicle (resulting in a suspension), and a dye, which either is itself a liquid or is
soluble in its vehicle (resulting in a solution). The term biological pigment is used
for all colored substances independent of their solubility. A colorant can be both a
9
pigment and a dye depending on the vehicle it is used in. In some cases, a
pigment can be manufactured from a dye by precipitating a soluble dye with a
metallic salt. The resulting pigment is called a lake pigment.22
Pigments appear the colors they are because they selectively reflect and
absorb certain wavelengths of light. White light is a roughly equal mixture of the
entire visible Ultramarine reflects blue light, and absorbs other colors. Pigments,
unlike fluorescent or phosphorescent substances, can only subtract wavelengths
from the source light, never add new ones.23
The appearance of pigments is intimately connected to the color of the
source light. Sunlight has a high color temperature, and a fairly uniform spectrum,
and is considered a standard for white light. Artificial light sources tend to have
great peaks in some parts of their spectrum, and deep valleys in others. Viewed
under these conditions, pigments will appear different colors.24
Other properties of a color, such as its saturation or lightness, may be
determined by the other substances that accompany pigments. Binders and fillers
added to pure pigment chemicals also have their own reflection and absorption
patterns, which can affect the final spectrum. Likewise, in pigment/binder
mixtures, individual rays of light may not encounter pigment molecules, and may
be reflected as is. These stray rays of source light contribute to the saturation of
the color. Pure pigment allows very little white light to escape, producing a highly
saturated color. A small quantity of pigment mixed with a lot of white binder,
however, will appear saturated and pale, due to the high quantity of escaping
white light.25
Pure pigments reflect light in a very specific way that cannot be precisely
duplicated by the discrete light emitters in a computer display. However, by
10
making careful measurements of pigments, close approximations can be made.
The Munsell Color System provides a good conceptual explanation of what is
missing. Munsell devised a system that provides an objective measure of color in
three dimensions: hue, value (or lightness), and chroma. Computer displays in
general are unable to show the true chroma of many pigments, but the hue and
lightness can be reproduced with relative accuracy. However, when the gamma of
a computer display deviates from the reference value, the hue is also
systematically biased.26
The researchers were prompted to conduct this study in the belief that the
final result of the project will give more benefits to the users especially to students,
for them to be informed of what might happen to the results of the combined
pigments and combined lights. And due to its results, the students can be
informed well on the differences between light spectra and color pigment.
Statement of the Problem
The Statement of the problem is a concise description of the issues that
need to be addressed by the researchers and should be presented to them before
they try to solve the problem.
The study compares color pigment and spectra in order to present valid
information on its difference and similarities.
The study sought answers to the following questions:
1. How is the spectrum model constructed and developed?
2. How was the colors and spectrum formed?
11
3. What is the difference between color pigments and spectrum of lights?
Hypothesis
This study will test the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference
between color pigment and light spectra.
Theoretical Framework
This study was anchored from the theory of Newton, an English physicist,
mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian, and is
considered by many scholars and members of the general public to be one of the
most influential people in human history.
Newton’s Theory of Color explained that objects appear to be a certain
color because of how they reflect light, rather than color being an inherent prop-
erty of an object — A red apple reflects red light which is seen by the eye.In the
late 1660s, Newton starts experimenting with his ’celebrated phenomenon of
colors.’ At the time, people thought that color was a mixture of light and darkness,
and that prisms colored light. Hooke was a proponent of this theory of color, and
had a scale that went from brilliant red, which was pure white light with the least
amount of darkness added, to dull blue, the last step before black, which was the
complete extinction of light by darkness. Newton realizes this theory was false.
Light enters the prism from the top right, and is refracted by the glass. The violet
is bent more than the yellow and red, so the colors separate. Newton set up a
prism near his window, and projected a beautiful spectrum 22 feet onto the far
wall. Further, to prove that the prism was not coloring the light, he refracted the
12
light back together.
The researchers patterned this study to the theory because that theory
aimed to prove that light’s many colors could be mixed together to form white
light, and the color pigments could be combined to form a dark pigment. Both
study of the researchers and Sir Isaac Newton, aims to prove that the colors of
the lights, when combined (white or lighter) won’t actually turn into what the
pigments turned out to be, which is darker or dirtied. With the help of this theory,
the researchers were able to differentiate spectrum of lights from color pigments.
Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework is used in research to outline possible courses
of action or to present a preferred approach to an idea or thought. They can act
like maps that give coherence to empirical inquiry. They also take different forms
depending upon the research question or problem. The conceptual framework is
shown in the form of paradigm. It consists of input, process and output.
The input consists of the information resources, which refers to the reviews
of related literature and studies. Human resources, that pertains to the
researchers, adviser, critic reader, and all those who gave strength to the
researchers. The material resources where the researchers got their needed
materials to construct the model and lastly, the Financial Resources that pertains
to the researchers, for them to be able to avail such materials needed to construct
and improve the model. The construction of the model, mostly pertains to the
construction of the tripod and insertion of cellophane on the flashlight’s lens and
13
lastly, the testing of the model, this part of the process served as the trial and
error process,
The process refers to the planning and designing, wherein the researchers
together with the rest of the panel members tackled and discussed how the
spectrum model will be constructed and improved, the researchers then came up
with the design of the model. The preparation of materials, wherein the
researchers, gathered and finalized the materials to be used in constructing the
model. The construction of the model, mostly refers to the construction of the
tripod and insertion of cellophane on the flashlight’s lens and lastly,the testing of
the model, this part of the process served as the trial and error process. In testing
the model, the researchers identified the usefulness and functionality of the
model.
Output refers to the Comparative Study on Color Pigments and Spectrum
of Lights, which determines the significance between color pigments and
spectrum of lights.
Feedback describes the situation when output from an event or
phenomenon in the past will influence an occurrence or occurrences of the same
event or phenomenon in the present or future. This also pertains to the overall
evaluation made to ensure the acceptability and function of the model.
14
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
FEEDBACK
Figure 1
A Conceptual Model Showing the Evaluated of the Comparative Study on Color Pigments of Spectrum of Lights
Information Resources
Human Resources
Material Resources
Financial Resources
Planning and
Designing
Preparation of the
Materials, Tools
Construction of the
Model.
Testing
A Comparative Study on Color Pigments and Spectrum of Lights.
15
Significance of the Study
The researchers conducted the study not only to prove the differences
between color pigment and spectrum of light, but also to provide a model for
schools that clearly differentiate color pigment and spectrum of light for better
understanding of the learners.
For the students, the usefulness of the study can be maximized. Students
can understand more about color pigments and spectrum of lights.
For the teachers, the study can help them explain easily to the students the
difference between color pigment and spectrum of light.
For the schools, especially the ones with auditoriums can experiment on
how to use only main colors in creating secondary colors by combining the lights
of different colors.
Scope and Limitations
The research developed spectrum model using a single LED flashlight, a
box and a tripod, which will help students avoid confusion over the pigment’s
difference with the spectrum of light.
The study which was conducted at URS Morong High School during the
S.Y. 2010-2011, analyzed the functionality of the model in determining the
significance between color pigments and spectrum of lights.
It also evaluated the usefulness of the model with respect to its function, its
ability to provide the users, namely the teachers and students on how the
combined colors from the lights differ from the combined color pigments. Since
the researchers are all students of the University of Rizal System-Morong
Campus, where the study was conducted, they were the ones who evaluated and
served as the respondents as well.
16
The study utilized the development study and improvement during the
planning and designing, preparation of materials and tools, construction of the
model and testing. Comparative and descriptive method was used to evaluate the
usefulness of the model.
To determine the function of the model, the model was tested inside
laboratory school’s Audio Visual Room to provide the researchers a dark
surrounding that made the colors more visible. A recording sheet was developed
and used to evaluate the usefulness and effectiveness of the model, it also helped
the researchers to identify the significance between color pigments and spectrum
of lights.
Definition of Terms
To completely comprehend the idea of the present study, the unfamiliar
terms and expressions are conceptually and operationally defined:
Color Pigments. This is any insoluble coloring substance used in making,
paints, enamels, oil colors etc.30
Spectrum of Lights. This refers to an image formed by radiant energy
directed through a spectroscope and brought to a focus, and in which each
wavelength corresponds to a specific bond or line in a progressive series
characteristic of the emitting source.31
Spectrum Model. This is a device used to determine the results of the
combined colors of many lights.
17
Chapter 2
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the research design used in the study, the setting
and subject of the study.
Research Design
The research is a development study with a combination of descriptive
method of study.
Development research has been used to refer to various kinds of research
approaches which are related to design and development work. Development
research aims at making both practical and scientific contributions.1
Magcawas stated that the Development Research is a scientific work
drawing on existing knowledge gain from research and practical experience that is
directed toward producing new materials, products or devices and also installing
new processes, assistance and services in improving sustainability of those
produced or installed.2
This study made use of this method to determine the level of acceptability
in Terms of Designing, Conducting, Planning, Testing and Evaluating of the
spectrum model. The study discussed the present condition of students under
confusion on the difference between pigments and spectrum of light.
Descriptive Research includes all studies that purports to present facts
concerning the nature and status of anything.3It involves the collection of data to
test hypothesis or to answer questions concerning the current status of the
subject of study.4
18
Descriptive research is mainly done when a researcher wants to gain a
better understanding of a topic. The researchers have to carry out research in
order to gain a better understanding. It is quantitative and uses surveys and
panels and also the use of probability sampling. This method will be used to be
able to give information about pigments and spectra.
Setting of the Study
Figure 2
Campus Map of URS-Morong
19
The study was conducted at the University of Rizal System - Morong
Campus. On page 18, you will find the campus map that indicates where the
Laboratory School (Amang Hall Building) is located. It has four levels of education
namely elementary level, secondary level, tertiary level and graduate level. The
tertiary level is divided into six colleges, the laboratory school elementary and
secondary level is under the College of Education. Thus the study was conducted
in the laboratory school, high school department called Morong High School. The
place is chosen because the campus is more accessible.
The University of Rizal System is a premiere technology driven higher
education institution by the year 2015.
The University of Rizal System is committed to produce competent and
value laden graduate in Agriculture, Engineering, Science and Technology,
Culture and Arts, Teacher, and Business Education through responsive
instruction, research, extension and production services in region IV.
The Morong High School with limited students has special designed
science curriculum where students are being provided with advanced science
instruction and Technology subjects.
To develop their scientific and technological skills, students are required to
conduct researches geared to Science and Technology. The knowledge that they
have learned in their Science and Technology subjects are being used in
conceptualizing and completing mostly applied researches.
20
Subject of the Study
The subject of the study is the spectrum model. The project undergoes
different processes in terms of designing, conducting, planning, testing and
evaluating of the spectrum model. The main object has a height of 9 inches and a
length of 8 inches. The model will serve as the main subject of the study for it will
show the results of the lights when they are all combined together.
The model consists of three lights of different colors, specifically red, blue
and green so as to produce different spectrum for the experiment.
Sources of data
The researchers observed the result of the combined color pigments and
light spectra as the source of data taken from the initial and final conduct. The
researchers used the materials that are needed to conduct the study. The
researchers made the record sheet that was used as a main instrument to
determine the difference between light spectra and color pigments.The
researchers also used a record sheet to record data like the amount of paint used
to create a secondary color.
Procedure of the Study
This section discussed the procedures in the development of the study.
A. Construction of the Model
The researchers used three identical flashlights, the first flashlight was
covered by green cellophane, the other is red and the last is blue. A box was
21
made for the lights to be more compressed to make the results more visible. The
metal on the other hand was constructed to serve as the stand that holds the
flashlights placed inside the box.
The model was constructed through Planning and Designing, Preparation
of the Materials, Tools and Construction of the Model.
B. Testing
There were three colors used in this study, colors red, green and blue
acrylic paint. The amounts of pigments to be mixed were individually measured.
Each pair of color was mixed in three different clear plastic cups to see the
reaction of the pigments. The measured paint was then placed in the plastic cup
together with the paint of different amount and color; the researchers stir it until
they got the desired color.
Another testing was done to determine if the result of the mixed color
pigments were the same with the combined light spectra. To test the light
spectra, the researchers made a model by inserting green, red and blue
cellophane that covers the flashlights for it to project the researchers’ desired
colors, like the pigments, the lights were combined. The researchers observed
and analyze the results of the two testing.
22
Chapter 3
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter deals with the presentation, analysis and interpretation of
data.
The Development of the Spectrum Model
The construction of the model is discussed and presented below:
A. Planning and Designing the Spectrum Model
In this part of the procedure the researchers start the idea through
planning. The researchers were asked to take a look at the old spectrum model,
they listed down every details and observations, The researchers together with
the panel members, tackled some issues on how to improve the spectrum model.
The researchers then came up with an idea of constructing a new spectrum model
using LED flashlights instead of light bulbs. After the planning the researchers
came up with a design.
B. Preparation of the Materials, Tools and Equipment
It is necessary to check and secure all the materials that are used in the
project to minimize the failure during the construction of the spectrum model.
Table 1 presents the materials, tools, and equipment used in the
construction of Spectrum Model.
23
Table 1
Materials, Tools, and Equipment Used in the Construction of Spectrum Model
QTY UNIT DESCRIPTION UNIT COST TOTAL COST3 pcs. Flashlights
(Led Torch)100.00 300.00
3 pcs. red, green and blue cellophane
(candy)
10.00 30.00
3 ml. red, green and blue paint
(acrylic paint)
30.00 90.00
1 Pc. Box 10.00 10.002 pcs. Cartolina 7.00 14.001 Set Metal Flash Light Stand 130.00 130.00
Total 574.00
Table 1 shows the amount of materials used in the construction of the
model. 3 pcs. of flashlights that all in all cost 300.00 php. only. The cellophane,
which was 10.00 php. each, and cost 30 php. for each color. The paint that was
30 php. each and cost 90.00 php. for the red, blue and green paint. For the box
1pc. which is 10.00php, 2pcs. of cartolina which was 7.00 each and cost 14.00.
The researchers had their flashlight stand made with thin titanium metal for only
130.00php.The stand measures 9 inches tall and 8.13 inches wide. The
researchers spent a total of 574.00 php. to avail each material and equipment
used.
C. Construction of the Model
The researchers used three identical flashlights, the first flashlight was
inserted by a green cellophane, and the other is the red color and the last is blue.
Then a box was constructed to see the results of the combined light of the three
24
flashlights. The following figures presented below demonstrate how the Spectrum
model was constructed and developed.
Figure 3
Preparation of the Needed Materials
Figure 4
Construction of the Spectrum Model Box
25
Figure 5
Measuring of Pigments
Figure 6
Blending / Mixing of Pigments
26
Formation of Combining Color Pigments and Spectrum of Light
Presented below is the result of experiment on how different pigments are
formed.
Figure 7
Results of Combining Red and Blue Pigments
Figure 8
Result of Combining Green and Blue Pigments
27
Figure 9
Results of Combining Red and Green Pigments
Presented below is the result of experiment on how different spectrums are
formed.
Figure 10
Result of Combining Red and Blue Lights
28
Figure 11
Result of Combining Blue and Green Lights
Figure 12
Result of Combining Red and Green Lights
29
Significant Difference Between Color Pigments and Spectrum of Lights
Table 1 shows the gathered information regarding the mixture of different
color pigments.
Table 2
Results of the study on the Mixing of Pigments under Study
Color 1 Color 2 Color 3 Result
It could be gleaned from the table that red and blue pigments turned into
purple, while the combination of the colors blue and green was blue green, on the
other hand green and red resulted into brown, and got the color black as the result
of the mixed red, blue, and green pigments.
Table 2 presents the results of the combination of light spectra.
Table 3
Results of the Mixing of Light Spectra.
Color 1 Color 2 Color 3 Result
30
The first pair of colored lights was red and blue that turned into purple, it
has the same result as the mixed red and blue pigment. Second was blue and
green which turned into blue green, green and red was yellow and last were the
combination of red, blue and green lights that resulted into white light.
As to the difference between color and spectra, it was found out that when
the three pigments were combined, the result is near to dark pigments or black,
while in the spectrum of lights, when the spectrum under test were combined
together, the result is light spectrum or near to white.
31
Chapter 4
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter deals with the summary of findings, conclusions and
recommendations based from the given data.
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
Based from the analysis and interpretation of data, the following are hereby
summarized:
1. The Developed Spectrum model
The development of spectrum model covered with several stages and
one of which is the planning stage. This involves the designing of the model
and collecting and preparing all the materials needed. The researchers were
guided with the related readings and information gathered through consultation
to knowledgeable person.
Next stage is the construction of the model which covered part by part
and step by step procedures to have an assurance that the output is of quality.
2. Formation of Colors and Spectra
As to the results of the combination of pigments, it was found out that
red and blue pigments turned into purple, while the combination of the colors
blue and green was blue green, on the other hand when green and red are
mixed, it resulted into brown, and got the color black as the result of the
combined pigments under test.
32
As to the spectra, colored lights red and blue that turned into purple,
blue and green turned into blue green, green and red was yellow and last were
the combination of red, blue and green lights resulted into white light.
3. Difference Between Color Pigments and Spectrum of Lights
The mixture of the three color pigments such as blue, red and green
results into black color while in the spectrum of lights based from the
observation, the combination of the color blue, green and red light turned into
white color.
Conclusion
The study concluded that the combination of color pigments produced
colors different from the results of combining the spectrum of light.
Recommendations
Based on the result of the study, the researchers arrived on the following
recommendations:
1. Further study on using other color in testing the difference of color pigment
and spectrum of light.
2. Further study maybe conducted on the use of the spectrum model.
3. Make a spectrum model which can be used as instructional model in
teaching Physics for educational purposes.
33
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. Books
Sanchez,Custodian A., Methods and Techniques of Research. 3rd Edition Manila: Rex Book Store,1998.
Sevilla,Consuelo G., Ochave,Jesus A.,Punzalan,Twila G.,Regala,Bella P.,Uriarte,Gabriel G.,Research Methods. Manila: Rex Book Store,1992
Sevilla,Consuelo G., et. al. Research Methods . Manila:Rex Book Store,1992,94
B. Internet
“Design Notes: Color Wheel”, http://daphne.palomar.edu/design/cwheel.html
“pigment”, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigment
“Spectrum”, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum
“Spectra”, http://www.astro.psu.edu/astrofest/spectra.html
“THE SCIENCE ACT OF 1958”http://www.pnri.dost.gov.ph/documents/ra2067.pdf
“Newton and the Color Spectrum”, http://www.webexhibits.org/colorart/bh.html
“Goethe's Color Theory”, http://www.webexhibits.org/colorart/ch.html
“Spectrum” Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation.
“Development Research”utwente.nl (PDF)
C. Journals/Unpublished Materials/others
Balba, Anthony M. et, al. “Modified Multi-Featured Electronic Locator”,Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis,URS, Morong, Rizal,2010.
Estrabo, Hazelle Anne M. et. al., “Nutri-Cupcakes from Fruits and Vegetables as Dietary Aids”, Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis, University of Rizal System, Morong, Rizal, 2009
Mangona, Jan Francis M. et. al., “The Development of the Multi-Featured Intercommunication System”, Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis, University of Rizal System, Morong, Rizal, 2009
34
Proceedings of the Agency-In-House Review of R & D Projects, Development Reasearch University of Rizal System,2009
The Standard College Dictionary: A-Z,The Reader’s Digest Great Encyclopedic Dictionary The Reader’s Digest Association, Inc. , New York,1966,1968
35
APPENDIXA. Gantt Chart of Activities
Activities
Aug
.
Sep
.
Oct
.
No
v.
De
c.
Jan
.
Feb
.
Mar
.
Apr
.
May
.
Jun
e.
Jul.
Jan
.
Feb
.
Mar
.
Planning
Title Defense
Gathering Related Literature
and studies
Development of Chapter 1
Consultation
Revision of Chapter 1
Development of Chapter 2
Consultation
Colloquium
Revision Chapter 1&2
Submission of Revised Chapter
1&2
Program Development
Validation
Development Chapter 3&4
Final Defense
Revision
Submission of Revised Thesis
36
B.Amount of Materials
QTY UNIT DESCRIPTION UNIT COST TOTAL COST3 pcs. Flashlights
(Led Torch)100.00 300.00
3 pcs. Red, Green and Blue cellophane
(candy)
10.00 30.00
3 ml. red, green and blue paint
(acrylic paint)
30.00 90.00
1 pcs. Box 10.00 10.002 pcs. Cartolina 7.00 14.001 Set Metal Flash Light Stand 130.00 130.00
Total 574.00
37
CURRICULUM VITAE
NAME: PATRISHA LOUISE F. TIBAY
ADDRESS: Morong, Rizal
DATE OF BIRTH: August 19, 1994
PLACE OF BIRTH: Tanay, Rizal
AGE: 16
SEX: Female
CIVIL STATUS: Single
CITIZENSHIP: Filipino
FATHER’S NAME: Elmer A. Tibay
MOTHER’S NAME: Ma. Yvonne F. Tibay
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
PRIMARY: Rizal Polytechnic College, Morong, Rizal
INTERMEDIATE: University of Rizal System, Laboratory School,Morong, Rizal
SECONDARY: University of Rizal SystemMorong High School (URS-MHS), Morong, Rizal
38
CURRICULUM VITAE
NAME: EDLEEN ROSE F. FELICIANO
ADDRESS: Morong, Rizal
DATE OF BIRTH: May 1, 1995
PLACE OF BIRTH: Tanay, Rizal
AGE: 15
SEX: Female
CIVIL STATUS: Single
CITIZENSHIP: Filipino
FATHER’S NAME: Edwin G. Feliciano
MOTHER’S NAME: Emilyn F. Feliciano
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
PRIMARY: Rizal Polytechnic College, Morong, Rizal
INTERMEDIATE: University of Rizal System, Laboratory School,Morong, Rizal
SECONDARY: University of Rizal System,Morong High School (URS-MHS), Morong, Rizal
39
CURRICULUM VITAE
NAME: YNA JOY L. ESPIRITU SANTO
ADDRESS: Morong, Rizal
DATE OF BIRTH: June 25, 1994
PLACE OF BIRTH: Morong, Rizal
AGE: 16
SEX: Female
CIVIL STATUS: Single
CITIZENSHIP: Filipino
FATHER’S NAME: Jose F. Espiritu Santo
MOTHER’S NAME: Ma. Cecilia L. Espiritu Santo
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
PRIMARY: Rizal Polytechnic College, Morong, Rizal
INTERMEDIATE: University of Rizal System, Laboratory School,Morong, Rizal
SECONDARY: University of Rizal System,Morong High School (URS-MHS), Morong, Rizal
40
CURRICULUM VITAE
NAME: ERNEL J. RAMOS
ADDRESS: Morong, Rizal
DATE OF BIRTH: July 10, 1994
PLACE OF BIRTH: Morong, Rizal
AGE: 16
SEX: Male
CIVIL STATUS: Single
CITIZENSHIP: Filipino
FATHER’S NAME: Ernesto T. Ramos
MOTHER’S NAME: Elena J. Ramos
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
PRIMARY: Maybangcal Elementary School (M.E.S.)
INTERMEDIATE: Maybangcal Elementary School (M.E.S.)
SECONDARY: University of Rizal System,Morong High School (URS-MHS), Morong, Rizal
41
CURRICULUM VITAE
NAME: PATRICK GEM Q. CATUIRA
ADDRESS: Tanay, Rizal
DATE OF BIRTH: April 13, 1995
PLACE OF BIRTH: Tanay, Rizal
AGE: 15
SEX: Male
CIVIL STATUS: Single
CITIZENSHIP: Filipino
FATHER’S NAME: Patrociño C. Catuira
MOTHER’S NAME: Gemma Q. Catuira
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
PRIMARY: Simeon R. Bendaña Sr. Memorial Elementary School, Tanay, Rizal
INTERMEDIATE: Simeon R. Bendaña Sr. Memorial Elementary School, Tanay, Rizal
SECONDARY: University of Rizal System, Morong High School (URS-MHS), Morong, Rizal