Section III: Islamic Rulers in IndiaSection III: Islamic Rulers in India(Pages 186-189)(Pages 186-189)

Section IV: The Ottoman and Safavid Section IV: The Ottoman and Safavid Empires Empires

(Pages 190-193)(Pages 190-193) These sections are about:These sections are about: Muslims who invaded India.Muslims who invaded India. The co-existence of The co-existence of

Hinduism and Islam in India.Hinduism and Islam in India. How the Ottoman Turks How the Ottoman Turks

realized their dream to unite realized their dream to unite Muslims in the Middle East Muslims in the Middle East and parts of Europe under and parts of Europe under one vast empire.one vast empire.

The Safavids – Shiite The Safavids – Shiite Muslims who took power Muslims who took power from the Sunni Muslims of from the Sunni Muslims of the Ottoman Empire.the Ottoman Empire.

There were a lot of people fighting There were a lot of people fighting for control of India from 550-1150 for control of India from 550-1150 AD.AD.

No one really ever could No one really ever could make India 1 big empire (it make India 1 big empire (it had a lot of small little had a lot of small little kingdoms).kingdoms).

There were always new There were always new people coming in and people coming in and trying to control the trying to control the people.people.

One of the Islamic invaders of One of the Islamic invaders of India was Mahmud of GhazniIndia was Mahmud of Ghazni

He invaded India 17 times He invaded India 17 times (took Hindu art, jewels, (took Hindu art, jewels, gold, silver, and slaves (and gold, silver, and slaves (and even the gates of the town).even the gates of the town).

Most invaders would do the Most invaders would do the same – go in, take Indiasame – go in, take India’’s s wealth, and go back home.wealth, and go back home.

But in 1186, Qutb ud-Aibak But in 1186, Qutb ud-Aibak started an Islamic state in started an Islamic state in northern India.northern India.

This was the beginning of This was the beginning of an Islamic presence in India.an Islamic presence in India.

Mulsims in that part of the Mulsims in that part of the world were called Mughals.world were called Mughals.

Muslims and Hindus didnMuslims and Hindus didn’’t get along too well in t get along too well in IndiaIndia..

Their beliefs were so Their beliefs were so different, their different, their cultures didncultures didn’’t blend t blend together too well.together too well.

For example – music is For example – music is important to Hindu important to Hindu ceremonies, but ceremonies, but Muslims condemned Muslims condemned music and dance in music and dance in religious ceremonies.religious ceremonies.

The only thing that The only thing that blended was a Hindu blended was a Hindu and Muslim language, and Muslim language, with Arabic letters with Arabic letters (Urdu)(Urdu)

Akbar eventually took control of the Akbar eventually took control of the area.area.

He was only 13 but is considered the greatest He was only 13 but is considered the greatest

Mughal ruler.Mughal ruler. He felt it was impossible to keep He felt it was impossible to keep

his empire united if all people his empire united if all people were forced to be Muslims, so were forced to be Muslims, so people had religious freedom.people had religious freedom.

He even married a Hindu princess He even married a Hindu princess and gave important government and gave important government jobs to Hindus.jobs to Hindus.

He did away with the He did away with the ““youyou’’re not re not a Muslima Muslim”” tax. tax.

He had great military victories, He had great military victories, improved trade, made improved trade, made government more efficient, government more efficient, advanced the arts and helped the advanced the arts and helped the empire survive for another 150 empire survive for another 150 years.years.

AkbarAkbar’’s son then ruled for 22 s son then ruled for 22 years, and then his grandson years, and then his grandson (Shah Jahan - 30 more). He also (Shah Jahan - 30 more). He also built…built…

The Taj MahalThe Taj Mahal

Mumtaz Mumtaz MahalMahal She was the very lady to whom She was the very lady to whom

Taj Mahal is dedicated. Taj Mahal is dedicated. The most loved wife of Shah The most loved wife of Shah

Jahan died after delivering her Jahan died after delivering her 14th child. 14th child.

It is said that Mumtaz Mahal on It is said that Mumtaz Mahal on her deathbed asked Shah Jahan her deathbed asked Shah Jahan to create a symbol of their love to create a symbol of their love and her loyal husband accepted and her loyal husband accepted it immediately. it immediately.

But many historians do not agree But many historians do not agree with this story claiming that it with this story claiming that it was the grief-stricken emperor was the grief-stricken emperor himself who decided to build the himself who decided to build the most memorable symbol of love most memorable symbol of love in the world. in the world.

It took him 22 years and most of It took him 22 years and most of his royal treasury to built a his royal treasury to built a monument befitting the memory monument befitting the memory of his beloved of his beloved

The The GardensGardens

InsideInside

The actual The actual tombstombs

The actual tombs of the The actual tombs of the Shah and his wife rest Shah and his wife rest within the Taj itself. No within the Taj itself. No shoes are allowed so all shoes are allowed so all visitors must take them visitors must take them off and pay a small fee off and pay a small fee to workers to watch to workers to watch them before they enter. them before they enter. Socks are Socks are recommended because recommended because the heat of the Indian the heat of the Indian sun makes the marble sun makes the marble feel hotter than a frying feel hotter than a frying pan! pan!

The Taj Mahal

10 Facts about the Taj Mahal

One person who combined One person who combined Hindus and Muslims was Guru NanakHindus and Muslims was Guru Nanak

He believed all people were He believed all people were brothers and sisters. He brothers and sisters. He condemned all forms of condemned all forms of inequality (remember inequality (remember IndiaIndia’’s caste system?).s caste system?).

Guru Nanak asked his Guru Nanak asked his followers – followers – SikhsSikhs (means (means ““disciples / followersdisciples / followers””) to ) to find the truth within find the truth within themselves.themselves.

At first, everything was At first, everything was peaceful, but later Mughal peaceful, but later Mughal rulers began to torture and rulers began to torture and kill Sikhs.kill Sikhs.

Sikhs became more Sikhs became more militant militant (willing to fight) and took (willing to fight) and took the name Singh (means the name Singh (means ““lionlion””).).

There are three Sikh actions to understanding God:

1. Meditating on God’s name

2. Giving charity

3. Bathing

The Mughal empire eventually The Mughal empire eventually declineddeclined

AkbarAkbar’’s successors successor’’s didns didn’’t t understand how it helped understand how it helped to have Hindus and to have Hindus and Muslims get along.Muslims get along.

One ruler after Shah Jahan One ruler after Shah Jahan even required all people even required all people to be Muslims (that didnto be Muslims (that didn’’t t work).work).

They built to big of an They built to big of an empire (too hard to empire (too hard to control).control).

European countries began European countries began to come to India to trade to come to India to trade and eventually began to and eventually began to get more and more power.get more and more power.

While the Mughals ruled in India, the Ottomans and the Safavid While the Mughals ruled in India, the Ottomans and the Safavid Empires dominated the Middle East and parts of Europe.Empires dominated the Middle East and parts of Europe.

They wanted to expand their Muslim Empire throughout the They wanted to expand their Muslim Empire throughout the Middle East and Europe.Middle East and Europe.

The OttomansThe Ottomans expanded their empire expanded their empire and even conquered some Byzantine and even conquered some Byzantine

territoriesterritories The Byzantine Empire The Byzantine Empire

had been pretty had been pretty powerful.powerful.

People thought it couldnPeople thought it couldn’’t t be attacked ( a big chain be attacked ( a big chain kept ships from getting kept ships from getting in to the harbor).in to the harbor).

The Ottoman ruler had The Ottoman ruler had his ships taken apart and his ships taken apart and re-assembled on the re-assembled on the other side.other side.

The last Byzantine The last Byzantine emperor (Constantine XI) emperor (Constantine XI) was killed and the city was killed and the city fell.fell.

The greatest Ottoman sultan was SuleimanThe greatest Ottoman sultan was Suleiman(This was the golden age of the Ottomans)(This was the golden age of the Ottomans)

Laws were re-written Laws were re-written and made more fair.and made more fair.

Mosques, schools, Mosques, schools, baths, hospitals, baths, hospitals, bridges, and covered bridges, and covered markets were built.markets were built.

Most homes had water.Most homes had water. Markets sold things Markets sold things

from all over the world.from all over the world. Artists, craftspeople Artists, craftspeople

and writers developed and writers developed their skills.their skills.

The OttomanThe Ottoman’’s stayed in power s stayed in power until the late 1700until the late 1700’’ss

When it lost some When it lost some land to Russia…land to Russia…

……and in the and in the 18001800’’s when s when Greece won itGreece won it’’s s independence.independence.

They also lost They also lost some territory to some territory to France and Great France and Great Britain.Britain.

By 1914 – all goneBy 1914 – all gone

The Safavid Empire lasted The Safavid Empire lasted (in Persia) from 1501-1722(in Persia) from 1501-1722

They were Shiite They were Shiite Muslims who Muslims who enforced their enforced their beliefs throughout beliefs throughout their empire.their empire.

The Ottomans The Ottomans were Sunni were Sunni Muslims (who Muslims (who hated the Shiites)hated the Shiites)

So there were So there were constant wars constant wars between the two.between the two.

Shah Abbas I…Shah Abbas I…((ShahShah means king) means king)

Was leader at the height of Was leader at the height of their power.their power.

He kept Spain and Portugal He kept Spain and Portugal out of his empire.out of his empire.

Europeans even asked for his Europeans even asked for his help against the Ottomans.help against the Ottomans.

Persian culture had a re-birth Persian culture had a re-birth at the time (paintings, at the time (paintings, porcelains, cloths, rugs)porcelains, cloths, rugs)

Improved the capital - Improved the capital - Isfahan – with religious Isfahan – with religious monuments, mosques, monuments, mosques, palaces, gardens, hospitals...palaces, gardens, hospitals...

Strengthened the military, Strengthened the military, the government, and Islam.the government, and Islam.

But Shah Abbas trusted no-oneBut Shah Abbas trusted no-one He had his sons blinded and He had his sons blinded and

put to death to avoid power put to death to avoid power struggles.struggles.

He disguised himself and He disguised himself and walked around with regular walked around with regular people to try and find out people to try and find out what was going on – and if what was going on – and if they said they had a they said they had a problem with something, problem with something, hehe’’d do what he could to d do what he could to help.help.

After he died, there was a After he died, there was a struggle between the Sunni struggle between the Sunni and Shiite Muslims.and Shiite Muslims.

A group of Afghan Sunni A group of Afghan Sunni Muslims rebelled and Muslims rebelled and captured Isfahan.captured Isfahan.Shah Abbas: British exhibition

ItIt’’s time to look at the two different sides of the s time to look at the two different sides of the CrusadesCrusades

We usually only hear the Western version. We usually only hear the Western version. HereHere’’s one side (its one side (it’’s also on the sheet you have):s also on the sheet you have):

Muslims brought civilization to Jerusalem and all of Palestine. Muslims brought civilization to Jerusalem and all of Palestine. Instead of beliefs that showed no respect for other peoples' Instead of beliefs that showed no respect for other peoples' sacred values, and which killed them simply out of differences sacred values, and which killed them simply out of differences of faith, there reigned the just, tolerant and moderate culture of faith, there reigned the just, tolerant and moderate culture of Islam. Christians and Jews lived together in peace and of Islam. Christians and Jews lived together in peace and harmony in Palestine. Muslims never tried to use force to harmony in Palestine. Muslims never tried to use force to make people convert, although some non-Muslims who saw make people convert, although some non-Muslims who saw that Islam was the true religion did so of their own free will.that Islam was the true religion did so of their own free will.

The peace and harmony in Palestine lasted as long as Muslim The peace and harmony in Palestine lasted as long as Muslim rule in the region. However, at the end of the 11th century, a rule in the region. However, at the end of the 11th century, a conquering force entered the region from abroad, and the conquering force entered the region from abroad, and the civilized land of Jerusalem was barbarically and savagely civilized land of Jerusalem was barbarically and savagely plundered, in a way never before seen. These barbarians were plundered, in a way never before seen. These barbarians were the Crusaders.the Crusaders.

http://harunyahya.com/en/works/735/islam-denounces-terrorism/chapter/1655

Under Muslim rule, Muslims, Christians and Jews lived together in Jerusalem in contentment and

peace.

While members of all three religions were living While members of all three religions were living peaceably together in Palestine, the Christians in peaceably together in Palestine, the Christians in Europe decided to organize a crusade. Following a Europe decided to organize a crusade. Following a call by Pope Urban II, more than 100,000 people call by Pope Urban II, more than 100,000 people from all over Europe set out for Palestine to free the from all over Europe set out for Palestine to free the Holy land from the Muslims and find the fabled Holy land from the Muslims and find the fabled wealth of the East. After a long and wearying wealth of the East. After a long and wearying journey, and much plundering and slaughter along journey, and much plundering and slaughter along the way, they reached Jerusalem. The city fell after the way, they reached Jerusalem. The city fell after a siege of nearly five weeks, and the Crusaders a siege of nearly five weeks, and the Crusaders moved in. And they carried out a savagery the like moved in. And they carried out a savagery the like of which the world has seldom seen. All Muslims of which the world has seldom seen. All Muslims and Jews in the city were put to the sword.and Jews in the city were put to the sword.

The peace and harmony in Palestine ended in The peace and harmony in Palestine ended in terrible slaughter. The Crusaders violated all the terrible slaughter. The Crusaders violated all the ethical laws of Christianity, a religion of love and ethical laws of Christianity, a religion of love and compassion, and spread terror in the name of compassion, and spread terror in the name of Christianity.Christianity.

King Richard ruthlessly executed 3000 Muslim civilians in

the Castle of Acre, among whom were many women and children ...

Saladin and the Muslims in his command treated the Saladin and the Muslims in his command treated the Christians with great mercy and justice, and even showed Christians with great mercy and justice, and even showed them more compassion than their own leaders had. Not only them more compassion than their own leaders had. Not only the Christians but also Jews attained peace and security with the Christians but also Jews attained peace and security with the conquest of Jerusalem by Muslims. the conquest of Jerusalem by Muslims.

After Jerusalem, the Crusaders continued their barbarity and After Jerusalem, the Crusaders continued their barbarity and the Muslims their justice in other cities in Palestine. In 1194, the Muslims their justice in other cities in Palestine. In 1194, Richard the Lionheart, who is portrayed as a great hero in Richard the Lionheart, who is portrayed as a great hero in British history, had 3,000 Muslims, among whom were many British history, had 3,000 Muslims, among whom were many women and children, executed in Castle Acre. Although the women and children, executed in Castle Acre. Although the Muslims witnessed this savagery, they never resorted to the Muslims witnessed this savagery, they never resorted to the same methods. They abided by Allah's command "Let not same methods. They abided by Allah's command "Let not the hatred of a people [who once] obstructed you from the the hatred of a people [who once] obstructed you from the Sacred Mosque lead you to transgress..." 2) and never used Sacred Mosque lead you to transgress..." 2) and never used violence against innocent civilians. They never employed violence against innocent civilians. They never employed unnecessary violence, not even against the Crusader armies unnecessary violence, not even against the Crusader armies they defeated.they defeated.

The savagery of the Crusaders and the justice of the Muslims The savagery of the Crusaders and the justice of the Muslims once more revealed a historic truth: An administration built once more revealed a historic truth: An administration built on the principles of Islam allowed people of different faiths to on the principles of Islam allowed people of different faiths to live together. This fact continued to be demonstrated for 700 live together. This fact continued to be demonstrated for 700 years after Saladin, particularly during the Ottoman periodyears after Saladin, particularly during the Ottoman period

Although the Ottoman Empire was a Muslim state, it granted its subjects religious freedom. As seen in this picture, the state protected its citizens in accordance with Muslim moral teaching, providing for its poor no

matter what religion they practiced.