Fluke Thermal Imaging Company Confidential 1

Thermography and Industrial Applications

Presented by:

Reed Buell Fluke Corporation

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Agenda

• Thermography – What, Why and Where

•  Applications • Understanding spot size & resolution

–  Resolving detail and capturing a good image

• Choosing an Imager • Additional training & support • Questions?

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What is Thermography? Measurement of temperature remotely and assignment of colors based on temperature.

Very effective to inspect:   Electrical equipment   Electrical circuits   Mechanical equipment   Heating/cooling equipment   Building envelope   Electronics Thermal imagers measure apparent surface temperatures.

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–  Look for relative hot or cold spots – qualitative inspection –  Fix equipment before failure –  Keep equipment operating efficiently

Heat (or absence of) is a key indicator of equipment failure

Excessive loading in motor control center

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What represents a “red alert”?

• Equipment conditions posing safety risk receive priority • Transformers operating above max. ambient temperature

–  Typical max. operating ambient temp is 40°C (104°F) –  Typical temp rise at full load: 80°C for dry type and 55°C for liquid-filled –  A 10°C (18°F) rise above max. operating temp reduces xfmr life by half

• NETA* guidelines on equipment and connections: –  ∆T exceeding 15°C (27°F) should receive immediate attention

•  For similar components and loading conditions –  ∆T between components and ambient air exceeding 40°C (72°F)

*InterNational Electrical Testing Association

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Thermal applications

Motors & Pumps

Process

Electrical

Building Envelope

Transportation

Manufacturing

Utility

HVAC

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Some cooling tubes appear to be plugged

Transformer Cooling

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Substation regulators

Note temperature difference

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Hot bushing

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Utility transformer Note temp difference ~30°F

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Vault phase conductors

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Loose connection and overloaded circuit

Overloaded circuit fuse hot on both ends

Loose connection, fuse hot on one end only

• Courtesy of Snell Infrared

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Motors & Bearings

•  Over-heating due to: - reduced cooling airflow - under sized - insulation degradation in

windings •  Bearing wear due to:

- poor lubrication -  miss alignment -  excess belt tension

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Tank fill levels

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Evaporative cooling tower

•  Calcium carbonate build-up •  Restricted airflow •  Reduced evaporative cooling

•  Normal airflow

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Steam traps

Normal operation – steam is trapped allowing only condensate through.

Faulty trap allowing steam to pass through.

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Solar panel defects

Poor connection

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Building envelope

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Infrared Radiation

•  Infrared radiation is electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths longer than visible light but shorter than microwaves

•  Infrared radiation is radiated heat that cannot be seen by our eyes but can be sensed by our skin

• All objects, whatever their temperature, emit infrared radiation

•  The intensity of infrared radiation depends on the temperature and a surface property termed “emissivity”

• When an object reaches approximately 644°C(1200°F) visible light is emitted

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Infrared spectrum

IR atmospheric transmission bands

Long-wave 8-14µ Mid-wave 2-6µ

Infrared µwave Radio Ultra- violet X-rays Gamma-

rays Visible light

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Radiometric measurements

0.03 Reflected

0.97 Re-Emitted

T=0

0.60 Reflected

0.40 Re-Emitted

T=0

• The camera sensor detects infrared radiation

• Only the emitted radiation tells us about surface temperature.

• Different surfaces absorb and emit radiation differently – this is called “emissivity”

• Adjusting emissivity value and background temp improves accuracy.

• R+E+T=1 and R+A+T=1 (A=E)

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Thermal imagers vs. Spot radiometer It’s like having Thousands of infrared thermometers in one instrument

When a thermal imager captures an image, all the background data is also saved along with the picture allowing in-depth post processing analysis.

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Distance to Spot Ratio D:S

Distance-to-Spot Ratio is distance from instrument to the object compared to the size of the spot being measured

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Imager IFOV (or Instantaneous Field of View)

• Spatial resolution or smallest detail seen by imager. • Determined by imager’s optics and detector. • Specified in milliradians or mRad (1 mRad = 0.0573°) • D:S ratio = 1/IFoV

Example: IFoV= 1.25 mRad (0.072°)

30’

0.45”

800:1

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FOV, IFOV, IFOVmeas

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Qualitative vs. Quantitative Inspections

Qualitative • You don’t need to know the

temperature to see there is a problem • Very intuitive • Easy to see variations from the norm

Quantitative • Requires radiometric (temperature

reading) • Ability to compare to established

limits • Track even slight variations • Must measure under known loading

conditions

• Courtesy of Snell Infrared

• Courtesy of Snell Infrared

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Choosing an IR Camera

• Where will it be used? • How will it be used? • Considerations:

–  Thermal Sensitivity (NETD) – Detector Size (Pixels) –  Ease of Use – Ruggedness & reliability –  IR Fusion Technology –  Screen Size –  Software –  Total Cost of Ownership

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Thermal Imagers for Industrial Applications

Performance

Ti32

Ti27

Ti29

Ti125

Ti110

Ti100 (160x120)

(240x180)

(320x240)

(280x210)

(160x120)

(160x120)

Pric

e

$2k

$8k

Ti105 160x120

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Software documents findings

• Generate reports • Save images and track temperatures over time. • Compare baseline images to later images. • Validate corrective actions with additional scans.

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Additional training and information

• Fluke Thermal Imaging Training Center –  www.fluke.com/titraining

• Hands-On Seminars • The Snell Group:

– Online Training –  Level 1, 2 & 3 Thermography Training –  Application Specific Training – www.snellgroup.com

• Application Notes

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Thanks for attending!

Questions?