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Instruction Manual
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Infrared Thermographys Use in Air Barrier Testing
Scott Wood
Scott Wood Associates, LLC
www.buildingsciencethermography.com
Large Building Air Leakage Training School Sept 2010Gig Harbor,
Washington
Consulting and Training
Excellence
Scott Wood Associates, LLC
Why Thermography?
Infrared Thermography technology allows
the observer to visualize air leakage.
Scott Wood Associates, LLCViewing Air leaks
Traditional smoke generators or
Infrared Thermography
Scott Wood Associates, LLC
Outline
What is Infrared - Electromagnetic Spectrum
Infrared Cameras - Minimum Specifications
Infrared Certifications/Training - Building Science
Thermography
What the cameras sees - Emission, Reflection, Transmission
Building Science and Thermography - Heat, Air, Moisture
Scott Wood Associates, LLC
Outline
The building barriers - HAMM
Heat: How is heat transfer - Radiation, Conduction,
Convection
Air: Air infiltration observation - Infrared thermography
Why use of Infrared thermography - Infrared
Thermography Testing
Moisture: How to detect moisture - Infrared thermography
and moisture meters
Discussion
Scott Wood Associates, LLC
Infrared Radiation
Electromagnetic Spectrum
13 m1 m0.4 0.7 2 m 5 m 10 m
Thermal Infrared
Visible light
1 km100 m10 m1m100mm10m1mm100m10m1m0.1m0.01m10 1 0.1
X-rayGammaMicro-wavesUV IR-Infrared Radiowaves
MW LWSW
Scott Wood Associates, LLC
Visible Spectrum
Infrared Spectrum
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Infrared Cameras
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Resolution and Thermal Sensitivity
Detector Resolution
Consider 380x240, Minimum 120x120The higher the numbers the better the image clarity
Detector Thermal Sensitivity
Consider 50mK (0.05C), Minimum 100mK. The lower the number the more patterns the camera can detect.
640x480380x240
Scott Wood Associates, LLC
Multiple Images
1040x240
790x240
Scott Wood Associates, LLC
Camera Considerations
Small, Light weight, Rugged
Easy to operate
Flexible Image Storage
many images
JPEG verse Proprietary that requires
special software
Scott Wood Associates, LLC
Condition Monitoring or Predictive Maintenance:
Level I, II or III
Most US training organizations use ASNT-SNT-TC-
1A recommended practice guidelines that are set by
the employers written practice. Employer Certified
In Europe The British Institute of Non-Destructive
Testing (BINDT) provides application specific training
and certification at the Level II (mechanical, electrical,
civil).
Third Party Certified
Training and Certification
Scott Wood Associates, LLC
Both the US ASNT-SNT-TC-1A recommended practice
guidelines and the BINDT Level II civil certifications fail to
provide significant training in building sciences or building
specific applications.
A Level I or II certification and
knowledge and training in building science, building
materials and testing procedures
is a requirement to properly interpret building thermograms
Training and Certification
Scott Wood Associates, LLC
Some say ASNT Level II for large building application
BEST: A building application specific level I (and or II) based
course with building sciences
Especially the Certified Building Science Thermography
course by ITC / BSI
Good discussion: IEA Energy Process Assessment Protocol
Appendix G, Use of Thermography in Building Energy
Assessment
Training and Certification
Scott Wood Associates, LLC
The Infrared Camera converts Invisible
Infrared radiation into Visible radiation
Scott Wood Associates, LLC
Emitted: radiation of the objects being observed
Reflected: radiation reflected off the surfaces
Transmitted: radiation passing through a non-opaque
object
78.8F
85.5F
80
82
84
Different Radiation Sources
Scott Wood Associates, LLC
78.8F
85.5F
80
82
84Transmitted
radiationEmitted radiation
Reflected radiation
The Camera sees all the infrared radiation
from the material.
Sometimes creating an
image that is difficult to
interpret
Scott Wood Associates, LLC
Reflection
Scott Wood Associates, LLC
The IR camera
can see through
some materials.
Transmittance
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Emitted Energy
Emitted:
The IR camera must
see the radiation from
the surface of the
material to calculate a
temperature.
A higher temperature due to
ReflectionRemove Reflection
More accurate temperature
Gig Harbor,
Washington Scott Wood Associates, LLC
Building Science
Heat, Air & Moisture Flow
Through the Building
Heat
Air
Moisture
Scott Wood Associates, LLC
Building Science
Is the study of:
heat flow
air flow
moisture flow
Scott Wood Associates, LLC
Building Science & IR
Building Science & IR:
heat flow IR detects heat
air flow IR detects convection
moisture flow IR detects evaporation
Scott Wood Associates, LLC
Building Enclosures
The building enclosure has four functions.
In order of importance, they are:
1. Rain control
2. Air control
3. Vapor control
4. Thermal control
Scott Wood Associates, LLC
Why should we be concerned?
Typical American spends 65% Inside
68-76F and 30-60%RH
Comfort Zone
Scott Wood Associates, LLC
US Building Energy Use
Scott Wood Associates, LLC
Energy Consumption
Buildings use 71% of the US electricity and consume 40% of the total energy consumed annually in the US.
Our nations 81 million buildings consume more energy than any other sector of the U.S. economy, including transportation (29%) and industry
Buildings produce nearly half of all greenhouse gas emissions.
Scott Wood Associates, LLC
To have comfort and energy reduction,
Protect the Building from Environmental
Interactions
By blocking
Heat flow
Air flow
Moisture flow
Scott Wood Associates, LLC
HAMM is the acronym used for the barriers or retarders needed to protect a building against the environment and energy loss.
H Heat or Thermal Barrier
A Air Barrier
ML Water Barrier (Liquid Moisture)
MV Vapor Retarder (Gaseous Moisture)
HAMM
Gig Harbor,
Washington Scott Wood Associates, LLC
blocks heat transfer, keeping
the heat in during cold days
and
out during hot days.
or Thermal
Barrier
Heat
Air
Water
Heat
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Minimizes buildings exposure to degrading heat
Provides for better comfort
Reduces heat loss or gain, reducing energy consumption
A Heat Retarder or Thermal Barrier
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Radiation
Conduction
Convection
A Heat Retarder or Thermal Barrier
Must block three modes of
heat transfer:
Scott Wood Associates, LLC
Radiation
The sun feels hot!
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Conduction
The sand feels hot when touched!
Scott Wood Associates, LLC
Convection
The wind feels hot!
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To block Radiation we shade the building surfaces or apply radiant barriers
Radiation
Scott Wood Associates, LLCRadiation
Shading
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Radiant Barriers
Radiation
Scott Wood Associates, LLC
To block Conduction we use low
conducting materials.
Conduction
Scott Wood Associates, LLCConduction
Missing Insulation
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Outside Looking In
Conduction
Metal Framing (Thermal Bridging)
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Metal Framing (Thermal Bridging)
Inside Looking Out
Conduction
Scott Wood Associates, LLCConduction
Failed Double Pane Window
Scott Wood Associates, LLCWindows
Failed Double Pane Window
Scott Wood Associates, LLC
To block Convection we stop
Fluid (Air) movement.
Convection
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An air barrier system on a building blocks convective heat transfer by blocking air (fluid) movement through the building.
Convection
Gig Harbor,
Washington Scott Wood Associates, LLC
stops air flow through the
building enclosure
Barrier
Heat
Air
Water
Air
HeatConvection: heat movement due to
fluid (air) movement
Scott Wood Associates, LLC
An Air Retarder (Barrier)
Isolates the indoor environment
Reduces heat loss or gain (convection), reducing energy consumption
Minimizes the amount of air transported moisture
Improves indoor air quality
Improves acoustical isolation
Provides for better comfort
Sustainable, durable buildings
Scott Wood Associates, LLC
It is an excellent tool to locate air
leaks.
USACE Air Barrier Testing Protocol
Requires it
Why use Thermography for Air
Testing?
Scott Wood Associates, LLC
U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS
AIR LEAKAGE TEST PROTOCOL FOR
MEASURING AIR LEAKAGE IN
BUILDINGS
Test the completed building using Infrared Thermography testing.
in accordance with International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 6781:1983 and ASTM C1060-
90(1997).
Scott Wood Associates, LLC
Standard Practice for Thermographic Inspection of
Insulation Installations in Envelope Cavities of Frame
Buildings
Written in 1990 with reapproved in 2003
ASTM C1060
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Minimum T-Minimum temperature difference (T) of 10C between interior and exterior surface 4 hours prior to survey
No direct solar radiation
Avoid wind for exterior surveys
Mottled looking (not uniform) or variation in the
temperature of the thermal patterns
Framing should be visible
ASTM C1060 Describes proper qualitative thermal
inspections of building walls
Scott Wood Associates, LLC
Scott Wood Associates, LLC
Insolation and shadowing
Shadow line
screws/s tud cool
screws/s tud warmer
19.1
34.1 C
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
Scott Wood Associates, LLC
Air Infiltration?
75%
Air
Scott Wood Associates, LLCLost Energy/Comfort
Thermal bridging
(Conduction)
Heat Patterns
Air Infiltration
(Convection)
(Radiation)
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Warm Air Infiltration
Lost Energy/Comfort
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Cold Air Infiltration
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Warm or Cold, depends on the air
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Cold & Warm Air Infiltration
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Interior Room Pressure Difference
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Windows
Good windows contributes 1 to 5 cfm per window
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Exterior
Cladding
Windows
Joints
Gig Harbor,
Washington Scott Wood Associates, LLC
Prevents water from reaching
the interior of the building
Barrier
bulk
Heat
Air
MoistureMoisture
Scott Wood Associates, LLC
Locating Moisture
Infrared thermography
Moisture Meter
Scott Wood Associates, LLC
Locating Moisture
Wet Wall Board
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Locating Moisture
Wet Ceiling, Walls and Floor
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Locating Moisture
Hard to Spot Leak
Scott Wood Associates, LLCDay verse Night
Night 8:54pm
Roof Moisture
Day 11:22am
Scott Wood Associates, LLCPerformance Testing
Scott Wood Associates, LLCFailed Test
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Water testing
Scott Wood Associates, LLC
Water testing
Scott Wood Associates, LLC
Water testing
Pre Water Test Post Water Test
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Water testing
Infrared Thermographys Use in Air Barrier Testing
Scott Wood
Scott Wood Associates, LLC
www.buildingsciencethermography.com
Large Building Air Leakage Training School Sept 2010Gig Harbor,
Washington
Consulting and Training
Excellence
Questions -Discussion