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Introduction to Thermally Active Floors Designing Thermally Active Floors
Daniel Nall, FAIA, PE, LEED
Radiant Energy Seminar - 10/16/2013 1
Thermally Active Structures for Green Buildings:
Introduction and Designing the System
Daniel H. Nall, FAIA, PE, LEED Fellow, BEMP HBDP
Golden Gate Chapter, October 16, 2013
ASHRAE WILL GIVEYOU THE WORLD
ASHRAE WILL GIVEYOU THE WORLD
This ASHRAE Distinguished Lecturer is brought to you by the Society Chapter Technology Transfer Committee
Introduction to Thermally Active Floors Designing Thermally Active Floors
Daniel Nall, FAIA, PE, LEED
Radiant Energy Seminar - 10/16/2013 2
Complete the Distinguished Lecturer Event Summary Critique
CTTC needs your feedback to continue to improve the DL ProgramDistribute the DL Evaluation Form to all attendeesCollect at the end of the meetingCompile the attendee rating on the Event Summary
CritiqueSend the completed Event Summary Critique to your
CTTC RVC and ASHRAE Headquarters
CTTC needs your feedback to continue to improve the DL ProgramDistribute the DL Evaluation Form to all attendeesCollect at the end of the meetingCompile the attendee rating on the Event Summary
CritiqueSend the completed Event Summary Critique to your
CTTC RVC and ASHRAE Headquarters
Forms are available at:www.ashrae.org/distinguishedlecturers
BECOME A FUTURE LEADER IN ASHRAE – WRITE THE NEXTCHAPTER IN YOUR CAREERBECOME A FUTURE LEADER IN ASHRAE – WRITE THE NEXTCHAPTER IN YOUR CAREER
YOU ARE NEEDED FOR:Membership Promotion Research Promotion Student Activities Chapter Technology
Transfer Technical Committees
YOU ARE NEEDED FOR:Membership Promotion Research Promotion Student Activities Chapter Technology
Transfer Technical Committees
Find your Place in ASHRAE! Visit www.ashrae.orgFind your Place in ASHRAE! Visit www.ashrae.org
ASHRAE Members who attend their monthly chapter meetings become leaders and bring information and technology back to their job.
Introduction to Thermally Active Floors Designing Thermally Active Floors
Daniel Nall, FAIA, PE, LEED
Radiant Energy Seminar - 10/16/2013 3
Why Rock the BoatDisadvantages of Common HVAC Systems
• Temperature, Humidity, Ventilation all controlled by a single Sensor
• Much Energy Expended in Moving Air Around
• Energy Expended for Conditioning Areas where People Aren’t
• Poor Comfort Control due to Space and Surface Temperature Variation
Why Radiant Heating/Cooling• Avoidance of Extensive Ductwork for
Distribution of Conditioning Medium• Incorporation of the Thermal Mass of the
Structure Into the Driving Force of the Conditioning System
• Improved Human Comfort • Removal of Solar Heat Gain Directly From
Mass Without Additional Air Flow• Reduced Heat Transport Energy Using Water
Compared with Air
Introduction to Thermally Active Floors Designing Thermally Active Floors
Daniel Nall, FAIA, PE, LEED
Radiant Energy Seminar - 10/16/2013 4
Radiant Heating/Cooling – Sunspace Conditioning
• Controlling the Temperature of the Building Structural Mass instead of the Air
• Dedicated Ventilation/Dehumidification System• Polyethylene Tubing Imbedded in Slab
Circulates Hot or Cool Water to Alter Slab Temperature
• Direct Removal of Absorbed Solar Heat gain from Floor Slab
Radiant Heating Cooling Issues…• Ventilation• Dehumidification • Changeover from Heating to Cooling• Condensation Avoidance• Capacity Control• Construction
Introduction to Thermally Active Floors Designing Thermally Active Floors
Daniel Nall, FAIA, PE, LEED
Radiant Energy Seminar - 10/16/2013 5
Applicable Standards for Performance Testing…
• British Standards Instituteo ISO 11855: 2012 – Building environment
design. Design, dimensioning, installation and control of embedded radiant heating and cooling systems
• DINo EN 1264 -2009
Radiant Heating Floor Schematics
Introduction to Thermally Active Floors Designing Thermally Active Floors
Daniel Nall, FAIA, PE, LEED
Radiant Energy Seminar - 10/16/2013 6
Radiant Heating Cooling Design Tools…• Two Dimensional Floor Heat Transfer • Shortwave Radiant Fluxes on Floor• Room Thermal Stratification • Radiant Coupling between Room Surfaces
Maria’s Radiant Floor Modeller
Introduction to Thermally Active Floors Designing Thermally Active Floors
Daniel Nall, FAIA, PE, LEED
Radiant Energy Seminar - 10/16/2013 7
13
Solar Patch Projection
February 4 pm
July 4 pm
July 12 pm
14
Temperature and Velocity Distribution
5 Ft above Floor Vertical
Introduction to Thermally Active Floors Designing Thermally Active Floors
Daniel Nall, FAIA, PE, LEED
Radiant Energy Seminar - 10/16/2013 8
Computational Fluid Dynamics
Pier 1: Radiant Floor, Bay Heat Exchange
Introduction to Thermally Active Floors Designing Thermally Active Floors
Daniel Nall, FAIA, PE, LEED
Radiant Energy Seminar - 10/16/2013 9
IBT Headquarters:Radiant Cooling,
Displacement Ventilation
Radiant Heating/Cooling:Repsol Winter Garden -Architectural and CFD Images
Introduction to Thermally Active Floors Designing Thermally Active Floors
Daniel Nall, FAIA, PE, LEED
Radiant Energy Seminar - 10/16/2013 10
Bangkok International AirportBangkok, Thailand
Bangkok International AirportBangkok, Thailand
Introduction to Thermally Active Floors Designing Thermally Active Floors
Daniel Nall, FAIA, PE, LEED
Radiant Energy Seminar - 10/16/2013 11
Pier OneSan Francisco, CA
Pier OneSan Francisco, CA
Introduction to Thermally Active Floors Designing Thermally Active Floors
Daniel Nall, FAIA, PE, LEED
Radiant Energy Seminar - 10/16/2013 12
Hearst Tower:Radiant Heating/Cooling Lobby Floor
Introduction to Thermally Active Floors Designing Thermally Active Floors
Daniel Nall, FAIA, PE, LEED
Radiant Energy Seminar - 10/16/2013 13
Hearst Headquarters
Radiant Heating/Cooling Floor – Geometry and CFD Results
Radiant Heating/Cooling Floor - Displacement Ventilation
Hearst Headquarters
Introduction to Thermally Active Floors Designing Thermally Active Floors
Daniel Nall, FAIA, PE, LEED
Radiant Energy Seminar - 10/16/2013 14
Lobby Temperature Sections
Lobby Temperature Sections
Introduction to Thermally Active Floors Designing Thermally Active Floors
Daniel Nall, FAIA, PE, LEED
Radiant Energy Seminar - 10/16/2013 15
Lobby Temperature Sections
Hearst Headquarters
Chilled Water Feature
Radiant Floor Tubing
Introduction to Thermally Active Floors Designing Thermally Active Floors
Daniel Nall, FAIA, PE, LEED
Radiant Energy Seminar - 10/16/2013 16
Dartmouth College McLaughlin Hall (2006)
Heating
Radiant Floor CFD Analysis
Geometry
Cooling
Heating
Dartmouth College McLaughlin Hall (2006)
Heating
Introduction to Thermally Active Floors Designing Thermally Active Floors
Daniel Nall, FAIA, PE, LEED
Radiant Energy Seminar - 10/16/2013 17
The William Jefferson Clinton Presidential Center
The William Jefferson Clinton Presidential Center
Introduction to Thermally Active Floors Designing Thermally Active Floors
Daniel Nall, FAIA, PE, LEED
Radiant Energy Seminar - 10/16/2013 18
William Jefferson Clinton Presidential Center - LEED Silver
AIR MOTION REPRESENTATION
Computational Fluid Dynamics Studies of
Museum Area -Temperature, Flow and
Ventilative Effectiveness
The William Jefferson Clinton Presidential Center
Introduction to Thermally Active Floors Designing Thermally Active Floors
Daniel Nall, FAIA, PE, LEED
Radiant Energy Seminar - 10/16/2013 19
Syracuse University School of Management
Grand Hall
SyracuseSchool of
Management Grand Hall
Introduction to Thermally Active Floors Designing Thermally Active Floors
Daniel Nall, FAIA, PE, LEED
Radiant Energy Seminar - 10/16/2013 20
Radiant Floor Tubing
Syracuse School of Management Grand Hall
Team
CFD analysis
Syracuse School of Management Grand Hall
Introduction to Thermally Active Floors Designing Thermally Active Floors
Daniel Nall, FAIA, PE, LEED
Radiant Energy Seminar - 10/16/2013 21
Gaylord National Harbor Hotel
Suitland, MD
Gaylord National Harbor Hotel
Radiant Floor Piping
Introduction to Thermally Active Floors Designing Thermally Active Floors
Daniel Nall, FAIA, PE, LEED
Radiant Energy Seminar - 10/16/2013 22
CFD Analysesfor Cooling
Gaylord National Harbor Hotel
44
Gaylord National Harbor Hotel
Introduction to Thermally Active Floors Designing Thermally Active Floors
Daniel Nall, FAIA, PE, LEED
Radiant Energy Seminar - 10/16/2013 23
45
The Newseum, Washington, DC
Thermally Active Floor and Skywalks
46
World Financial Center, Wintergarden Pavilion, New York
Thermally Active Floor and Displacement Ventilation
Introduction to Thermally Active Floors Designing Thermally Active Floors
Daniel Nall, FAIA, PE, LEED
Radiant Energy Seminar - 10/16/2013 24
Radiant/Heating Cooling Guidelines
Principles of Design• The system does not provide ventilation or dehumidification. A
conditioned air system is required to provide these functions.
• The system is a low temperature difference, large active area conditioning system, so highly accurate temperature control is not required for comfort maintenance.
• A chilled floor enhances stratification, providing greater comfort where the people are. A heated floor minimizes stratification, also minimizing overheating high in the space.
• Chilled floors are most effective at removing solar heat gain as it is absorbed into the slab, reducing air flow necessary for cooling.
• System does not require quick response because direct control of building mass in the space precludes rapid change of load magnitude.
Radiant/Heating Cooling GuidelinesPrinciples of Design• Floor is controlled to be the right temperature for a given space
condition. Floor is controlled by resetting set-point temperature
• Heating cooling changeover should be a rare event and controlled to avoid driving the floor from one mode to another
• Variable flow control (multi-zone pulsed constant flow) with constant inlet temperature (in a mode) allows inexpensive individual zone control. Constant flow with variable inlet temperature requires a pump for each zone.
• Time constant of floor temperature reset stimulus should be longer than that of the floor itself.
• Floor capacity is dependent on absorbed solar radiation. Solar radiation absorbed by non-active surfaces must be removed by alternate means.
Introduction to Thermally Active Floors Designing Thermally Active Floors
Daniel Nall, FAIA, PE, LEED
Radiant Energy Seminar - 10/16/2013 25
Radiant/Heating Cooling Guidelines
Design Process• Calculate cooling loads with both radiant and convective
components and locate them within the room volume.
• Explicitly calculate solar heat gain patches on floor for size, location and intensity. Separate solar heat gain absorbed by windows from that transmitted through windows.
• Use two dimensional heat transfer calculations to determine temperature of solar irradiated radiant floor. Incorporate floor finish and topping slab conductances in calculation. Calculate for range of flow rates and inlet temperatures.
• Use CFD analysis with calculated radiant and convective internal heat gains and solar heat gain patches calculated above
• Configure radiant loop zoning to match pattern of solar heat gain
Radiant/Heating Cooling Guidelines
Radiant System Layout 1• Configure isolated radiant loop with heating and cooling heat
exchangers to minimize fouling in the tubing.
• Magnitude of space and use will determine if flow modulation is applied to individual zone loops or to manifolds for flow temperature control.
• Establish minimum zoning based upon use and solar exposure.
• Layout tubing in double serpentine pattern to minimize temperature differences across the floor.
• Locate manifolds to minimize home run distance to controlled floor area.
• Layout loops based on 300 ft. roll size. Base loop zoning size on centerline tubing spacing and homerun length.
Introduction to Thermally Active Floors Designing Thermally Active Floors
Daniel Nall, FAIA, PE, LEED
Radiant Energy Seminar - 10/16/2013 26
Radiant/Heating Cooling Guidelines
Radiant System Layout 2• Locate floor temperature sensors to be representative of
zone.
• Use separate heat exchangers for heating and cooling or single heat exchanger with four-pipe change-over valving
• Control temperature of heat exchanger secondary outlet temperature by modulating primary flow volume.
• Allow variable flow in radiant loop with variable speed circulating pump or pressure controlled bypass.
• Compare cooling diversity flow requirements with non-diverse heating flow requirements to size pumps and heat exchangers. Max heating may take on 1.0-1.5 gpm per loop. Max cooling takes up to 2.0 gpm per loop, but is diverse because of solar patches.
Radiant/Heating Cooling Guidelines
Measures to Improve Comfort• Outside air system configured to provide adequate
ventilation, well distributed around the space.
• Limit temperature range of floor between 68 DegF and 80 DegF
• Limit temperature range of displacement ventilation between 66 DegF and 85 DegF
• Limit velocity through displacement diffusers to 60 fpm.
• Zone floor to accommodate solar shadowing patterns.
• Control floor to offset impact of cold surfaces on mean radiant temperature
Introduction to Thermally Active Floors Designing Thermally Active Floors
Daniel Nall, FAIA, PE, LEED
Radiant Energy Seminar - 10/16/2013 27
Acknowledgements:St. Meinrad Archabbey Church Architect – Woollen Molzan Partners, Indianapolis, IN Building Services Engineers –
Roger Preston + Partners, Atlanta
Virginia Hand Callaway Center Architect ‐ Robert Lamb Hart, NYC Building Services Engineers –
Roger Preston + Partners, Atlanta and Creative Engineering Design, Atlanta
IBT Headquarters Architect – Murphy Jahn, Chicago, IL Building Services Engineers ‐
Flack + Kurtz, San Francisco, CA
Hearst Headquarters Architect – Foster and Partners, London, UK Building Services Engineers – Flack + Kurtz, NYC
Dartmouth College McLaughlin Residences Architect – Bruner Cott, Boston, MA, and Moore, Ruble, Yudell, Architects, Santa Monica, CA Building Services Engineers – Flack + Kurtz, NYC
William Jefferson Clinton Library Architect – Polshek Partners., New York, NY Building Services Engineers – Flack + Kurtz, NYC
Cromwell Architects, Engineers, Little Rock, AR
Pier 1 Architect – SMWM Architects, San Francisco, CA Building Services Engineers –
Flack + Kurtz, San Francisco, CA
Gaylord National Harbor Hotel Architect – Gensler Building Services Engineer – WSP Flack + Kurtz, NYC
Syracuse University School of Management Architect – F X Fowle, NYC Building Services Engineers – Flack + Kurtz, NYC
SAP Corporate Headquarters Architect – F X Fowle, NYC Building Services Engineers ‐ WSP Flack + Kurtz, NYC
World Financial Center Wintergarden Architect – Pelli, Clarke, Pelli Building Services Engineers ‐ WSP Flack + Kurtz, NYC
Thanks
Daniel H. Nall, FAIA, PE, LEED Fellow, HBDP, BEMPThornton Tomasetti51 Madison AvenueNew York, NY 10010
[email protected] 661 8130