Upload
aniket-kaushal
View
2.299
Download
3
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
ANIKET KAUSHAL
0800116012
Acknowledgment
The tree of knowledge grows best when it has sturdy roots and the strength of them is clearly
dependent upon our intentions. During the journey of knowledge we meet certain people who
play a pivotal role in our development and it’s a privilege to thank them for the same. So I would
take this opportunity in expressing gratitude towards my mentor and guide in this period of
vocational training, Mr. Summit Chaurasia. It would have been extremely difficult to cover this
course without his able guidance. Then I’m obliged to thank Mr. Pawan Tiwari sir who took the
pains and interest in explaining the nicks of the thermal power plant.
I’m ever thank full to my parents and of course god. In fact, many people have contributed to
this report and I would love to express my gratitude to all of them, like Mr. Anil Awasthi, Mr.
Chandra Prakash, Mr. Bharat Patel and many more.
Aniket Kaushal
ANIKET KAUSHAL
0800116012
Abstract
A thermal power station is a power plant in which the prime mover is steam driven. Water is
heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator. After it
passes through the turbine, the steam is condensed in a condenser and recycled to where it was
heated; this is known as a Rankine cycle. The greatest variation in the design of thermal power
stations is due to the different fuel sources. Some prefer to use the term energy center because
such facilities convert forms of heat energy into electricity. Some thermal power plants also
deliver heat energy for industrial purposes, for district heating, or for desalination of water as
well as delivering electrical power. A large part of human CO2 emissions comes from fossil
fueled thermal power plants; efforts to reduce these outputs are various and widespread. At
present 54.09% or 93918.38 MW (Data Source CEA, as on 31/03/2011) of total electricity
production in India is from Coal Based Thermal Power Station. A coal based thermal power
plant converts the chemical energy of the coal into electrical energy. This is achieved by raising
the steam in the boilers, expanding it through the turbine and coupling the turbines to the
generators which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
ANIKET KAUSHAL
0800116012
Contents
PROJECT ……………………………………………………………………………………1
OBJECTIVES……………………………………………………………………………......2
BRIEF HISTORY/INTRODUCTION OF ORGANIZATION……………………………...3
ORGANIZATIONAL CHART……………………………………………………………...5
PLANT LAYOUT…………………………………………………………………………...6
PRODUCTS AND SPECIFICATION………………………………………………………7
PRODUCT FLOW CHART…………………………………………………………………8
CHRONOLOGICAL TRAINING DIARY…………………………………………………11
PRODUCTION PROCESS…………………………………………………………………12
TURBINE……………………………………………………………………………………23
210 MW TURBINES IN PARICCHA………………………………………………………32
MARKETING STRATEGIES………………………………………………………………37
DIVERSIFICATION OR EXPANSION……………………………………………………38
SUGGESTIONS……………………………………………………………………………..39
CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………………....40
REFFERENCES……………………………………………………………………………..41
1 ANIKET KAUSHAL
0800116012
Project
To study the general concepts and working of
thermal power plant, and its components,
especially turbine.
2 ANIKET KAUSHAL
0800116012
Objectives
• To learn the basic working of thermal power plants.
• To learn about various components of the same.
• To develop the understanding of the operation and maintenance of turbines.
3 ANIKET KAUSHAL
0800116012
Brief history
This is a project run under Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidhyut Utpadan Nigam Ltd.
UPRVUNL is wholly owned state thermal power utility with present generating capacity of 4082
MW, operating 5 Thermal Power Stations within Uttar Pradesh. Poised to contribute in the
growth of state, we're in the process of adding further 2000 MW capacity to our existing fleet by
year 2012.
The name of this power project is paricha thermal power project its foundation war laid
in 1979 and it started producing electricity in 1983. It is a state owned semi government
project. It has four units which are generating electricity. Two no of 250MW which are
likely to be completed tip to year 2011.
Total installed capacity of the plant at present is 640 mw. The total installed capacity of the plant
will be 1140 mw in the year 2011 presently it is thermal power project of UPRVUNL.
This project is thermal based power project in which combustion of coal is used to convert water
into steam and then steam is used to rotate the turbine the rotation of turbine drives an a.c.
generator, thereby producing a.c. power.
The entire thermal power project needs continuous supply of water and thus they are built near
Betwa river. A dam has been constructed for this purpose of collection of water, by the name of
paricha
dam.
Coal is also required for this project and it is supplied from mines of BCCL, ECL.
At present, four units of Parichha are generating 640 mw of electricity.
Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Ltd. was constituted on 25 August 1980 under the
company’s act 1956 for construction of new thermal power projects in the state sector.
On 14th Jan 2000, in accordance to up state electricity reforms acts 1999, UP state electricity
board, till then responsible for generation, transmission and distribution of power within the state
of Uttar Pradesh, was unbundled and operations of the state sector thermal power stations was
handed over to UPRVUNL.
4 ANIKET KAUSHAL
0800116012
PLANT LOCATION IT IS LOCATED IN DISTRICT JHANSI ABOUT 25 KM BEFORE JHANSI, ON KALPI-
JHANSI ROAD. JHANSI IS WELL CONNECTED BY AIR/RAIL AND ROAD ROUTE
FROM ALL MAJOR CITIES.
ABOUT GENERATING UNITS AT PARICHHA THERMAL POWER STATION ALL THE UNITS OF THIS STATION ARE COAL FIRED THERMAL POWER PLANTS,
HAVING A TOTAL GENERATING CAPACITY OF 640 MW AND CONSISTS OF
FOLLOWING UNITS -
STAGE UNITS
NO.
ORIGINAL
CAPACITY
MW
DERATED
CAPACITY
MW
DATE OF FIRST
COMMISSIONING
ORIGINAL
EQUIPMENTS
MANUFACTURERS
1 01 110 110 31.03.1984 BHEL
02 110 110 25.02.1985 BHEL
03 210 210 25.11.2006 BHEL
04 210 210 01.12.2007 BHEL
THE COAL TO ALL THESE UNITS IS FED FROM COAL MINES OF BCCL, ECL BY
MEANS OF RAILWAYS.
5 ANIKET KAUSHAL
0800116012
Organizational chart
CIRCLE OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
EXECUTIVE ENGINEER
…… ……….
ASSISTANT ENGINEER
…… ………...
JUNIOR ENGINEER
….
OPERATOR (TG 2)
….
Chief Engineer
Level 2(admin.)
Chief Engineer
level 2(O&M)
Chief Engineer, Level 1
Chief Engineer level
2 (construction)
SE SE SE SE SE (CIVIL) SE(HQ)
EE EE EE EE(CIVIL) EE
AE AE AE AE(CIVIL)
AE
JE JE JE
OPERATOR OPERATOR
6 ANIKET KAUSHAL
0800116012
Plant Layout
7 ANIKET KAUSHAL
0800116012
Products and Specifications
Following two are the main products in a thermal power plant:-
1) Electricity
Electricity is produced at approximately 15.5 KV after which it is stepped up to 220 KV
for reduction in losses due to transmission. Then it is connected to the grid for supply.
The main client for purchasing electricity of UPRVUNL is UPPCL which is UTTAR
PRADESH POWER CORPORATION LIMITED.
2) Ash:-
Ash is the byproduct of coal after its combustion. It can be categorized in two parts:-
1) Fly ash, which is sold to cement manufacturing organizations like Diamond and
Satna. Earlier they were given away to the same, but since posses certain value,
they’re now being sold to them which generates revenues up to twenty lakhs.
2) Ash slurry, it is a waste product which is generally provided to construction
companies for road-filling etc.
8 ANIKET KAUSHAL
0800116012
Product Flow Chart
Procedure for production of electricity is based on modified Rankine cycle. The four process of
Rankine cycle as used in thermal power plants are as follows:-
1) Heat addition in boiler.
2) Adiabatic expansion in turbines.
3) Heat rejection in condenser and,
4) Adiabatic compression in boiler feed pumps.
This may seem to be a simple enough process, but every step employs various circuits to
accomplish the required conditions for the fore told steps. Certain circuits are as follows,
Fuel and Ash Circuit.
Air and Gas Circuit.
Feed water and Steam Circuit.
Cooling Water Circuit.
Various methods are employed to increase the efficiency of classical rankine cycle by
adding devices like air-preheater, economizer, superheater etc.
9 ANIKET KAUSHAL
0800116012
MILLS
SUPER HEATED STEAM
ENERGY (MECHANICAL) ELECTRICITY
CW HW
Above is the flow chart of production of electricity in a thermal power plant.
The input at boiler is the DM water and pulverized coal with air. The DM water is prepared in
the water treatment plant facility where it is deionized and deareated. It prepared in the scale of
neutral liquid i.e. 7ph, although, slightly basic nature is used.
PULVERISED COAL DM WATER
BOILER FEED PUMP
BOILER
HP TURBNE IP TURBINE LP TURBINE
CONDENSER
WATER TREATMENT
PLANT
COAL TREATMENT
PLANT
ASH TREATMENT
PLANT
COOLING TOWER
GENERATOR TRANSFORMER
TRANSMISSION
10 ANIKET KAUSHAL
0800116012
The coal is prepared at coal handling plant, where it first arrives in wagons. The coal is taken
out from wagons with the help of a machine known as wagon tippler. The coal is the picked and
sent to crushers, where it crushed and then to bunkers. From bunkers the coal moves on to mills
and is finely grounded to a pulverized form and the fed to the boiler. Then this coal is fed to the
boiler and combustion takes place. The energy of the combustion is helpful in transforming the
water into the steam. This steam is then used to drive the turbine, the turbine shaft drives the
generator. Hence electricity is developed.
The other product, which is ash, is fed into the ash treatment plant and flue gasses are
expelled in the atmosphere.
11 ANIKET KAUSHAL
0800116012
Chronological training diary
22nd
June 2011 to 28th
June 2011
This week was dedicated to familiarization with power plant, a basic understanding was
developed of the flow of various elements in the production cycle, like flow of steam, DM water,
clarified cooling water, coal and flue gases.
29th
June 2011 to 5th
July 2011
This week was dedicated in the study of installed 210 MW turbines. Various concepts regarding
turbine were studied like axial shift, casing expansion, barring gear mechanism, synchronisation
of turbine during startup, etc.
6th
July 2011 to 12th
July 2011
We spent this week with familiarization with coal handling plant, learning flow of coal in it and
the methods and processes of converting large sized coal to a form of powder.
13th
July 2011 to 19th
July 2011
This time was spent in understanding the importance and working of ash handling plant and
water treatment plant.
12 ANIKET KAUSHAL
0800116012
Production process
Diagram of a typical coal-fired thermal power station
In a coal based power plant coal is transported from coal mines to the power plant by railway in
wagons or in a merry-go-round system. Coal is unloaded from the wagons to a moving
underground conveyor belt. This coal from the mines is of no uniform size. So it is taken to the
Crusher house and crushed to a size of 25mm. From the crusher house the coal is either stored in
dead storage( generally 20 days coal supply) which serves as coal supply in case of coal supply
bottleneck or to the live storage(8 hours coal supply) in the raw coal bunker in the boiler house.
Raw coal from the raw coal bunker is supplied to the Coal Mills by a Raw Coal Feeder. The Coal
Mills or pulverizer pulverizes the coal to 200 mesh size. The powdered coal from the coal mills
is carried to the boiler in coal pipes by high pressure hot air. The pulverized coal air mixture is
burnt in the boiler in the combustion zone.
Generally in modern boilers tangential firing system is used i.e. the coal nozzles/ guns form
tangent to a circle. The temperature in fire ball is of the order of 1300 deg.C. The boiler is a
water tube boiler hanging from the top. Water is converted to steam in the boiler and steam is
separated from water in the boiler Drum. The saturated steam from the boiler drum is taken to
the Low Temperature Superheater, Platen Superheater and Final Superheater respectively for
superheating. The superheated steam from the final superheater is taken to the High Pressure
13 ANIKET KAUSHAL
0800116012
Steam Turbine (HPT). In the HPT the steam pressure is utilized to rotate the turbine and the
resultant is rotational energy. From the HPT the out coming steam is taken to the Reheater in the
boiler to increase its temperature as the steam becomes wet at the HPT outlet. After reheating
this steam is taken to the Intermediate Pressure Turbine (IPT) and then to the Low Pressure
Turbine (LPT). The outlet of the LPT is sent to the condenser for condensing back to water by a
cooling water system. This condensed water is collected in the Hotwell and is again sent to the
boiler in a closed cycle. The rotational energy imparted to the turbine by high pressure steam is
converted to electrical energy in the Generator.
14 ANIKET KAUSHAL
0800116012
Principal
Coal based thermal power plant works on the principal of Modified Rankine Cycle.
Components of Coal Fired Thermal Power Station:
Fuel preparation system
In coal-fired power stations, the raw feed coal from the coal storage area is first crushed into
small pieces and then conveyed to the coal feed hoppers at the boilers. The coal is next
pulverized into a very fine powder. The pulverizers may be ball mills, rotating drum grinders, or
other types of grinders.
Air path
External fans are provided to give sufficient air for combustion. The forced draft fan takes air
from the atmosphere and, first warming it in the air preheater for better combustion, injects it via
the air nozzles on the furnace wall.
15 ANIKET KAUSHAL
0800116012
The induced draft fan assists the FD fan by drawing out combustible gases from the furnace,
maintaining a slightly negative pressure in the furnace to avoid backfiring through any opening.
Boiler furnace and steam drum
Once water inside the boiler or steam generator, the process of adding the latent heat of
vaporization or enthalpy is underway. The boiler transfers energy to the water by the chemical
reaction of burning some type of fuel.
The water enters the boiler through a section in the convection pass called the economizer. From
the economizer it passes to the steam drum. Once the water enters the steam drum it goes down
the downcomers to the lower inlet waterwall headers. From the inlet headers the water rises
through the waterwalls and is eventually turned into steam due to the heat being generated by the
burners located on the front and rear waterwalls (typically). As the water is turned into
steam/vapor in the waterwalls, the steam/vapor once again enters the steam drum. The
steam/vapor is passed through a series of steam and water separators and then dryers inside the
steam drum. The steam separators and dryers remove water droplets from the steam and the
cycle through the waterwalls is repeated. This process is known as natural circulation.
The boiler furnace auxiliary equipment includes coal feed nozzles and igniter guns, soot blowers,
water lancing and observation ports (in the furnace walls) for observation of the furnace interior.
Furnace explosions due to any accumulation of combustible gases after a trip-out are avoided by
flushing out such gases from the combustion zone before igniting the coal.
The steam drum (as well as the superheater coils and headers) have air vents and drains needed
for initial startup. The steam drum has internal devices that removes moisture from the wet steam
entering the drum from the steam generating tubes. The dry steam then flows into the superheater
coils.
Superheater
Coal based power plants can have a superheater and/or reheater section in the steam generating
furnace. Nuclear-powered steam plants do not have such sections but produce steam at
essentially saturated conditions. In a coal based plant, after the steam is conditioned by the
drying equipment inside the steam drum, it is piped from the upper drum area into tubes inside
an area of the furnace known as the superheater, which has an elaborate set up of tubing where
the steam vapor picks up more energy from hot flue gases outside the tubing and its temperature
is now superheated above the saturation temperature. The superheated steam is then piped
through the main steam lines to the valves before the high pressure turbine.
Reheater
Power plant furnaces may have a reheater section containing tubes heated by hot flue gases
outside the tubes. Exhaust steam from the high pressure turbine is rerouted to go inside the
16 ANIKET KAUSHAL
0800116012
reheater tubes to pickup more energy to go drive intermediate or lower pressure turbines. This is
what is called as thermal power.
Fly ash collection
Fly ash is captured and removed from the flue gas by electrostatic precipitators or fabric bag
filters (or sometimes both) located at the outlet of the furnace and before the induced draft fan.
The fly ash is periodically removed from the collection hoppers below the precipitators or bag
filters. Generally, the fly ash is pneumatically transported to storage silos for subsequent
transport by trucks or railroad cars.
Bottom ash collection and disposal
At the bottom of the furnace, there is a hopper for collection of bottom ash. This hopper is
always filled with water to quench the ash and clinkers falling down from the furnace. Some
arrangement is included to crush the clinkers and for conveying the crushed clinkers and bottom
ash to a storage site.
Boiler make-up water treatment plant and storage
Since there is continuous withdrawal of steam and continuous return of condensate to the boiler,
losses due to blowdown and leakages have to be made up to maintain a desired water level in the
boiler steam drum. For this, continuous make-up water is added to the boiler water system.
Impurities in the raw water input to the plant generally consist of calcium and magnesium salts
which impart hardness to the water. Hardness in the make-up water to the boiler will form
deposits on the tube water surfaces which will lead to overheating and failure of the tubes. Thus,
the salts have to be removed from the water, and that is done by a water demineralising treatment
plant (DM). A DM plant generally consists of cation, anion, and mixed bed exchangers. Any
ions in the final water from this process consist essentially of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions,
which recombine to form pure water. Very pure DM water becomes highly corrosive once it
absorbs oxygen from the atmosphere because of its very high affinity for oxygen.
The capacity of the DM plant is dictated by the type and quantity of salts in the raw water input.
However, some storage is essential as the DM plant may be down for maintenance. For this
purpose, a storage tank is installed from which DM water is continuously withdrawn for boiler
make-up. The storage tank for DM water is made from materials not affected by corrosive water,
such as PVC. The piping and valves are generally of stainless steel. Sometimes, a steam
blanketing arrangement or stainless steel doughnut float is provided on top of the water in the
tank to avoid contact with air. DM water make-up is generally added at the steam space of the
surface condenser (i.e., the vacuum side). This arrangement not only sprays the water but also
DM water gets deaerated, with the dissolved gases being removed by an air ejector attached to
the condenser.
17 ANIKET KAUSHAL
0800116012
Steam turbine-driven electric generator
Rotor of a modern steam turbine, used in a power station
The steam turbine-driven generators have auxiliary systems enabling them to work satisfactorily
and safely. The steam turbine generator being rotating equipment generally has a heavy, large
diameter shaft. The shaft therefore requires not only supports but also has to be kept in position
while running. To minimise the frictional resistance to the rotation, the shaft has a number of
bearings. The bearing shells, in which the shaft rotates, are lined with a low friction material like
Babbitt metal. Oil lubrication is provided to further reduce the friction between shaft and bearing
surface and to limit the heat generated.
Barring gear
Barring gear (or “turning gear”) is the mechanism provided to rotate the turbine generator shaft
at a very low speed after unit stoppages. Once the unit is “tripped” (i.e., the steam inlet valve is
closed), the turbine coasts down towards standstill. When it stops completely, there is a tendency
for the turbine shaft to deflect or bend if allowed to remain in one position too long. This is
because the heat inside the turbine casing tends to concentrate in the top half of the casing,
making the top half portion of the shaft hotter than the bottom half. The shaft therefore could
warp or bend by millionths of inches.
This small shaft deflection, only detectable by eccentricity meters, would be enough to cause
damaging vibrations to the entire steam turbine generator unit when it is restarted. The shaft is
therefore automatically turned at low speed (about one percent rated speed) by the barring gear
until it has cooled sufficiently to permit a complete stop.
18 ANIKET KAUSHAL
0800116012
Condenser
Diagram of a typical water-cooled surface condenser
The surface condenser is a shell and tube heat exchanger in which cooling water is circulated
through the tubes. The exhaust steam from the low pressure turbine enters the shell where it is
cooled and converted to condensate (water) by flowing over the tubes as shown in the adjacent
diagram. Such condensers use steam ejectors or rotary motor-driven exhausters for continuous
removal of air and gases from the steam side to maintain vacuum.
For best efficiency, the temperature in the condenser must be kept as low as practical in order to
achieve the lowest possible pressure in the condensing steam. Since the condenser temperature
can almost always be kept significantly below 100 °C where the vapor pressure of water is much
less than atmospheric pressure, the condenser generally works under vacuum. Thus leaks of non-
condensible air into the closed loop must be prevented. Plants operating in hot climates may have
to reduce output if their source of condenser cooling water becomes warmer; unfortunately this
usually coincides with periods of high electrical demand for air conditioning.
The condenser generally uses either circulating cooling water from a cooling tower to reject
waste heat to the atmosphere, or once-through water from a river, lake or ocean.
Feedwater heater
In the case of a conventional steam-electric power plant utilizing a drum boiler, the surface
condenser removes the latent heat of vaporization from the steam as it changes states from
vapour to liquid. The heat content (joules or Btu) in the steam is referred to as enthalpy. The
condensate pump then pumps the condensate water through a Air ejector condenser and Gland
steam exhauster condenser. From there the condensate goes to the deareator where the
condenstae system ends and the Feedwater system begins.
19 ANIKET KAUSHAL
0800116012
Preheating the feedwater reduces the irreversibilities involved in steam generation and therefore
improves the thermodynamic efficiency of the system.This reduces plant operating costs and also
helps to avoid thermal shock to the boiler metal when the feedwater is introduced back into the
steam cycle.
Deaerator
A steam generating boiler requires that the boiler feed water should be devoid of air and other
dissolved gases, particularly corrosive ones, in order to avoid corrosion of the metal.
Generally, power stations use a deaerator to provide for the removal of air and other dissolved
gases from the boiler feedwater. A deaerator typically includes a vertical, domed deaeration
section mounted on top of a horizontal cylindrical vessel which serves as the deaerated boiler
feedwater storage tank
Cooling tower
A cooling tower is a heat rejection device, which extracts waste heat to the atmosphere though
the cooling of a water stream to a lower temperature. The type of heat rejection in a cooling
tower is termed “evaporative” in that it allows a small portion of the water being cooled to
evaporate into a moving air stream to provide significant cooling to the rest of that water stream.
The heat from the water stream transferred to the air stream raises the air’s temperature and its
relative humidity to 100%, and this air is discharged to the atmosphere. Evaporative heat
rejection devices such as cooling towers are commonly used to provide significantly lower water
temperatures than achievable with “air cooled” or “dry” heat rejection devices, like the radiator
in a car, thereby achieving more cost-effective and energy efficient operation of systems in need
of cooling.
20 ANIKET KAUSHAL
0800116012
The cooling towers are of two types: -
1. Natural Draft Cooling Tower
2. Mechanized Draft Cooling Tower
i. Forced Draft cooling tower
ii. Induced Draft cooling tower
iii. Balanced Draft cooling tower
Auxiliary systems
Oil system
An auxiliary oil system pump is used to supply oil at the start-up of the steam turbine generator.
It supplies the hydraulic oil system required for steam turbine’s main inlet steam stop valve, the
governing control valves, the bearing and seal oil systems, the relevant hydraulic relays and other
mechanisms.
At a preset speed of the turbine during start-ups, a pump driven by the turbine main shaft takes
over the functions of the auxiliary system.
21 ANIKET KAUSHAL
0800116012
Generator heat dissipation
The electricity generator requires cooling to dissipate the heat that it generates. While small units
may be cooled by air drawn through filters at the inlet, larger units generally require special
cooling arrangements. Hydrogen gas cooling, in an oil-sealed casing, is used because it has the
highest known heat transfer coefficient of any gas and for its low viscosity which reduces
windage losses. This system requires special handling during start-up, with air in the chamber
first displaced by carbon dioxide before filling with hydrogen. This ensures that the highly
flammable hydrogen does not mix with oxygen in the air.
The hydrogen pressure inside the casing is maintained slightly higher than atmospheric pressure
to avoid outside air ingress. The hydrogen must be sealed against outward leakage where the
shaft emerges from the casing. Mechanical seals around the shaft are installed with a very small
annular gap to avoid rubbing between the shaft and the seals. Seal oil is used to prevent the
hydrogen gas leakage to atmosphere.
The generator also uses water cooling. Since the generator coils are at a potential of about 22 kV
and water is conductive, an insulating barrier such as Teflon is used to interconnect the water
line and the generator high voltage windings. Demineralized water of low conductivity is used.
Generator high voltage system
The generator voltage ranges from 11 kV in smaller units to 22 kV in larger units. The generator
high voltage leads are normally large aluminum channels because of their high current as
compared to the cables used in smaller machines. They are enclosed in well-grounded aluminum
bus ducts and are supported on suitable insulators. The generator high voltage channels are
connected to step-up transformers for connecting to a high voltage electrical substation (of the
order of 115 kV to 520 kV) for further transmission by the local power grid.
The necessary protection and metering devices are included for the high voltage leads. Thus, the
steam turbine generator and the transformer form one unit. In smaller units, generating at 11 kV,
a breaker is provided to connect it to a common 11 kV bus system.
Other systems
Monitoring and alarm system
Most of the power plant operational controls are automatic. However, at times, manual
intervention may be required. Thus, the plant is provided with monitors and alarm systems that
alert the plant operators when certain operating parameters are seriously deviating from their
normal range.
22 ANIKET KAUSHAL
0800116012
Battery supplied emergency lighting and communication
A central battery system consisting of lead acid cell units is provided to supply emergency
electric power, when needed, to essential items such as the power plant’s control systems,
communication systems, turbine lube oil pumps, and emergency lighting. This is essential for a
safe, damage-free shutdown of the units in an emergency situation.
ANIKET KAUSHAL
0800116012
TURBINES
A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts
and converts it into rotary motion. Its modern manifestation was invented by
Parsons in 1884.
It has almost completely replaced the
greater thermal efficiency and higher
motion, it is particularly suited to be used to drive an
electricity generation in the world is by use of steam turbines.
TYPES
Schematic operation of a steam turbine generator system
Steam turbines are made in a variety of sizes ranging from small <1
used as mechanical drives for pumps, compressors and other shaft driven equipment, to
2,000,000 hp (1,500,000 kW) turbines used to generate electricity. There are several
classifications for modern steam turbines.
23
is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized
and converts it into rotary motion. Its modern manifestation was invented by Sir Charles
It has almost completely replaced the reciprocating piston steam engine primarily because of its
greater thermal efficiency and higher power-to-weight ratio. Because the turbine generates
, it is particularly suited to be used to drive an electrical generator – about 80% of all
electricity generation in the world is by use of steam turbines.
Schematic operation of a steam turbine generator system
Steam turbines are made in a variety of sizes ranging from small <1 hp (<0.75 kW) units (rare)
nical drives for pumps, compressors and other shaft driven equipment, to
kW) turbines used to generate electricity. There are several
classifications for modern steam turbines.
pressurized steam,
r Charles
primarily because of its
. Because the turbine generates rotary
bout 80% of all
kW) units (rare)
nical drives for pumps, compressors and other shaft driven equipment, to
kW) turbines used to generate electricity. There are several
24 ANIKET KAUSHAL
0800116012
Steam supply and exhaust conditions
These types include condensing, non condensing, reheat, extraction and induction.
Non condensing or back pressure turbines are most widely used for process steam applications.
The exhaust pressure is controlled by a regulating valve to suit the needs of the process steam
pressure. These are commonly found at refineries, district heating units, pulp and paper plants,
and desalination facilities where large amounts of low pressure process steam are available.
Condensing turbines are most commonly found in electrical power plants. These turbines
exhaust steam in a partially condensed state, typically of a quality near 90%, at a pressure well
below atmospheric to a condenser.
Reheat turbines are also used almost exclusively in electrical power plants. In a reheat turbine,
steam flow exits from a high pressure section of the turbine and is returned to the boiler where
additional superheat is added. The steam then goes back into an intermediate pressure section of
the turbine and continues its expansion.
Extracting type turbines are common in all applications. In an extracting type turbine, steam is
released from various stages of the turbine, and used for industrial process needs or sent to
boiler feed water heaters to improve overall cycle efficiency. Extraction flows may be controlled
with a valve, or left uncontrolled.
Induction turbines introduce low pressure steam at an intermediate stage to produce additional
power.
25 ANIKET KAUSHAL
0800116012
Mounting of a steam turbine produced bySiemens
Casing or shaft arrangements
These arrangements include single casing, tandem compound and cross compound turbines.
Single casing units are the most basic style where a single casing and shaft are coupled to a
generator. Tandem compound are used where two or more casings are directly coupled together
to drive a single generator. A cross compound turbine arrangement features two or more shafts
not in line driving two or more generators that often operate at different speeds. A cross
compound turbine is typically used for many large applications.
Principal of design and operation
An ideal steam turbine is considered to be an isentropic process, or constant entropy process, in
which the entropy of the steam entering the turbine is equal to the entropy of the steam leaving
the turbine. No steam turbine is truly “isentropic”, however, with typical isentropic efficiencies
ranging from 20%-90% based on the application of the turbine. The interior of a turbine
comprises several sets of blades, or “buckets” as they are more commonly referred to. One set of
stationary blades is connected to the casing and one set of rotating blades is connected to the
shaft. The sets intermesh with certain minimum clearances, with the size and configuration of
sets varying to efficiently exploit the expansion of steam at each stage.
ANIKET KAUSHAL
0800116012
Turbine efficiency
Schematic diagram outlining the difference between
To maximize turbine efficiency the steam is expanded, doing work, in a number of stages. These
stages are characterized by how the energy is extracted from them and are known as either
impulse or reaction turbines. Most st
designs: each stage behaves as either one or the other, but the overall turbine uses both.
Typically, higher pressure sections are impulse type and lower pressure stages are reaction type.
26
Schematic diagram outlining the difference between an impulse and a reaction turbine
To maximize turbine efficiency the steam is expanded, doing work, in a number of stages. These
stages are characterized by how the energy is extracted from them and are known as either
impulse or reaction turbines. Most steam turbines use a mixture of the reaction and impulse
designs: each stage behaves as either one or the other, but the overall turbine uses both.
Typically, higher pressure sections are impulse type and lower pressure stages are reaction type.
an impulse and a reaction turbine
To maximize turbine efficiency the steam is expanded, doing work, in a number of stages. These
stages are characterized by how the energy is extracted from them and are known as either
eam turbines use a mixture of the reaction and impulse
designs: each stage behaves as either one or the other, but the overall turbine uses both.
Typically, higher pressure sections are impulse type and lower pressure stages are reaction type.
27 ANIKET KAUSHAL
0800116012
Impulse turbines
An impulse turbine has fixed nozzles that orient the steam flow into high speed jets. These jets
contain significant kinetic energy, which the rotor blades, shaped like buckets, convert into shaft
rotation as the steam jet changes direction. A pressure drop occurs across only the stationary
blades, with a net increase in steam velocity across the stage.
As the steam flows through the nozzle its pressure falls from inlet pressure to the exit pressure
(atmospheric pressure, or more usually, the condenser vacuum). Due to this higher ratio of
expansion of steam in the nozzle the steam leaves the nozzle with a very high velocity. The
steam leaving the moving blades has a large portion of the maximum velocity of the steam when
leaving the nozzle. The loss of energy due to this higher exit velocity is commonly called the
"carry over velocity" or "leaving loss".
Types of turbine blades
28 ANIKET KAUSHAL
0800116012
REATION TURBINES
In the reaction turbine, the rotor blades themselves are arranged to form convergent nozzles.
This type of turbine makes use of the reaction force produced as the steam accelerates through
the nozzles formed by the rotor. Steam is directed onto the rotor by the fixed vanes of the stator.
It leaves the stator as a jet that fills the entire circumference of the rotor. The steam then changes
direction and increases its speed relative to the speed of the blades. A pressure drop occurs
across both the stator and the rotor, with steam accelerating through the stator and decelerating
through the rotor, with no net change in steam velocity across the stage but with a decrease in
both pressure and temperature, reflecting the work performed in the driving of the rotor.
ANIKET KAUSHAL
0800116012
Operation and maintenance
When warming up a steam turbine for use, the main steam stop valves (after the boiler) have a
bypass line to allow superheated steam to slowly bypass the valve and proceed to heat up the
lines in the system along with the steam turbine. Also, a turning gear is engaged when there
steam to the turbine to slowly rotate the turbine to ensure even heating to prevent uneven
expansion. After first rotating the turbine by the turning gear, allowing time for the rotor to
assume a straight plane (no bowing), then the turning gear is d
the turbine, first to the astern blades then to the ahead blades slowly rotating the turbine at 10 to
15 RPM to slowly warm the turbine.
A modern steam turbine generator installation
Problems with turbines are now rar
imbalance of the rotor can lead to vibration, which in extreme cases can lead to a blade letting go
and punching straight through the casing. It is, however, essential that the turbine be turned with
dry steam - that is, superheated steam with a minimal liquid water content. If water gets into the
steam and is blasted onto the blades (moisture carryover), rapid impingement and erosion of the
blades can occur leading to imbalance and catastrophic failu
will result in the destruction of the thrust bearing for the turbine shaft. To prevent this, along
with controls and baffles in the boilers to ensure high quality steam, condensate drains are
installed in the steam piping leading to the turbine.
Speed regulation
The control of a turbine with a governor is essential, as turbines need to be run up slowly, to
prevent damage while some applications (such as the generation of alternating current electricity)
require precise speed control. Uncontrolled acceleration of the turbine rotor can lead to an
overspeed trip, which causes the nozzle valves that control the flow of steam to the turbine to
close. If this fails then the turbine may continue accelerating until it breaks apa
29
turbine for use, the main steam stop valves (after the boiler) have a
bypass line to allow superheated steam to slowly bypass the valve and proceed to heat up the
lines in the system along with the steam turbine. Also, a turning gear is engaged when there
steam to the turbine to slowly rotate the turbine to ensure even heating to prevent uneven
expansion. After first rotating the turbine by the turning gear, allowing time for the rotor to
assume a straight plane (no bowing), then the turning gear is disengaged and steam is admitted to
the turbine, first to the astern blades then to the ahead blades slowly rotating the turbine at 10 to
15 RPM to slowly warm the turbine.
A modern steam turbine generator installation
Problems with turbines are now rare and maintenance requirements are relatively small. Any
imbalance of the rotor can lead to vibration, which in extreme cases can lead to a blade letting go
and punching straight through the casing. It is, however, essential that the turbine be turned with
that is, superheated steam with a minimal liquid water content. If water gets into the
steam and is blasted onto the blades (moisture carryover), rapid impingement and erosion of the
blades can occur leading to imbalance and catastrophic failure. Also, water entering the blades
will result in the destruction of the thrust bearing for the turbine shaft. To prevent this, along
with controls and baffles in the boilers to ensure high quality steam, condensate drains are
g leading to the turbine.
The control of a turbine with a governor is essential, as turbines need to be run up slowly, to
prevent damage while some applications (such as the generation of alternating current electricity)
Uncontrolled acceleration of the turbine rotor can lead to an
overspeed trip, which causes the nozzle valves that control the flow of steam to the turbine to
close. If this fails then the turbine may continue accelerating until it breaks apart, often
turbine for use, the main steam stop valves (after the boiler) have a
bypass line to allow superheated steam to slowly bypass the valve and proceed to heat up the
lines in the system along with the steam turbine. Also, a turning gear is engaged when there is no
steam to the turbine to slowly rotate the turbine to ensure even heating to prevent uneven
expansion. After first rotating the turbine by the turning gear, allowing time for the rotor to
isengaged and steam is admitted to
the turbine, first to the astern blades then to the ahead blades slowly rotating the turbine at 10 to
e and maintenance requirements are relatively small. Any
imbalance of the rotor can lead to vibration, which in extreme cases can lead to a blade letting go
and punching straight through the casing. It is, however, essential that the turbine be turned with
that is, superheated steam with a minimal liquid water content. If water gets into the
steam and is blasted onto the blades (moisture carryover), rapid impingement and erosion of the
re. Also, water entering the blades
will result in the destruction of the thrust bearing for the turbine shaft. To prevent this, along
with controls and baffles in the boilers to ensure high quality steam, condensate drains are
The control of a turbine with a governor is essential, as turbines need to be run up slowly, to
prevent damage while some applications (such as the generation of alternating current electricity)
Uncontrolled acceleration of the turbine rotor can lead to an
overspeed trip, which causes the nozzle valves that control the flow of steam to the turbine to
rt, often
30 ANIKET KAUSHAL
0800116012
spectacularly. Turbines are expensive to make, requiring precision manufacture and special
quality materials. During normal operation in synchronization with the electricity network,
power plants are governed with a five percent droop speed control. This means the full load
speed is 100% and the no-load speed is 105%. This is required for the stable operation of the
network without hunting and drop-outs of power plants. Normally the changes in speed are
minor. Adjustments in power output are made by slowly raising the droop curve by increasing
the spring pressure on a centrifugal governor. Generally this is a basic system requirement for all
power plants because the older and newer plants have to be compatible in response to the
instantaneous changes in frequency without depending on outside communication.
31 ANIKET KAUSHAL
0800116012
32 ANIKET KAUSHAL
0800116012
The 210 MW Turbine of Parichha Thermal Power Project
Since I got specially assigned to the turbine department, I had the privilege of understanding
turbines more closely. Apart from the kind of turbine employed, its specifications, I came across
various concepts regarding the steam turbines like axial shift, casing expansion and learnt about
the same.
The turbine used for electricity generation is a three cylinder- reheat- condensing turbine. This
name means that the turbine assembly is made of three turbines, namely:-
1) HP turbine (high pressure turbine)
2) IP turbine (intermediate pressure turbine)
3) LP turbine (low pressure turbine)
The term reheat is used to imply that the steam, after passing the hp turbine and before entering
the ip turbine, is reheated by passing it through the boiler again.
Since the previous introduction we are well aware of the importance of a turbine and its working
in a power plant. There are various other aspects like axial shift, casing expansion, bearings,
turbine lubrication etc.
Turbine requires perfect conditions to work efficiently. The manufacturer of turbine is BHEL
which is abbreviation of BHARAT HEAVY ELECTRICALS LTD. The turbine is based on
KWU desigh, which stands for KRAFT WORKS UNION. The given manufacturer as specified
certain condition for turbine working and certain specification of the same, which are as follows.
33 ANIKET KAUSHAL
0800116012
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION OF 210 MW STEAM TURBINE
SL.NO DESCRIPTION PARAMETER
1 RATED CAPACITY 210 MW
2 PRESSURE AT STOP VALVE 150 KG/CM2
3 TEMPERATURE AT STOP VALVE 535 C
4 MAX. STEAM FLOW AT S.V 641 TONNES /HR
5 REHEAT/NON REHEAT REHEAT
6 TYPE OF GOVERNING THROTLLE CONTROL
7 TURBINE SPEED 3000 RPM
8 EXHAUST PRESSURE 76 MM HG.ABS
9 NUMBER OF CYLINDERS
H.P-1,DOUBLE FLOW
IP-1,DOUBLE FLOW
LP-1
10 NUMBER OF STAGES
HP-25, IP-20 +20,LP-
8+8
11 HEIGHT OF LAST STAGE BLADE 676 MM
12 LAST STEAGE MEAN DIA 2132 MM
13
SPECIAL FEATURE
-DOUBLE SHELL HP
WITH BARREL TYPE
OUTER SHELL -
DOUBLE SHELL
DOUBLE FLOW IP -
HYDRAULIC BARRING
- ELECTRO-
HYDRAULIC
GOVERNING
14 WEIGHT OF TURBINE 425 TONNES
15 LENGTH OF TURBINE 14.1 METERS
16 TYPE OF TURBINE REACTION
17 COLLABORATOR SIEMENS, GERMANY
34 ANIKET KAUSHAL
0800116012
Construction
The turbine is a tandem compound machine which separates the hp, ip and lp sections. The hp
section is single flow while ip & lp are dual flow. The turbine rotor and generator rotor are
connected by rigid couplings.
The hp turbine is throttle controlled, the steam is entered ahead of blades via combination of two
stop and control valves. A swing check valve is installed between the exhaust and the reheater, to
prevent the flow of hot steam back into the hp turbine. The steam coming from reheater is passed
to ip turbine via combination of two reheat stop and control valves. Cross around pipes connect
the ip and lp cylinders. Connections are provided at several point of turbine for feed water
extraction.
HP TURBINE
The outer casing of turbine is of barrel type, which has neither axial nor a radial flange. This
prevents mass concentration which would cause high thermal stresses. The inner turbine is
axially split, which is accommodate thermal expansion.
IP TURBINE
The ip turbine is a dual flow turbine, with horizontally split casings. This is to facilitate thermal
movement of inner casing within outer casing.
LP TURBINE
The lp turbine is dual flow. It has a three shell design which are horizontally split and are of rigid
welded construction. The innermost shell, which carries first row of stationary blades, is
supported, so as to allow the thermal expansion of inner shell within intermediate shell.
BLADING
The entire turbine provided with reaction blading. The moving blades of hp and ip turbine
and the blades of front rows of lp trurbine are designed with integrally milled T-roots and
shrouds. The last stages of lp turpine are fitted with a twisted drop-forged moving blades with
firtree roots engaging in corresponding grooves in rotor.
Highly stressed guide blades of hp and ip parts have inverted T roots and shrouding are
machined from one piece like the moving blades. The other guide blades have inverted L roots
and rivetted shrouding. The last three stages of lp turbine have fabricated guide blades.
BEARINGS
The HP rotor is supported on two bearings, a journal bearing on its front end and a combined
journal and thrust bearing immediately next to the coupling of the ip rotor.
35 ANIKET KAUSHAL
0800116012
The ip and lp rotors have journal bearings at each of their rear ends. The combined journal and
thrust bearings incorporates a journal bearing and a thrust bearing which takes up residual thrust
from both direction. The bearing metal temperatures are measured by thermocouples directly
under the babbit lining. The temperature of the bearing is measured in the two opposite thrust
pads on each side.
SHAFT SEAL ANF BLADE TIP SEALING
All shaft seals, which seal the steam from the outer atmosphere are axial flow labyrinth type
seals. They consists of a large number of thin strips of seals which, in hp and ip turbine are
caulked alternately into the grooves in the shafts and the surrounding seal rings. In the lp turbine,
the seals are caulked only into seal rings. Seal strips of similar design are also used to seal the
radial blade tip clearences.
VALVES
The hp turbine is fitted with two main stop and control valves. One main stop valve and control
valve with stems arranged at right angles to each other, are combined in the common body. The
main stop valves are single seat spring action valves. The control valves are also single seat
valves but use diffuser a reduce the pressure losses.
The ip turbine has two reheat stop valves and control valves. The reheat stop valves are single
seat spring action valve, while the control valves are single seat valves loaded with diffusers. The
control valves operate in parallel and are completely open in the upper load range.
The main, reheat and control valves are supported free to move in thermal expansion. All the
valves are operated by individual hydraulic servomotors.
TURBINE CONTROL SYSTEM
The turbine has an electrohydraulic control system backed up with hydraulic governing system.
An electric system measures the speed and output and controls them by operating the control
valves hydraulically via controller electrohydraulic converter. The electro hydraulic controller
ensure controlled acceleration of the turbine generator up to the rated speed and prevents the
over shooting of speed in case of sudden load rejections. The linear power frequency droop
characteristics can be adjusted in fine steps even when the turbine is running.
36 ANIKET KAUSHAL
0800116012
TURBINE MONITORING SYSTEM
In addition to measuring and display instruments for pressure, temperatures, valve lifts and speed
etc.. the monitoring system also includes the instruments for measuring and indicating the
following parameters:-
• Absolute expansion measured at the front and rear bearing pedestal of the hp turbine.
• Differential expansion of hp and ip turbines.
• Rotor expansion measured at the rear bearing pedestal of the lp turbine.
• Axial shift measured at the hp-ip pedestal.
• Bearing pedestal vibration, measured at all turbine bearings.
• Shaft vibration measured at all turbine bearings.
Turbine Stress Controller is provided to monitor thermal stresses in vital turbine components.
OIL SUPPLY SYSTEM
A single oil supply system lubricates and cool the bearings, governs the machine, operates the
hydraulic actuators and the safety and the protective devices and the drives the hydraulic timing
gear. The main oil pump is driven by turbine shaft and draws oil from main oil tank. Auxillary
oil pumps maintain the oil supply on start-up and shut down, during turning gear operation and
when the main oil pump is faulted.
When the turning is started a jacking oil pump forces high pressure oil under the shaft journals
the prevent boundary lubrication. The lubricating and cooling oil is passed through oil coolers
before entering the bearings.
AXIAL SHIFT
The axial shift is the measure of axial displacement of the shaft within the thrust bearing. Axial
shift is set at zero when thrust is at the center of the axial clearance at the thrust pads. Axial shift
towards generator is positive and towards generator is negative. Alarm and tripping is provided
when the axial shift reading exceeds the set value.
37 ANIKET KAUSHAL
0800116012
MARKETTING STRATEGIES
The UPRVUNL, is the sister organization of UPPCL, hence all of the electricity generated is
sold to UPPCL at a fixed rate which is decided by UP State Electricity Regulatory Authority.
The other by product, which is fly-ash, is sold to various cement factories like Diamond factory
and cement factory of Satna.
38 ANIKET KAUSHAL
0800116012
Diversification or Expansion
The Parichha thermal power project is in a constant state of expansion in context to the power
produced. Earlier the plant was of the capacity of 110X2 MW only.
Its power output was increased to the capacity of 640MW by installation of 210X2 MW units.
The development is not stopped yet, there is installation 250X2 MW units underway and are
expected to be operational with in some time.
Due to aggressive policy of government in power sector, the power sector is going to show
aggressive growth in the coming years.
39 ANIKET KAUSHAL
0800116012
Suggestions
The plant is working fine with not many hindrances, but the main concern is the cleanliness of
plant.
The plant, especially 110X2 unit building of the plant is not clean enough. What I believe is that
cleaner environment might help in improving of productivity and decrease the rate of
breakdowns.
This might improve the efficiency of the unit as lesser number of foreign elements will be
present which prevent the proper functioning of the unit. If the efficiency increases, the coal
consumption will be reduced for the same load and that would provide a better profit to the
organization.
40 ANIKET KAUSHAL
0800116012
Conclusion
From all the study it can be concluded that the Pariccha thermal power project of 210X2 unit is a
fairly organized unit with the latest machinery available.
The turbine is a very sophisticated assembly of machinery which requires specific conditions of
steam temperature and pressure to work efficiently. Any alteration of the specific requirements
may prove hazardous to the turbine.
Another interesting yet worrying fact is the quantity of coal consumed, which approximately
10800 tonne per day. The level of pollution is always controlled according the established norms,
but still I consider it to be quite enough. Well, efforts are always underway inreducing the
pollution and improving the efficiency of the plant.
All in all, a thermal power project is very large establishment with many components and it awes
me to see how all the components work in a synchronized manner.
41 ANIKET KAUSHAL
0800116012
References
• Steam turbine for power generation NPTI.
• Wikipedia
• indianpowersector.com
• www.uprvunl.com