TheReformation The Reformation The English Reformation Henry VIII to Elizabeth I Photo Credits Sacred DestinationsLucas Cranach Gertrude KanuLee Lai Stephen

TheThe ReformationReformationThe English ReformationHenry VIII to Elizabeth I

Photo Credits•Sacred Destinations Lucas Cranach

•Gertrude Kanu Lee Lai

•Stephen Komp Charlotte Nordahl

•Mike Reed Alex Bepple

•Debra Dinda R. Bean

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• English religion as bitter fruit of royal family trees

– Tudors (England) vs. Stuarts (Scotland)

• Produced no outstanding spiritual awakening or

religious leaders to direct reform

– Reformation in England, largely an act of the state

• Via Media: Midway between Catholic & Protestant

– Political interests of subsequent rulers determined

religion

• Edward VI (1547-1553) – Protestant leanings

• Mary Tudor [Bloody Mary] (1553-1558) – Staunchly Catholic

• Elizabeth I (1558-1603) – Via Media: Protestant Settlement

Uniqueness of England’s Reformation

• Long reputation of maintaining rights of the crown

• Socio-economic realignments

• Breakdown in the church’s function (structure / personnel)

• The intellectual factor of humanism

– Popular humanistic teachers in key universities

– Strong reaction to Lutheran ideas

– Lutheran interest among scholars at White Horse Inn

– Biblical Translators

• Tyndale: “God grant the King of England’s eyes will be

opened.”

• Coverdale: Great Bible and Geneva Bible

Precursors of English Reformation

• Henry’s arranged marriage to Catherine of Aragon

beset with problems

– Doubt about the ethical soundness of the arrangement

– Marriage had produced no male heir for the throne

– He never loved her from the start

• Finding solution for dropping Catherine to marry

Anne

– Henry requested Rome to annul his union – impossible

– Cranmer’s conclusion: Declare King supreme in English

spiritual affairs

The “Great Matter” -- Securing a proper divorce for Henry VIII

• Parliamentary Statutes – Act of Supremacy

– Act of Restraint of Appeals

– Act of Succession

• Cromwell: Key role in separation legislation– Policies elevated King to supreme ruler & head of church

– Drew Reformation agenda into England

– Fell out of favor and executed

• Cranmer: King’s advisor and archbishop – Resolved Henry’s “Great Matter”

– Imports reforms into the new Church of England

– Composed Book of Common Prayer

Ecclesiastical-Political Break with Rome: Via Reformation Parliament 1529-1536

• The Ten Articles

– Composed by Henry to help shape English church

• The Injunctions of 1536 and 1538

– Teach Protestant appropriation of the Ten Articles

– The “Bishops Book” in response to “Pilgrimage of

Grace” riots

• The Six Bloody Articles

– RC reversion due to political pressures from the

continent

Establishment of English Protestantism

• Regents controlled kingly affairs reversing Catholicism

• Seymour: Duke of Somerset: Reformation advance

– Act of Uniformity 1549: To establish order to process

• Dudley: Duke Northumberland: Steadfast establishment

– Influenced by Swiss Reformed

– New Act of Uniformity

– Reissued Second Prayer Book

– Forty-Two Articles prepared by Cranmer

Edward VI’s Brief Reign (1547-

1553)

• Protestantism her source of dishonor

• Persecution and exodus of Protestant Leaders

• Restoration to Roman Obedience -- Height of

reversion via Cardinal Pole

– Parliament reenacted laws against heresy, enabling

death to Protestants

– Former Archbishop Cranmer in great dilemma

– Era recorded by John Foxe’s Book of Martyrs

• Sudden death ends Mary’s reign, 1558

Reign of “Bloody” Mary (1553-

58)

• Protestant by reason of conscience and politics

• Hailed by Protestant party - exiles return from Continent

• Religion & politics required cooperative restructuring

– New Act of Supremacy and Act of Conformity

• Implementing “Religious Uniformity” (Inclusivism)

– Unity of worship in form (latitude in beliefs)

– Reissued Book of Common Prayer (Vestarian Controversy)

– Calculated transfer of ecclesiastical leadership

• Thirty-Nine Articles as doctrinal foundation

Elizabethan Settlement (1558-

1603): Return to Protestant Agenda

• Strong antipathies on either side of the religious question

– Catholic: Universities were sympathetic to

Catholicism

– Protestant: Marian exiles returning were ardent

Protestants with Calvinist agenda

– Puritan: John Knox no small thorn in Elizabeth’s

side

Struggle for Catholic Survival:The Role of Mary, Queen of Scots

• International Catholic intrigue to overthrow

Elizabeth and restore England to Rome

– Secret agreements between Phillip II, the Pope,

and other European sovereigns

– Covert role of the Jesuits and Catholic Universities

– Pope Pius V declared Elizabeth illegitimate and

excommunicated her


• Enemies invade England via Spain’s Phillip

II

– Spanish Armada sent out against England (1588)

– But nature (storms) and clever English fighting

reversed the battle (sinking Armada)


• Elizabethan Puritans found it impossible to worship with the Prayer Book

– Via media not far enough to the right for them

– Those informed by Swiss Calvinism chafe

– Elizabeth and James 1 unwilling to accommodate

– Key Puritans had strong abiding presence (e.g. Baxter)

• Separatist Puritans emerged led by Robert Brown

– Gathered a separated congregation in Norwich

– Birth of English congregationalism

• Parliament passes Act against the Puritans 1593

– Netherlands important sanctuary for Puritans/Separatists

English Independents: Puritans/Separatists Emerging

TheThe ReformationReformationThe CatholicCounter-Reformation






• Proactively: Internal renewal instigated by upper-class clergy and papacy – Council of Trent

– Missionary explosion into new worlds

– Monasticism and mysticism revived• Capuchins, Carmelites

• St. Teresa, St. John of Cross

• Reactively: Defensive measures to confine Protestantism / prevent spread – Institutions/programs/actions to counter-balance

advances of Protestantism

Catholic Church both proactive and reactive in light of present situation

• Catholic “reformation” preceded and continued

beyond the Protestant Reformation

– Pope Paul III (1534-49) initiated programs of reform

• Counter Reformation officially secured the agenda of

reforming Catholic church

– Roman Inquisition

– Index of prohibited books (till 1966)

– Strengthened relations with Catholic rulers

• Three primary lines of response:

Inquisition, Council of Trent, and the Jesuits

Catholic Reformation andCatholic Counter-Reformation

• Founded for purpose of dealing with Protestant heresy

• Practices of the Roman Inquisition

– Power to confiscate property, imprison and execute

(turn over) the guilty

– Accused were guilty till proven innocent, could not see

accusers, and could be tortured to extract confession

– Power of pardon was reserved for the Pope

• Dead letter outside of Italy to eliminate heresy

– Rome tried other methods of silencing:

The Index, and Council of Trent

Pope Paul III “Holy Office” of the Roman Inquisition

• Background Issues of this “General Council”

– Failed to launch do to fears of papacy for outcome

– Politicking for proper sight and voting establishment

– Weak church representation overall

– Pope never personally attended Council, but sent legates

only

– Long-term affair

• Sat for ~ 6 years over 18 year span with 25 sessions

Highlights: Council of Trent (1545-63)

• Summary of Council Actions:(only authoritative if/when ratified by Pope)

– Ecclesiastical Reforms

• Reformed rules for indulgences

• Multiple office-holding banned

• Seminaries for every diocese required

• Celibacy for clerics reaffirmed

– Doctrinal Reaffirmations

• Agree faith is necessary for salvation, but not sufficient

• Sacrifice of Mass upheld

• Church tradition and scripture remain equal authority

– Birth of Tridentine Catholic church

Highlights: Council of Trent (1545-63)

• Early life of Ignatius (ca. 1495-1556)

– Recuperating from war wound,

former Spanish nobleman/playboy convicted

– Salvation = perfect obedience/loyalty to church

– “Spiritual Exercises”

• Gathered young men at University of Paris

– Vow to take mission to convert Turks or place in

service to the Pope

– Pope approved the order as Society of Jesus

The Society of Jesus:Jesuits of Ignatius Loyola

• Teaching order in time: Controlled important

educational institutions of RC church

• Helped stem the tide of Protestantism in German lands

– Peter Canisius produced a catechism

• Foreign missions zeal

– Spanish, Portuguese and later French Jesuits carried their

faith to new worlds

– Largely freed from political authorities

– Controversial methods (Rites Controversy)

– Sincere and devoted in their cause

Impact of Jesuit Order:Education, Polemics, and Missions

TheThe LaterLater ReformationReformationEurope Divided






Cities of the Reformation

• Four major expressions

– RC remained solid in southern Europe

– Lutherans claimed north Germany / Scandinavia

– Anglican Church became the Church of England

– Reformed Churches dominated Switzerland,

Netherlands and Scotland, and significant

presence in France (Huguenots)

• Scotland converted to Presbyterianism

– Leadership of John Knox

• Polemical Age of “Confessionalism”

Mosaic of Post-Reformation Traditions

• Internal movements within each tradition divided confessional unity

– Anabaptists split from Reformed, and then split

among themselves

– Anglicans struggled with Puritan/Separatists

movements

– Calvinists divided along distinct confessions:

Westminster, Helvetic, Belgic etc.

– The greatest divide: High Calvinism vs.

Arminianism

Mosaic of Post-Reformation Traditions

• Jacob Arminius was Dutch priest who studied in Geneva under Beza

– Appointed to refute Coornhert

– Serves as professor of theology at Leyden

• Anti-prelapsarian views become public

• Remonstrance submitted

– Five Major Articles of the Remonstrance (Arminianism)

• Synod of Dort, 1619

– Condemnation of Arminianism

• Arminian Legacy

– Dutch Arminianism: rationalistic in spirit/approach

– High Church Anglicans: Arminian view of grace

Rise of Arminianism

• Origins in Puritans of Church of England

– Henry Jacob was key leader (Jacobites)

• John Smyth launched a “baptist” movement

– Thomas Helwys formed first Baptist Church of

London

– General Baptists emerged from these groups

• Particular Baptists retained Calvinistic

statements of Dort

– Insisted on baptism by immersion

Rise of the Baptists

• Cobbler’s apprentice in English village

• Weary of formal religion of England

• Christ revealed to him in immediate experience

– Inner Light is true route to find God

• Remarkable ministry despite persecution

– Religious visionary and social reformer

– Denied need for churches / priests to find God

– Taught that in Christ, can be delivered from all sin

– Meeting houses multiplied where “Friends” gathered /

trembled with emotion (Quakers)

Rise of the Quakers:Ministry of George Fox (1624-1685)

George Fox[Engraving by "S. Allen" of

a painting by "S. Chinn“]

• Old Testament prophetic office type ministry• Pleaded for religious freedom• Compassionate and mission-minded• Argued against slavery• Unique lifestyle an image of a “persecuted” religion

– Refused to pay tithes to government– Would not swear an oath– Would not bow before “betters” or uncover their head– Preferred “thou” and “thee” for reference to others– Worship service in silence– No sacraments– Emphasized community and love– Pacifist: Christ removed need for war

Style of Quaker Ministry

• Growth and expansion despite persecution

– Many Friends migrated to America for freedom of

religious expression

– William Penn established a “holy experiment” in

Pennsylvania

– Paved way for religious toleration, allowing

immigration of many Quakers

Style of Quaker Ministry

• Political rivalries fueled by religious

divisions

– Hapsburgs fighting to control emerging nations

• Conflicts in England, Scotland, France, Germany

– Struggle for future control of Europe unleashed

greatest war to date

• Thirty Years War (1618-1648) ravaged continent

• Left in its wake a new European arrangement of

nations and religion

Wars of Religion (16-17th c)

• Series of religious wars (Guise/Lorraine vs.

Bourbons)

– Catholics could not suppress Huguenots, and

Huguenots could not conquer Paris

• The Massacre at Vassy

• St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 1572

– Pope Gregory XIII ordered a Te Deum

• War of the Henry’s settled the issue

• Edict of Nantes (1598) granted Huguenots

freedom of worship

French Wars of Religion (1562-

1598)

• Four phases of conflict

– Hapsburg powers of Holy Roman empire and Spain

– French, English, Dutch, Protestant German states

• Defenestration of Prague

• Final European “war of religion”

– Began as religious struggle with political overtones

– Ended as political struggle with religious overtones

• Peace of Westphalia, 1643-48

– Holy Roman Empire became a mere geographical term

– Stabilized the political and religious map of Europe

– Heralding coming of modern era – post Christian Europe

Thirty Years War (1618-1648)

• Puritan frustrations over royal policies

– King Charles, King James I, William Laud

• Scots rebelled – put down by the King

• Irish rebelled – “plantation policy” in the

north

• Full-blown civil war in England

– Protestants under Cromwell enlisted help of Scots

(Westminster Confession drafted)

– Puritans establish a “Commonwealth”

• Charles II returned from exile, crowned king

English Civil War (1641-1646)

Documents

TheReformation The Reformation The English Reformation Henry VIII to Elizabeth I Photo Credits Sacred DestinationsLucas Cranach Gertrude KanuLee Lai Stephen