There Are Many Projects in India and I Do Not Have a List of All of Them

8/12/2019 There Are Many Projects in India and I Do Not Have a List of All of Them

1/14

Advantages and disadvantages of multipurpose projects and rivers in which it

is built

Advantages:

1) elimination or greatly reduced flooding

2) water storage

3) Power generation

4) improved lake fisheries

5) improved transportation

6) water for human consumption

7) water for irrigation and industrial consumption

Disadvantages:

1) displacement of people often with poor or no compensation

2) destruction of historical and archaeological sites

3) lost of habitat and riverine ecologies

4) increased pollution due to run off of fertilizers

5) siltation of the reservoir

6) loss of water down river for both ecological and human use

7) endangerment of the estuary fisheries at the mouth of the river

Inter-Linkage

If you have multiple projects integrated into one, then each projectaffects the other. They are inter-linked. For instance, a dam may have

hydroelectric generators for producing electricity to power homes and

businesses. It also acts as a reservoir for irrigation. If the generators go

down, the irrigation waters will be trapped and cannot get out to the

farmlands that need them. There may be a more serious problem -- if

the water level keeps rising or if there is heavy rainfall, the dam could

burst and the resulting floods could cause widespread damage. In other

words, a failure in one part of the project has a collateral impact on the

other parts.

Maintenance


2/14

While maintenance will be necessary for both multi-purpose and single-purpose projects, maintenance becomes more complicated for multi-

purpose projects. For instance, consider a windmill that creates wind

power and turns a grinding stone at the same time. If it was a single-

purpose project, you would only have to maintain one function or the

other. However, because it is a multi-purpose project, you'll have to

maintain the mill, the electrical generator, the grinding wheels and all of

the mechanical parts on a regular basis. This is more time consuming

and expensive.

Cost

While they might be more efficient in the long run, multi-purposeprojects are expensive to develop. For example, building a dam is an

expensive and lengthy undertaking. There are environmental

assessment studies that have to be done, permits secured, construction

plans have to be drawn up, people living downstream may have to be

relocated and new transportation systems will have to be built. A major

highway development project aimed at linking communities andfacilitating commerce is also a costly project. In times of economic

restraint and shrinking budgets, it may not always be feasible to consider

a multi-purpose project.


3/14


4/14


5/14

Akosombo Dam

The Akosombo Dam, also known as the Akosombo Hydroelectric Project, is a

hydroelectric dam on the Volta River in southeasternGhana in the Akosombo

gorge and part of the Volta River Authority. The construction of the dam

flooded part of the Volta River Basin, and the subsequent creation of Lake

Volta.Lake Volta is the world's largest man-made lake, covering 8,502 square

kilometres (3,283 sq mi), which is 3.6% of Ghana's land area.[1]

The primary purpose of the Akosombo Dam was to provide electricity for the

aluminium industry.[2]

The Akosombo Dam was called "the largest single

investment in the economic development plans of Ghana."[3]

Its original

electrical output was 912MW,which was upgraded to 1,020 MW in a retrofit

project that was completed in 2006.[4]

Power station

Hydraulic head 68.8 m (226 ft) (max)

Turbines 6 x 170Francis-type

Installed capacity 1,038 MW

Design

The dam is a 660 m (2,170 ft) long and 114 m (374 ft) high rock-fill

embankment dam. It has a base width of 366 m (1,201 ft) and a structural

volume of 7,900,000 m3(10,300,000 cu yd). Thereservoir created by the dam,

Lake Volta, has a capacity of 148 km3(120,000,000 acreft) and a surface area

of 8,502 km2 (3,283 sq mi). The lake is 400 km (250 mi) long. Maximum lake

level is 84.73 m (278.0 ft) and minimum is 73.15 m (240.0 ft).[7]

On the east

side of the dam are two adjacent spillways that can discharge approximately

34,000 m3/s (1,200,000 cu ft/s) of water. Each spillway contains six 11.5 m

(38 ft) wide and 13.7 m (45 ft) tall steelfloodgates.[15][16]

The dam's power plant

contains six 170 MWFrancis turbines.Each turbine is supplied with water via a

112116 m (367381 ft) long and 7.2 m (24 ft) diameter penstock with a

maximum of 68.8 m (226 ft) ofhydraulic head afforded
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric_damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volta_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volta_River_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Voltahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Voltahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akosombo_Dam#cite_note-Fobil-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akosombo_Dam#cite_note-Fobil-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akosombo_Dam#cite_note-Fobil-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akosombo_Dam#cite_note-Zakhary-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akosombo_Dam#cite_note-Zakhary-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akosombo_Dam#cite_note-Zakhary-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akosombo_Dam#cite_note-GHP-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akosombo_Dam#cite_note-GHP-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akosombo_Dam#cite_note-GHP-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akosombo_Dam#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akosombo_Dam#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akosombo_Dam#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embankment_damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akosombo_Dam#cite_note-akohydro-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akosombo_Dam#cite_note-akohydro-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akosombo_Dam#cite_note-akohydro-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spillwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodgatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akosombo_Dam#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akosombo_Dam#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akosombo_Dam#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penstockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penstockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akosombo_Dam#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akosombo_Dam#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodgatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spillwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akosombo_Dam#cite_note-akohydro-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embankment_damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akosombo_Dam#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akosombo_Dam#cite_note-GHP-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akosombo_Dam#cite_note-Zakhary-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akosombo_Dam#cite_note-Fobil-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Voltahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Voltahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volta_River_Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volta_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric_dam


6/14

Bui Dam

The Bui Dam is a 400 megawatt hydroelectric project in Ghana. It is built on

theBlack Volta river at theBui Gorge,at the southern end ofBui National Park.

The project is a collaboration between the government of Ghana and Sino

Hydro,a Chinese construction company. Construction on the main dam began

in December 2009. Its first generator produced power for the grid on May 3,

2013,[4]

with completion expected in 2014.

Design

The Bui Dam is agravityroller-compacted concrete-type with a height of 108 m

(354 ft) above foundation and 90 m (295 ft) above the riverbed. The crest of

the dam is 492 m (1,614 ft) meters long and sits at an elevation of 185 m

(607 ft) above sea level (ASL). The main dam's structural volume is

1,000,000 m3 (35,000,000 cu ft). Southwest of the dam two saddle (or

auxiliary) dams maintain pool levels and prevent spillage into other areas of

the basin. The first and closest to the main dam is Saddle Dam 1. It is 500

metres (1,640 ft) southwest of the main dam and is a rock-fill embankment

dam.The dam rises 37 m (121 ft) above ground level and has a crest length of

300 m (984 ft). 1 km (1 mi) southwest of the main dam is Saddle Dam 2. This

dam is a zoned earth-fill type with a height of 7 m (23 ft) ASL and a crest length

of 580 m (1,903 ft). Both saddle dams have a crest elevation of 187 m (614 ft)

ASL.[3]

The reservoir that the main and saddle dams create will have a maximum

capacity of 12,570,000,000 m3(10,190,665 acreft) of which 7,720,000,000 m

3

(6,258,706 acreft) is useful for power generation and irrigation. The reservoir'smaximum operating level will be 185 m (607 ft) ASL and the minimum 167 m

(548 ft) ASL. At the maximum level, the reservoir will have a surface area of

440 km2(170 sq mi) while the at minimum it will be 288 km

2(111 sq mi). The

reservoir's volume at minimum level is 6,600,000,000 m3(5,350,707 acreft).

The average length of the reservoir will be 40 km (25 mi) with an average

depth of 29 m (95 ft) and a maximum 88 m (289 ft).[3]

Just downstream of the dam on the left bank is the dam's powerhouse. Theintake at the reservoir will feed water through three penstocks to the three
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Voltahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bui_Gorge&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bui_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Ghanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino_Hydrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino_Hydrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bui_Dam#cite_note-commish-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bui_Dam#cite_note-commish-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bui_Dam#cite_note-commish-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller-compacted_concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_levelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embankment_damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embankment_damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bui_Dam#cite_note-ERM-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bui_Dam#cite_note-ERM-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bui_Dam#cite_note-ERM-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bui_Dam#cite_note-ERM-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bui_Dam#cite_note-ERM-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bui_Dam#cite_note-ERM-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penstockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penstockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bui_Dam#cite_note-ERM-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bui_Dam#cite_note-ERM-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embankment_damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embankment_damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_levelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller-compacted_concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bui_Dam#cite_note-commish-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino_Hydrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino_Hydrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Ghanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bui_National_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bui_Gorge&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Voltahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric


7/14

separate 133 MW Francis turbine-generators. Each turbine-generator has a

step-up transformer to increase the voltage to transmission level. A fourth

unit, with a penstock on the spillway, will provide four megawatts for station

service andblack start power, and will provide minimum flow to maintain river

levels if the main units should be shut down. The power station will have an

installed capacity of 400 MW and an estimated average annual generation of

980 GWh. The power station's switchyard is located 300 m (984 ft)

downstream. Four 161 kV transmission lines connect the substation to the

Ghana grid.[2][3]

The dam's spillway near the right bank consists of five radial

gates, each 15 m (49 ft) wide. The spillway sits at an elevation of 169 m (554 ft)

and has a maximum discharge of 10,450 m3/s (369,038 cu ft/s) which

correlates to a 1-in-10,000 year flood. The dam's outlet works consist of asingle outlet on the right bank converted from one of the diversion tunnels.

[3]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_starthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GWhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_substationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bui_Dam#cite_note-Project_Features-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bui_Dam#cite_note-Project_Features-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spillwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlet_workshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bui_Dam#cite_note-ERM-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bui_Dam#cite_note-ERM-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bui_Dam#cite_note-ERM-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bui_Dam#cite_note-ERM-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlet_workshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spillwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bui_Dam#cite_note-Project_Features-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bui_Dam#cite_note-Project_Features-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_substationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GWhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_starthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatt


8/14

Idukki Hydroelectric Project

The Idukki Hydroelectric Project is the biggest hydrolectric Project in Kerala

(India). It comprises of three dams at Idukki, Cheruthony and Kulamavu and

related systems. The power house at Moolamattom is the longest

underground power station in India and the pressure shaft is the largest in the

country. The Idukki dam is one of the highest dams in the world and the first

arch dam in India. Cheruthony is the largest and highest gravity dam in Kerala.

SALIENT FEATURES

Total drainage area 250.7 square. miles (649.3 square

kilometres)

Full Reservoir Level (FRL) +2403 feet (732.62 m)

Maximum Water Level (MWL) +2408.5 feet (734.3 m)

Gross Storage of FRL 70500 million cubic feet (1996.3 million cubic

metres)

Dead storagebelow Minimum Draw Down

Level (MDDL) of +2280 ft.

18957 million cubic feet (536.79 million cubicmetres)

Live storage 51543 million cubic feet (1459.5 million cubic

metres)

Water Spread area 23.1 sqare miles (59.83 sq. km)

Installed Capacity 780 Mega Watt (MW)

Firm Power Potential 210 MW (at 100% load factor)

WATER CONDUCTOR SYSTEM

Type Masonry, straight

gravity

Height above deepest

foundation

328 feet (99.97 m)


9/14

Length at top 1263 feet (384.96 m)

POWER TUNNEL

Section 23 inch dia (7.01 m) finished

horse shoe concrete lined (18

inches ie. 45.7 cm minimum 22

inches average i.e. 55.9 cm)

Length 6652 feet (2027.53 m)

SURGE SHAFT

Type Restricted orifice type with inclined shaftcompletely underground.

Size 28 feet 6 inches (8.69 m) dia. finished 250

feet (76.25 m) long and inclined at 53.

PRESSURE SHAFT

No.of pressure shafts

(under ground)

2 nos. (steel lined)

Length 3259 feet (993.34 m), 3136 feet

(955.85 m)

Butterfly valves One in each pressure shaft located

300 feet away from surge shaft

UNDERGROUND POWER HOUSE

No. of machines 6

Capacity of each 130 MW, 144 MVA

Power Factor 0.9

Size of power house 463 feet (141.1 m) length.

65 feet (19.8 m) width

113.5 feet (34.6 m) height

Turbines 6 nos. Vertical Pelton wheel type


10/14

Normal Speed 375 rpm

Runaway Speed 625 rpm

TAIL RACE TUNNELLength of tunnel 4000 feet (1220 m)

Tunnel section 26 feet x 23 feet (7.29 m x 7m)

'D' shaped, finished with full

section lining.

26 feet x 24 feet (7.92 m x 7.32

m) in weak zones

'D' shaped, finished with liningonly for floor and sides.

Length of open

channel

852 feet (259.7 m)

SWITCH YARD

Switch yard area 821 feet x 282 feet (250.24 m x

85.95 m)

Transmission lines One double circuit line to

Kalamassery one single circuit

line to Tamil Nadu One single

circuit line to Pallom and three

feeder bays forfuture.


11/14

Koyna Hydroelectric Project

The Koyna Hydroelectric Projectis the largest completedhydroelectric power

plant ofIndia.[1]

It is a complex project consisting of total four dams with the

largest Dam built onKoyna River known asKoyna Dam hence the name Koyna

Hydroelectric project.

The total Installed capacity of the project is 1,960MW.The project consists of

4 stages of power generation. All the generators are located in the

underground Powerhouses excavated deep inside the surrounding mountains

of the Western Ghats. A dam foot powerhouse also contributes to the

electricity generation. Due to the project's electricity generating potential the

Koyna River is considered as the life line of Maharashtra.

Salient features of Koyna hydro-electric project

Stage I & II Stage III Stage IV

1. Dam

Catchement Area 891.78 km2(344 sq mi)

25.04 km2

(10 sq mi)

Capacity of

stage I & II is

utilised

Capacity 2797.00 mm3 36 mm3

Max. Height above

foundation103.02 m 63.30 m

Length 807.72 m 497.00 m

2. Intake Works

Head Race Tunnel

length3748 m 4551 m 4230 m

Intake TunnelDiameter

6.4 m Circular 7.4 m 'D'Shape

7 m * 9.50 m

Horse shoe

shape

Descharge

Capacity164m3 /sec 170 m3 /sec 260 m3 / sec

3. Pressure Shafts

Number 4 4 4

Length(each) 616 m 192 m 590 m
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyna_Hydroelectric_Project#cite_note-Largest_hydroelectric_power_plant_in_India-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyna_Hydroelectric_Project#cite_note-Largest_hydroelectric_power_plant_in_India-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyna_Hydroelectric_Project#cite_note-Largest_hydroelectric_power_plant_in_India-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyna_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyna_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_Powerhousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ghatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyna_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyna_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ghatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_Powerhousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyna_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyna_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyna_Hydroelectric_Project#cite_note-Largest_hydroelectric_power_plant_in_India-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric


12/14

Stage I & II Stage III Stage IV

4. Power House

Approach Tunnel

Length864 m 780 m 988 m

Tail Race Tunnel

Length2215 m 4543 m 2314 m

Number of

Turbines

4(stage I) + 4(stage II) +

2(Dam foot powerhouse) =

10

4 4

Type of Turbine

Pelton(stage I & II)

Francis(Dam foot

Powerhouse)

Francis Francis

Installed

Generation

capacity

600 MW 320 MW 1000 MW

5. Switch yard 4572 m 340 m134 m * 18 m

under ground

6. Load Factor 60% 24% 18% (1 + 2 & 4)

This is the largest completedhydroelectric project ofIndia.[1]

The water used for generation of electricity joins Arabian sea near Chiplun

while the water which is discharges through the spillways of the dam in

monsoon seasonjoins theBay of Bengal throughKrishna River.

The process of double lake tapping was done first of its kind inAsiatic regionat the 4th stage of this project.

[5]

All the components of the project such as Powerhouses,Head race and tail

race tunnels, Pressure shafts are constructed underground.

The modern Gas Insulated Switchgear system is used in 4th stage of the

project
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyna_Hydroelectric_Project#cite_note-Largest_hydroelectric_power_plant_in_India-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyna_Hydroelectric_Project#cite_note-Largest_hydroelectric_power_plant_in_India-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyna_Hydroelectric_Project#cite_note-Largest_hydroelectric_power_plant_in_India-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiplunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spillwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon_seasonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyna_Hydroelectric_Project#cite_note-Lake_tapping-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyna_Hydroelectric_Project#cite_note-Lake_tapping-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyna_Hydroelectric_Project#cite_note-Lake_tapping-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switchgearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switchgearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyna_Hydroelectric_Project#cite_note-Lake_tapping-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon_seasonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spillwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiplunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyna_Hydroelectric_Project#cite_note-Largest_hydroelectric_power_plant_in_India-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric


13/14

Purification of Dam Water for Drinking Purposes

When water of better quality is not available, surface water stored in dammed

reservoirs often provides the best solution for providing water supplies. This is

particularly true for mountainous areas, where conveying water in tanker

trucks from distant areas is the only other option for providing water,

especially where groundwater sources of acceptable quality are not available.

Technology Description

The water stored in upstream dams must be treated before it can be used for

drinking purposes. The degree of treatment depends on the quality of the

water in the dam. The water treatment is typically conducted in plants

constructed for that purpose, prior to the water being released into the water

distribution network. A treatment plant can be located near the dam or within

city boundaries. Treatment of water withdrawn from a dam for drinking

purposes typically includes the following processes:

Treatment at the dam water intake Proper selection of the intakedepth is a firfst step in the treatment process. It should be located at a

depth in the water column that allows the smallest quantities of

suspended materials (e.g., iron, manganese) to be present in the water

being withdrawn from the dam throughout the year. The water

temperature should be as low as possible. These goals can be best

achieved by constructing a intake tower in the dam with intake

structures at various depths, thereby allowing the withdrawal of water

from different depths throughout the annual cycle, depending on the

quality of the water at given depth;

Primary water treatment this process consists of filtering the water(and the suspended materials contained in it) through coarse and fine

screens, followed by a sand and silt trapping process, and thereafter by

primary chlorination;

Aeration this is an essential process if the raw water containsexcessive quantities of oxygen, hydrogen sulphate or carbon dioxide.

Conversely, it also is used when the water contains low oxygen

concentrations;


14/14

Clarification this process is used to clarify (increase transparency) ofthe water if it is excessively turbid, if it has excessive colour, or if it

contains excessive quantities of solid, organic and suspended materials.

Clarification can take two forms, including (1) complete coagulation,

flocculation, settling and filtration, or (2) partial coagulation, fine

flocculation and filtration;

Disinfection this process is meant to remove mold, bacteria andinfectious agents from the water. The disinfection is typically done by

introducing chlorine gas, hypochloride solution or ozone gas to the

water, or by treating it with ultraviolet (UV) light;

Absorptionthis process is done by passing the water through activatedcarbon. This treatment is essential if the raw surface water is highlypolluted, and virtually guarantees the complete removal of

microorganisms, as well as water taste or smell problems.

Application of this technology assumes some appropriate environmental

conditions, as follows:

Suitable topographic, climatic, hydrological and geological conditions toallow the construction of dams sufficient to meet potable waterdemands throughout the year;

Protection of the dam from all sources of sanitary drainage water,organic and chemical pollutants, and access by animals. Nonpoint-source

pollution from human, agricultural and industrial activities in the

drainage basin also should be reduced to the maximum extent.

Documents

There Are Many Projects in India and I Do Not Have a List of All of Them