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Therapies
Therapy involves:
• Identifying the problem• Identifying the cause • Deciding a form of treatment
Types of therapists:
• Counseling psychologists• Clinical psychologists• Psychiatrists• Psychiatric nurse practitioners• Psychoanalysts• Clinical social workers• Pastoral counselors
The History of Psychological Disorders Is Indeed Varied.
Phillip Pineal in France and Dorethea Dix in America.
Treatment Used on Is Based on the Therapists Background.
Behavioral therapies
Cont.
• Some believe they are biologically rooted • Some believe they are a response to social
conditions
Therapies Are Classified Into Two Main Categories:
structured verbal intervention.
directly impact the nervous system.
The Psychotherapies
Psychotherapy is a Planned, Emotionally Charged Confiding
Interaction Between a Trained Socially Sanctioned Healer and a
Sufferer.
There are two categories of psychotherapies:
1. Insight or talk therapies
The second type of psychotherapy are the behavior therapies
Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis Comes From Freudian Psychoanalytic
Techniques.
Cont.
• free association
Cont.
• resistance
Cont.
• results from anxiety and repression.
Dreams latent content.
Patient begins to trust the analyst.
psychoanalysts insist that they are helpful.
.
• Few psychoanalysts today
Humanist Therapies
People are motivated by healthy needs and self-fulfillment .
The Best Known Is Carl Roger’s client centered therapy
Problems occur when positive self-image is threatened.
Uses a Technique Called Reflective Listening
• Constantly seeking clarification
Behavior Therapies
Interested the elimination of the problem.
They Use Counter Conditioning.
Systematic Desensitization.
• introduced by psychiatrist Joseph Wolpe in 1958.
Cont.
• Mary Cover Jones’s rabbit experiment showed how to eliminate a child’s fear.
Progressive laxation Also Eliminates Unwanted Behaviors
Exposure treatment
• A more aggressive type of systematic desensitization
Behavioral Therapists Also Use Observational Learning.
.
Aversive Stimuli
Cont.
The person’s ability to discriminate real from fiction impacts the effectiveness of this treatment.
Behaviorists Also Use Operant Conditioning
Dialectic behavior therapy
• Focuses on getting people to accept themselves
Cognitive Therapies
Thinking Affects Feelings.
• Depressed people misinterpret things.
Rational Emotive Therapy
• Created by Albert Ellis• problems arise from irrational thinking.
you can reach your goals by positive self talk.
Many cognitive therapists feel depressed people do not possess
a self serving bias.
Children can be taught skills that will buffer them against
depression.
Donald Meehanbaum Uses Something Called Stress
Inoculation Training.
Cognitive therapy actually changes the brain.
Interpersonal therapy
Concentrates on improving social relationships by building social skills
Group and Family Therapies
All of these therapies except for traditional psychoanalysis can
occur in small groups.
The social context shows others have similar problems.
Family Therapy..
Evaluating Psychotherapy
The National Institute of Mental health estimates that 15% of
Americans seek mental health help each year.
Is Psychotherapy Effective?
• 75% clients report satisfaction, 50% report to be very satisfied.
What Are the Clinical Perceptions?
Most therapists testify to the therapy’s success.
Outcomes Research
Mary Lee Smith and her colleagues in 1980 combined the results of 475 investigations in a
statistical study.
• Findings overwhelmingly supported the efficacy of psychotherapy.
Psychotherapy will not transform your life permanently.
In General, Therapy Is Most Effective When the Problem Is
Clear Cut. For Example:
• Phobias• Depression• Unassertiveness• Frustrated sexual performance
What is the most effective form of psychotherapy?
No one therapy that is better
Are There Commonalities Among Therapies?
• Three benefits:• Hope • New perspectives of world• The development of an empathic, trusting,
caring relationship.
Consensus on effective therapy
Behavioral therapies are best for:
• General phobias• Enuresis• Autism• Alcoholism
Cognitive behavior therapy for:
• Chronic pain• Eating disorders• Agoraphobia• Depression
Insight therapies
• Couple relationship problems
Bio-medical Therapies
Alters the brain's chemistry with drugs
• Overloading its’ circuits with electro-convulsive shock
• Disconnecting its’ circuits with psychosurgery
Drug Therapies
– Began in 1953 with an antipsychotic drug called chlorpromazine
This is the most common biomedical treatment .
• Psychopharmacology, is the study of drug effects on the mind and behavior.
Anti-psychotic Drugs
They treat psychosis
The newest generation of anti-psychotic drugs are called
atypical antipsychotics(risperadone,
olanzapine, paliperidone) reduce the symptoms of psychosis
Anti-anxiety Drugs
The most heavily prescribed are Benzodiazepine (Xanex, Ativan,
Valium and Librium
These drugs have side effects
Anti-Depressant drugs
• Turn up the volume on messages transmitted over certain brain pathways.
• Iprioniazids (nardil, parnate)• Inhibit the monoamine oxidase enzyme(MAO)
Produces dangerous side effects
Tricylics (Tofranil and Elavil)
• Increase the supply of Serotonin and Norepinephrine by decreasing reuptake at the receptor sites
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)
• Increase the available supply of Serotonin by preventing reuptake
Suicide is related to use of these drugs
The full effect of anti-depressant drugs really take 4 to 5 weeks and
usually the effect is aided by cognitive therapy.
For those suffering from bi-polar disorder. Lithium is a stabilizer.
Stimulants (caffeine, nicotine, , ritilin, amphetamines
• Produce excitement or hyperactivity• Effective in treating narcolepsy and ADHD
Current drug therapies reduce or increases activity at all receptors
for a given transmitter.
Electro-convulsive therapy
Manipulation of the brain through shock treatment.
• Called ECT.
Today, patients receive anesthetics
75 to 100 volts of electricity are applied to the right temple for about
1/10 of a second.
It is ineffective in treating other psychological disorders.
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Under experimentation• High-powered magnetic stimulation is
applied to specific parts of the brain• Can cause seizures and convulsions
Psychosurgery
Removes or destroys brain tissue to change behavior.
• Developed by a Portuguese physician named Egas Moniz
.
Nerves are cut between the frontal lobes and the thalamus
and hypothalamus
Some types of psychosurgery are used in extreme cases of brain
disorder .
Other alternatives
Therapeutic communities
• Introduced by Maxwell Jones in 1953. Patients control their own lives, including treatment plans.
Deinstitutionalization and community mental health
Known as the community mental health movement