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Therapeutic Principles and Theories
Transactional Analysis – Eric Berne
Personality Structure
Each individual personality is divided into three separate and distinct sources of behaviour
P Parent
A Adult
C Child
~
Therapeutic Principles and Theories
The PAC represent skeletal-muscular and verbal patterns of behaviour and feelings based on emotions and experiences perceived by people in their early years
Parent
Nurturing
Helping and supportive behaviour
Critical
Criticism, control and punishment
Contains instructions, attitudes and behaviours handed down by parents and significant authority figures
~
Transactional Analysis – Eric Berne
Therapeutic Principles and Theories
Adult
Operates logically and non emotionally, problems solving, using information to make decisions without emotion.
Child
Adaptive child
Emerges as the result of demands of authority and is marked by passivity
Natural or Free Child
Impulsive, untrained, self loving, and pleasure seeking
The Child contributes joy, creativity, intuition, pleasure and enjoyment. ~
Transactional Analysis – Eric Berne
Therapeutic Principles and Theories
Structural Analysis
The identification of what element of the personality is responding to the situation and how appropriate that is.
~
Transactional Analysis – Eric Berne
Therapeutic Principles and Theories
Personality Operation
Berne believed that people have the rationality and freedom to make decisions and solve their own problems
The well adjusted person allows the situation to determine which ego state is in control attempting to strike a balance between all three.
Transaction
A unit of human communication or a stimulus response connection between two people’s ego states.
~
Transactional Analysis – Eric Berne
Therapeutic Principles and Theories
Transactional Analysis
Bill Tom
P P
A A
C C
Transactional Analysis – Eric Berne
Therapeutic Principles and Theories
Types of Transactions
Complementary
“the natural order of healthy human relationships,” occurs when a response comes from the ego state to which it was addressed
Crossed
When a response comes from an ego state not addressed or not appropriate to the situation
CovertResponse which overtly appears to be directed at one ego state but covertly is addressed at another
-sarcasm, teasing,
Transactional Analysis – Eric Berne
Therapeutic Principles and Theories
Complementary
P
A
C
P
A
C
Crossed Covert
Transactional Analysis – Eric Berne
Therapeutic Principles and Theories
Script Analysis
A life script is that life plan the individual’s “child”selected early in their developmental years base mostly on the overt or covert messages or injunctions received from the “child” in your parents
Injunctions
Authoritative directives
Scripts are the characteristic way we structure our transactions
~
Transactional Analysis – Eric Berne
Therapeutic Principles and Theories
1. Directions from parents
2. Patterned personality development
3. A confirming childhood decision about identity
4. A penchant or inclination for either success or failure
5. A pattern of behaviour
~
Five Component Parts of Scripts
Therapeutic Principles and Theories
Game
An ongoing series of complementary ulterior transactions progressing to a well defined predictable outcome. – manipulation
Homeostasis
The tendency of an individual to maintain internal psychological equilibrium by regulating his or her own intrapsychic process – status quo –
Game playing functions to maintain homeostasis in biological, existential, internal psychological, external psychological, internal and external social areas
~
Game Analysis
Therapeutic Principles and Theories
I’m OK and you’re OK - healthy
I’m not OK and you’re OK - poor me, victim
I’m not OK and you’re not OK - pessimist
I’m OK and you’re not OK - its everyone's fault but me or antisocial personality
~
Life Positions
Therapeutic Principles and Theories
Pursuit of Strokes
Human beings need recognition, they engage in transactions to exchanges strokes
Positive Strokes
Compliments, open affection, uninterrupted listening, praise, positive reinforcement.
Positive strokes are usually complementary transactions
Negative Strokes
Disagreement, punishment, lack of attention, humiliation, embarrassment
~
Motivation
Therapeutic Principles and Theories
Maintenance Strokes
Not positive or negative but keep communication open.
~
Motivation
Therapeutic Principles and Theories
Structuring Time
The manner in which we behave in order to receive strokes
Withdrawing
Behaviour is low risk because no transaction takes place however no strokes are received
Rituals
Prescribed social transactions – Hello – How are you etc
Relative risk – primarily maintenance strokes without commitment or involvement.
~
Transactional Analysis – Eric Berne
Therapeutic Principles and Theories
Pastimes
Socially acceptable activities which allow transactions
Primarily maintenance strokes but may lead to positive or negative ones – way of sizing up before commitment
Activities
Time spent dealing with the realities of the worldschool, work, clubs,
Allow strokes in terms of achievement.
~
Structuring Time – cont
Therapeutic Principles and Theories
Games
Attempts to gain strokes in a maladaptive way. Destructive transactions
Involves complementary ulterior transactions
Intimacy
A deep human encounter motivated by genuine caring
A structured time with no withdrawal, ritual, games, pastimes or activities
Involves greatest quality and quantity of positive strokes~
Structuring Time – cont
Therapeutic Principles and Theories
Structural
Responds in ways not appropriate to the interaction or the situation
Transaction
Uses cross transaction or ulterior transaction with others
ScriptHas developed characteristic ways of interacting which leads to life problems
GamesConscious utilization of ulterior transactions
~
Dysfunctional Behaviour
Therapeutic Principles and Theories
1. “Yes but” – client has an excuse why any suggested strategy won’t work
2. “I’m only trying to help you, its for your own good”worker “its more important that I help you than you change appropriately
3. Courtroom – Worker as judge and jury
4. NIGYYSOB – Client manipulates worker into non therapeutic behaviour
5. Gossiping – talking about people who are not present
6. Wooden leg – clients use their situations to avoid responsibility
7. If it weren’t for you – client avoids responsibility by projecting it to you
Games Workers & Clients Play
Therapeutic Principles and Theories
The primary goal in TA is to help the person achieve the
I’m OK you’re OK position
Behaviour Management
Use behaviour management techniques that help a person maintain healthy interactions.
Attempt to maintain a health transaction situation
Don’t use techniques that lead to games
Frustrate client’s attempt to gain strokes though game playing – be aware of your ego state in responding to the client
The appropriate technique will be dependent on the factors in the situation that you are in and your understanding of the client
~
Therapeutic Goals
Therapeutic Principles and Theories
Programming Focus
Structure programming goals to teach the client appropriate ways to structure time for positive strokes
life skills, cooperative activities, social skills, communication skills
Counselling Techniques
Structural Analysis
Transactional Analysis
Script Analysis
Game Analysis
Help clients explore potential for behaviour or action using appropriate ego states
Transactional Analysis – Eric Berne
Therapeutic Principles and Theories
Transactional Analysis – Eric Berne
Terminology
Personality Structure
Structural Analysis
Transactional Analysis
Script Analysis
Game Analysis
Complementary Transaction
Crossed Transaction
Covert Transaction
~