THE JOURNAL OF ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINEVolume 7, Number 5, 2001, pp. 405–515Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.

Therapeutic Plants of Ayurveda: A Review of SelectedClinical and Other Studies for 166 Species

SARAH KHAN M.S., M.P.H., C.N.S., and MICHAEL J. BALICK, Ph.D.

ABSTRACT

This paper reports on the results of a literature survey involving 166 different species of plantsused in the Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia, based on a sampling of the literature available to us. Wefound a wide range of clinical and other in vivo studies for many of the plant-based therapiesutilized in the Ayurvedic system. Of the 166 plants investigated, 72 (43%) had at least one ormore human studies and 103 (62%) had one or more animal studies. These results appear to con-tradict the generally held notion that herbal remedies used in non-Western systems of botani-cal medicine have not been evaluated in human or in vivo trials. Some of these studies are notalways as large or methodologically rigorous as clinical studies reported in major medical jour-nals. Indeed, a critical assessment of the research according to the standards of evidence-basedmedicine would eliminate many of these studies for lack of rigor according to criteria of ran-domization, sample size, adequacy of controls, etc. However, the studies do suggest whichspecies might be appropriate for larger and better-controlled trials in the future. Accordingly, asynopsis of the plants, their therapeutic applications, and their clinical or experimental evalua-tions is presented.

405

INTRODUCTION

Non-Western healing systems that utilizebotanical medicines are often criticized be-cause of a supposed paucity of in vivo studies tosupport the safety and efficacy of individualplants or plant mixtures. For example, Barrett etal. (1999) state that therapies outside the med-ical mainstream suffer from a dearth of researchand critical evaluation. From a biomedical par-adigm, rigorous studies include those that pro-vide randomized controlled data on efficacy aswell as information on toxicity, dosage, method

of use, and adverse reactions. Few herbals orother references available to practitioners ofbotanical medicine contain information about,or citations of, clinical trials or related studies.At the same time, billions of people around theworld have studied and utilized ancient med-ical systems such as Ayurveda (translated as the“science of life”) for centuries.

To evaluate the availability of studies onplants used in Ayurveda, we conducted asearch in two databases as well as other sourcesof information, using a list of 166 species thatare important to this system of medicine.

Institute of Economic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY.

ORIGINAL PAPERS

KHAN AND BALICK406

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The research was conducted between Janu-ary 1996 and January 2000. The databasessearched were MEDLINE® and NAPRALERT.In addition, we collected literature on tradi-tional medicine and searched two Indian jour-nals not included in MEDLINE: Aryavaidyanand the Indian Journal of Medical Research. Thesepublications were selected, based on theiravailability to us, as examples of Indian jour-nals that report on studies of plants and theirtreatment of disease. There are many other In-dian journals that contain a great deal of valu-able information; however, they were not ac-cessible to us—we expect that, if access to thistype of traditional knowledge can be facilitatedin some way, much more information of inter-est could be located. In this paper, we only con-sider those studies that include individualplants or mixtures of plants consistent with thephilosophy of Ayurveda. We did not includesix species that have been reported on in manyjournals, in both human and animal studies: Al-lium sativum L., Cannabis indica Lam., Digitalispurpurea L., Papaver somniferum L., Rauwolfiaserpentina L., and Zingiber officinalis Roscoe.However, we did include these species in thecalculation of percentage of animal and humantrials of the 166 Ayurvedic medicinal plants.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Summary of human studies

A summary of the human studies and thespecies included in the plant mixtures are pre-sented in Table 1: Ayurvedic Plants and Hu-man Studies. The disease categories listed inTable 1 are graphically depicted in Figure 1 asbreakdown into eleven disease categories forthe 166 plants (minus the six species alreadydocumented) with human studies. The diseasecategories include: antimicrobial; antimuta-gens; cardiovascular; dermatology; Diabetesmellitus; gastrointestinal; liver dysfunction; nervous system; pain/inflammation; renal/blood/immune system; and other. There are atotal of 145 effects based on the 66 human stud-ies. In a few instances, when one plant demon-

strated more than one effect, i.e., reduction ofboth blood glucose and triglyceride levels, theeffect was counted in both the cardiovascularand Diabetes mellitus categories. For the sake ofcomparison, Figure 2 represents a breakdownof drugs used in the U.S. pharmacopoeia ac-cording to treatment category based on thework of Paul Cox (1994).

Table 2 is a detailed list of all the plants, or-ganized by genus and species, with the familynames. Information on common Sanskrit andEnglish names is also presented, as well asmention of the plant part used, preparation anddosage used in the study, design, model andsample size when known, results (negative andpositive), and the original reference that wasexamined. Forty-three percent (43%) (a total of72) of the species in Table 2 contain referenceto one or more studies with humans and 62%(a total of 103) of the species listed in this tablecontain reference to at least one animal trial.Careful examination of the studies revealed avariation in sample size, quality of research,and presentation of results. However, there isa great deal of interesting information con-tained in these studies, representing a signifi-cant accumulation of evidence supporting theefficacy of plant therapies used in Ayurveda.Although the table is quite long and detailed,there are a number of plants exhibiting im-pressive therapeutic effects in humans. At thesame time, this corpus of information serves topoint the way to species that deserve furtherstudy, both in animal models and at the clinic.Toward this end, we suggest the adoption of“Good Botanical Practices” (Balick, 1999) withproperly collected, vouchered materials usedto produce the phytotherapies under study.This is the only way that reproducibility of re-sults can be assured, should further testing bewarranted.

CONCLUSIONS

Plants have long been the principal tools oftraditional medical systems. Although ancientin origins, many traditional medical paradigmsand their pharmacopoeias have evolved intoquite sophisticated healing systems, usingthousands of plants and other natural materi-

THERAPEUTIC PLANTS OF AYURVEDA 407

als such as minerals and animal products. Inmany parts of the world, traditional medicineis still used to provide the major part of pri-mary health care. The World Health Organiza-tion has estimated that the majority of theworld’s population depends on botanical med-icines for basic health care needs (Akerele,1985). Reasons for this include the fact thatthese local systems are culturally acceptable,cheaper for many conditions as compared tobiomedicine, and efficacious in many of the cir-cumstances in which they are used.

In a recent editorial in the New England Jour-nal of Medicine, the editors cautioned against the

use of herbal medicines as “a reversion to irra-tional approaches to medical practice” (Angelland Kassirer, 1998). In this paper, we have at-tempted to dispel the all-too-commonly heldnotion that no clinical or other evidence existsto support the use of plants used in traditionalmedical systems. We acknowledge that someof the studies are not as rigorous as desired be-cause of resource or other limitations. How-ever, the work described in this review canserve to help guide future studies by pointingout promising therapies, and thus research av-enues, for specific conditions. In the case ofAyurvedic medicine, Indian journals, often re-

FIG. 1. Ayurvedic medicinal plant uses, classified according to the treatment categories. (Based on human studies,n 5 66).

FIG. 2. U.S. Pharmacopoeia drug uses, classified according to the treatment categories. From Cox, 1994.

gional or those published by individual re-search centers, are rich in experimental studiesas well. This exercise has also pointed out theneed for access to such publications, via greaterinternational cooperation involving informa-tion exchange.*

This study has been limited by our own ac-cess to information and there are numerous ad-ditional journals that contain information onplants and complex mixtures of plants pre-pared according to traditional formulationsused in the Ayurvedic medical system. Wehave undertaken this task in the hope that someof the initial studies presented may help to di-rect research on plants deserving of more in-tensive evaluation as clinical therapies.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are grateful to Scott Gerson, M.D., Ph.D.,medical director of the National Institute ofAyurvedic Medicine, Brewster, NY, for pro-viding us with a listing of the species ofAyurvedic medicinal plants discussed in thispaper. We would like to thank the following:the NAPRALERT staff for providing informa-tion on clinical trials, The New York BotanicalGarden Library (for interlibrary loans); JenniferCooper of Nature’s Herbs for providing refer-ences on some of the plants; The Asian Eco-nomic Botany Fund of The New York BotanicalGarden (for funding travel and SK salary); andThe New York Botanical Garden Institute of

Economic Botany, Bronx, NY, staff and interns:Jan Stevenson, Kate Armstrong (1998 EverettPublic Service Intern), Kelvin Chan (volunteer),with special thanks to Rebekka Stone (ResearchAssistant), and Roberta Lee M.D. We wouldalso like to express our gratitude to GerryBodeker, Ed.D., for his thoughtful commentson the piece, and to Jackie Wootton, M.Ed., andKim Jobst, M.A., D.M., M.R.C.P., M.F.Hom.

We are also grateful to The Philecology Trustand The Metropolitan Life Foundation for theirgenerous support of Michael Balick’s researchprogram in ethnomedicine.

REFERENCES

Angell M, Kassirer, JP. Alternative medicine: The risks ofuntested and unregulated remedies [editorial]. N Eng-land J Med 1998;339:839–841.

Akerele O. The WHO Traditional Medicine Programme:Policy and Implementation. International TraditionalHealth Newsletter. Geneva, Switzerland: World HealthOrganizations, 1985;1:1.

Balick MJ. Good Botanical Practices. In Eskinazi D (ed)Botanical Medicine: Efficacy, Quality, Assurance, andRegulation. Larchmont, NY: Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.,1999:121–125.

Barrett B, Kiefer D, Rabago D. Assessing the risks andbenefits of herbal medicine: An overview of scientificevidence. Altern Ther Health Med 1999;5(4):40–49.

Cox, P. The ethnobotanical approach to drug discovery:Strengths and limitations. In: Chadwick D, Marsh J(eds). Ethnobotany and the Search for New Drugs. JohnWiley & Sons, 1994:25–36.

Address reprint requests to:Michael J. Balick, Ph.D.

The New York Botanical GardenBronx, NY 10458

E-mail: mbalick@nybg.org

KHAN AND BALICK408

*The Foundation for the Revitilization of Local HealthTraditions (www.frlht-india.org) founded by DarshanShankar in 1991 is one such pioneering organization ded-icated to the conservation of Indian biodiversity and lo-cal health traditions and cultures.

http://www.frlht-india.orghttp://giorgio.catchword.com/nw=1/rpsv/cgi-bin/linker?ext=a&reqidx=/0028-4793^281998^29339L.839[aid=950136]http://giorgio.catchword.com/nw=1/rpsv/cgi-bin/linker?ext=a&reqidx=/1078-6791^281999^295:4L.40[aid=1955117]http://giorgio.catchword.com/nw=1/rpsv/cgi-bin/linker?ext=a&reqidx=/0028-4793^281998^29339L.839[aid=950136]

409

APPENDIX toTherapeutic Plants of AyurvedaTables 1 and 2 and Illustrations

410

TABLE 1. AYURVEDIC PLANTS WITH HUMAN STUDIES

Aegle marmelos Irritable bowel syndromeShigellosis

Allium cepa ColicHyperlipidemiaScar treatmentStomach carcinoma

Aloe barbendensis AntidiabeticBurn woundsPsoriasis

Andrographis paniculata Common cold (23)Fever, sore throatHepatocellular jaundicePyuria, hematuriaStenosis, restenosisViral hepatitis

Areca catechu Diphyllobothrium latum infectionInflammatory bowel disease

Artemisia vulgaris Postoperative blood loss, bacteriuriaAsparagus racemosus Calculi on kidney, urinary bladder

Gastric emptyingAzadirachta indica Congestive heart failure

Mosquito repellant (23)ScabiesVaginal contraceptiveVitiligo

Bacopa monnieri Irritable bowel syndromeBoerhavia diffusa Congestive heart failureBoswellia serrata Ulcerative colitis

OsteoarthritisRheumatoid arthritis

Butea monosperma GiardiasisWorm infestations, Ascaris lumbricoides

Capsicum annuum Cluster headaches (23)Diabetic neuropathy (23)Herpes zosterHerpetic neuralgia (33)Local stump pain due to amputationPost herpetic neuralgia (23) Postmastectomy pain syndromeSmall fiber function

Carum carvi ObstipationCedrus deodara Congestive heart failureCocos nucifera Coronary heart disease

ImmunotherapyOral rehydration therapy

Cuminum cyminum Diabetes mellitusCurcuma longa Cancerous lesions (external)

Gastric ulcersOsteoarthritisScabiesSerum lipid peroxides (decrease)Urinary mutagens (decrease)

Cyperus rotundus Intestinal metaplasia, atypical hyperplasia of gastricmucosa

Daucus carota Inhibition of endogenous nitrosationMalignant mesotheliomaMetabolic parameters (no adverse changes)Oxidation in copper-oxidized LDL (decrease)Risk of vulvar cancer (decrease)

Dolichos biflorus Binding to healthy oral mucosaEmbelia ribes Acne vulgaris

Worm infestation, Ascaris lumbricoidesEmblica officinalis Gastrointestinal disease

Serum cholesterol levelsViral hepatitis

Eugenia jambolana Decreases in mean blood sugar valuesFoeniculum vulgare Chronic nonspecific colitis

411

Glycyrrhiza glabra Acne vulgarisChronic duodenal ulcers (23)Chronic hepatitisHyperkalemia in Diabetes mellitus

Gossypium herbaceum Male antifertility (33)Gymnema sylvestre Mean blood sugar values (decrease) (23)

Serum lipids (decrease)Sweetness perception (decrease)

Holarrhena antidysenterica Facial acneHydrocotyle asiatica ShigellosisLinum usitatissimum N-3 fatty acids (increase)

Postprandrial glucose (decrease)Mallotus philippensis Worm infestations, Ascaris lumbricoidesMoringa oleifera Perceived pain relief, accelerated expulsion of wormsMucuna pruriens Parkinson’s diseaseMyristica fagrans Calculi in kidneys and urinary bladderNardostachys jatamansi Facial acneNelumbo nucifera HyperlipidemiaOcimum sanctum Non-insulin dependent Diabetes mellitusOryza sativa Oral rehydration therapyPaederia foetida ShigellosisPeucedanum graveolens Vitamin A/b-carotene contentPicrorhiza kurrooa Bronchial asthma

Congestive heart failureViral hepatitisVitiligo

Piper longum Bioavailability of certain drugs (increase)Disappearance of Giardia lamblia

Piper nigrum No damage to human gastric mucosaPueraria tuberosa Migraine headachesRaphanus sativus No adverse effects to metabolic parametersRheum emodi Prevent chronic renal failureRicinus communis Binding of healthy oral mucosaRubia cordifolia Cardiac functionSalvadora persica Peridontal diseaseSantalum album Facial acne

Urinary tract infectionSaussurea lappa Reduced frequency of anginaSesamum indicum WartsStrychnos nux-vomica Nonketotic hyperglycemiaSwertia chirata Decrease in mean blood sugar valuesTamarindus indica Bioavailability of drugs (increase) (23)

Decrease pain, accelerated expulsion of wormsTaraxacum officinale Chronic colitisTephrosia purpurea Decrease in mean blood sugar valuesTerminalia arjuna Severe refractory heart failure

Stable angina pectorisTerminalia bellirica Acne vulgarisTerminalia chebula Acne vulgaris

Congestive cardiac failureTinospora cordifolia Calculi on kidney or urinary bladder

Congestive heart failureManagement of obstructive jaundice

Tribulus terrestris Calculi on kidney and urinary bladderRemission of angina pectoris

Trigonella foenum-graecum Hypolipidemic effect (23)Postprandial glucose levels (decrease)Total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL, triglycerides (decrease)

Valeriana jatamansi Infantile rotavirus enteritisMild hypnotic actionMild insomnia, decrease sleep latencySleep quality

Withania somnifera Calculi on kidney and urinary bladderOsteoarthritisPsychomotor performanceRheumatoid arthritis

LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein cho-lesterol.

412

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED

INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)

preparation, and dosage

and model

Results

References

Acorus calamus

L.

Alcoh

olic extract of dried

Rats

Decrease in sev

erity of m

axim

um

Martis G, et al. Neu

roph

armacolog

ical

ACORACEAE

rhizom

es: 1 kg

coa

rse

electric sho

ck ind

uced seizu

res in rats

activity of Acorus calamus

L.

Vacha

pow

der

was dem

onstrated.

Fitoterapia LXII, 1

991;4:33

1–33

7.Sw

eet Flat

Acorus calamus

Ethan

olic extract of Acorus

Rats, m

ice

Extract has sho

wn sedative, ana

lgesic,

Voh

ora SB

, et al. Cen

tral nervo

uscalamus rhizo

mes. H

ot

mod

erately hy

potensive an

dsy

stem

studies on an

ethan

ol

extract distilla

tion

33

resp

iratory qu

alities.

extract of Acorus calamus

L.

poo

led, c

oncentrated

rhizom

es. J E

thno

pharm

and dried

1990

;28:53

–62.

Aegle marmelos

Dried

unr

ipe fruit pow

der

Ran

domized

,Treatmen

t of shige

llosis with these

Haider R

, et al. Eva

luation of ind

ige-

(L.) Corrêa

of Aegle marmelos;

dou

ble-blind,

plan

ts did not sho

w any

clin

ical

nous plan

ts in the trea

tmen

t of

RUTACEAE

dried

pow

der plant of

clinical trial:

impr

ovem

ent or bacteriolog

ical cure

acute shige

llosis. Trop G

eogr M

edBilu

aHydrocotyle asiatica;

82 m

en w

ith

as com

pared to am

picillin.

1991

;43(3):266

–270

.Bael tree

dried

pow

der of Poederia

shigellosis

foetida

Aegle marmelos

Metha

nolic

extract of root

Mice

Extract inh

ibited

the

spo

ntan

eous

Kak

iuch

i N, et al. Effects of co

nstitu-

bark Aegle marmelos

beating rate of cu

ltured m

ouse

ents of Beli (Aegle marmelos

L.) on

10

0 mg/

mL

myo

card

ial cells

by ap

proximately

spon

tane

ous be

ating an

d calcium-

50%.

paradox

of myo

card

ial cells

. Plan

ta

Med

199

1;57

(1):4

3–46

.Aegle marmelos

Ayu

rved

ic preparation:

Clin

ical trial,

In 57 pa

tien

ts, A

yurved

ic prepa

ration

Yad

av SK, e

t al. Irritable bo

wel syn

-Aegle marmelos

and

rand

omized

was effective

in 64.9%, w

hile stand

ard

drome: the

rapeu

tic ev

alua

tion

of

Bacopa monnieri

controlle

d:

therap

y (w

ith clidinium bromide,

indigen

ous dru

gs. Ind

ian J Med

Res

169 pa

tien

tsch

lord

iaze

poxide, isaph

aghu

lla) in

1989

;90:49

6–50

3.with irritable

60 patients was useful 78

.3%. L

ong-

bowel

term

follow-up sh

owed

both form

s of

synd

rome

therap

y were no

better than

placebo

in lim

iting the relaps

e.

Aegle marmelos

Plants lack

ing pyrroliz

idine

Feed

ing

To test tox

icity of plants, plants

Arseculeratne

SN, e

t al. Stud

ies

alka

loids: Aegle marmelos,

trials in rats

prod

uced

hep

atic lesions

tha

t included

of m

edicinal plants of Sri Lan

ka.

Hemidesmus indicus,

central ve

in abn

ormalities. Terminalia

Part 14:

Tox

icity of som

eTerminalia chebula,

chebulaan

d Withania somnifera

trad

itiona

l med

icinal herbs

. JWithania somnifera

prod

uced

marke

d ren

al lesions

.Ethno

pha

rm 198

5;13

(3):3

23–3

35.

413

(continued)

Aegle marmelos

Aqu

eous decoc

tion

s of

Lab

oratory

All plan

ts dem

onstrated significant

Karuna

naya

ke EH, e

t al. Oral hy

po-

Aegle marmelos,

anim

als

hypo

glyc

emic effect in the

ir ability to

glyc

emic activity of som

e med

icinal

Momordica charantia,

decrease the fasting bloo

d gluco

seplants of Sri Lan

ka. J Ethno

pha

rm

Salacia reticulata

leve

l an

d impr

ove gluc

ose toleranc

e.19

84;11(2):223

–231

.Momordica charantia

had the

highe

steffect w

hile Salacia reticulataha

d the

lowest.

Alangium

Extracted

with n-

Mice ex

tract

Sage

is a po

tent inh

ibitor of TPA-ind

uced

Oku

yama T, et al. Studies on

can

cer

salviifolium

(L.f.)

hexa

ne, ethy

l acetate

exam

ined

mou

se ear edem

a. A

ntitum

or

bioc

hemop

reve

ntion of natural

Wan

gerin

and m

etha

nol.

on TPA-

promoting activity guided

the

resources:X

. 1

inhibitory effect of

ALA

NGIA

CEAE

Alls

pice, b

asil, bay

induc

ed ear

separation of the

relatively active

spices onTPA

-enh

anced 3H-cho

line

Ank

ola

leav

es, card

amom

seed,

edem

asp

ices and

led

to the isolation of

inco

rporation in pho

spho

lipids of

Sage

leave

scinn

amon

, cu

min, d

illursolic acid from sag

e. A

ll plan

tsC3h

10T1/

2 cells

and

on TPA

-seed

, dry ginge

r,were high

ly poten

t inhibitors of TPA

-induc

ed m

ouse ear edem

a.

ging

er, h

orseradish,

induc

ed m

ouse ear edem

a.Chin Pha

rm J 199

5;47

(5):4

21–4

30.

marjoram, oreg

ano,

parsley, pink pep

per,

red pe

ppe

r, ros

emary,

sage

, tarrag

on, thym

e,turm

eric, w

hite pep

per

Allium

cepaL.

Allium

cepaintake

Mailed

To assess relations

hips am

ong

Lus

t KD, e

t al. Materna

l intake

of

ALL

IACEAE

question

naire:

compon

ents of the materna

l diet an

dcruc

iferou

s ve

getables and

other

Palan

du

272 mothe

rs:

presenc

e of colic sym

ptom

s am

ong

food

s an

d colic sym

ptom

s in

Onion

infants

527

3ex

clusive

ly breast-fed infan

ts. S

tudy

exclusive

ly breast-fed infan

ts. J A

m

reve

aled

initial eviden

ce tha

t materna

lDietetic Assoc

199

6;96(1):4

6–48

.intake

of on

ions

during

exclusive

breast-feeding is assoc

iated w

ith co

licsymptoms in you

ng infan

ts.

Allium

cepa

Allium

cepaan

d Allium

Nethe

rlan

ds

Strong

inv

erse assoc

iation

between on

ion

Doran

t E, et al. Con

sumption of onion

sativum

cons

umption

Coh

ort Study

cons

umption an

d stomach carcinom

a.an

d red

uced risk of stomach

on diet an

d

carcinom

a. G

asterolenterolog

y canc

er: n

519

96;110

(1):1

2–20

.12

0,85

2 men

an

d w

omen

55

–69 ye

ars

Allium

cepa

Aqu

eous

extracts of

Rats

Garlic

and

onion

can

be inge

sted

Bordia T

, et al. An ev

aluation of

Allium

cepaor Allium

freq

uen

tly in low

dos

es w

itho

ut an

yga

rlic and

onion

as an

tithrombo

tic

sativum

administered

side

effects, a

nd can

still pr

oduc

e a

agen

ts. P

rostag

land

ins Le

uko

Essen

torally or intrap

eri-

sign

ifican

t an

tithrombo

tic effect.

Fatty Acids 19

96;54(3):183

–186

.tone

ally, d

aily for

4 weeks

414

Allium

cepa

Con

tractube

x ge

lClin

ical trial: 3

8In C

ontractube

x grou

p, e

valuation of

Marag

akis M

, et al. Possibilities of

(Mertz 1

Co., D-

child

ren with

therap

eutic resu

lt w

as “go

od” an

dscar treatmen

t after thoracic

Fran

kfurt/Main),

scar formation

“very go

od” in 84%

of cases as

surgery. D

rugs

Und

er Exp

. Clin

containing

10%

onion

after thoracic

compared

to 59

% of untreated

cases.

Res 199

5;21

(5):1

99–2

06.

extract, 50

U sod

ium

surgery.

In treated

group

, scar size w

ashe

parin/

g of gel and

1%

Con

tract-

marke

dly low

er, q

uicke

r paling, and

allantoin

ubex

-treated

conv

ersion

to hy

pertroph

ic or ke

loidal

and 27

scars was less freq

uen

t. Sc

ar specific

untrea

ted

effects of C

ontractube

x persisted

after

compared

.the en

d of trea

tmen

t.Allium

cepa

S-methy

l cy

steine

Allo

xan-

Administration of SM-C

S sign

ifican

tly

Kumari K, et al. Antidiabe

tic an

d

sulpho

xide (SM-C

S)diabe

tic rats

controlle

d blood

gluco

se, lip

id serum

hy

polip

idem

ic effects of S-methy

l isolated

from onion

.an

d altered

the

activities of liver

cysteine

sulfox

ide isolated

from

Oral ad

ministration

hexo

kina

se, g

luco

se 6-pho

spha

tase

Allium

cepaLinn. Ind

J Bioch

emdaily at a dose of 200

and H

MG C

oA red

uctase toward

Biophy

sics 199

5;32

(1):4

9–54

.mg/

kg bod

y weigh

t for

norm

al. Effects of SM-C

S were

45 day

sco

mparab

le to those of glib

enclam

ide

and ins

ulin

.Allium

cepa

Allium

cepa, Allium

27 hea

lthy

Tolbu

tamide, Cucurbita ficifolia, Phaseolus

Rom

an R

R, et al. Antihyp

erglyc

emic

sativa, Brassica oleracea,

rabb

its

vulgaris, Opuntia streptacantha, Spinacea

effect of some ed

ible plants.

Cucurbita ficifolia,

oleracea, Cucum

is sativus,a

nd Cum

inum

J Ethno

pha

rm 199

5;48

(1):2

5–32

.Cum

inum

cyminum

, cyminum

sign

ifican

tly decreased

the

Cucum

is sativus, Lactuca

area und

er the

gluco

se toleran

ce cur

vesativa, Opuntia

and the

hyp

erglyc

emic pea

k. Brassica

streptacantha, Phaseolus

oleracea, Allium

cepa an

d Allium

vulgaris, Psidum guajava,

sativum

only decreased

the

Spinacea oleracea

hype

rglycemic peak. The

glycemic

decreases cau

sed by Psidum guajava,

Brassica oleracea

and Lactuca sativa

were no

t sign

ifican

t.Allium

cepa

Oral ad

ministration of

Allo

xan-

Diabe

tic co

ndition ch

aracterized by

Sheela C

G, et al. Anti-diabe

tic

onion su

lfox

ide am

ino

diabe

tic rats

glucose intoleran

ce, w

eigh

t loss,

effects on

onion

and

garlic

acids

dep

letion

of liv

er glyco

gen im

prove

dsu

lfox

ide am

ino acids in rats.

compared

to rats treated

with

Planta Med

ica 19

95;61(4):356

–357

.gliben

clam

ide an

d ins

ulin.

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED

INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA

(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)

preparation, and dosage

and model

Results

References

415

(continued)

Allium

cepa

Allium

cepaaq

ueou

sMice

A significant inc

rease in the

weigh

t of

Al-Bek

airi A

M, e

t al. Tox

icity studies

extract give

n to m

ice for

testes and

epididym

us of the

treated

on Allium

cepa, its effect on

3 mon

ths at a dose of

anim

als was observe

d. Sp

erm cou

ntestrad

iol trea

ted m

ice an

d on

100 mg/

kg in the

was significantly inc

reased

, supp

orting

ep

ididym

al spe

rmatoz

oa.

drink

ing water

an aphr

odisiac poten

tial. Allium

cepa

Fitoterapia LXII, 1

991;4:30

1–30

6.did not sho

w an estrog

enic or

antiestrog

enic activity an

d w

as dev

oid

of spermatotox

ic poten

tial.

Allium

cepa

Ether extract of Allium

Albino rats

Extract sign

ifican

tly pr

even

ted an increa

se

Lata S, e

t al. Ben

eficial effects of

cepa

in serum

cho

lesterol and

triglyc

eride

Allium

sativum

, Allium

cepaan

d

leve

ls, c

aused by an

atherog

enic diet.

Com

mipho

ra m

ukul on

The

extract provided

significant

experim

ental hy

perlip

idem

ia and

protection ag

ains

t athe

roge

nic diet-

athe

rosclerosis—

A com

parative

induc

ed atherosclerosis.

evalua

tion

. JPostgrad Med

199

1;(3):1

32–1

35.

Allium

cepa

10–1

0,00

0 mg Allium

cepa

Mice

The

tum

or yield and

inc

iden

ce of

Belm

an S. O

nion

and

garlic

oil inhibit

oil an

d Allium

sativum

pho

rbol-m

yristate-acetate promotion

tumor production. C

arcino

gene

sis

oil, ap

plied 3

3per w

eek

were inhibited in a dose-dep

enden

t19

83;4(8):1

063–

1065

.man

ner ov

er the

ran

ge of 10

–100

,000

mg

of onion

oil. G

arlic

oil was also

inhibitory but was less effective.

Allium

cepa

Extracted

onion

or ga

rlic

Human

trial:

Onion

and

garlic

had

a significant

Bord

ia A

, et al. E

ffect of the

essen

tial

juice or equ

ivalen

t of

10 hea

lthy

protective action

aga

inst fat-ind

uced

oils of ga

rlic and

onion

on alim

en-

ethe

r-ex

tracted essen

tial

subjects

increa

ses in serum cho

lesterol and

tary hyp

erlip

idem

ia. A

therosclerosis

oils: a

dministered 4

plasm

a fibrinog

en and

a decrease in

1975

;21(1):15–

19.

rand

omly different day

sco

agulation time an

d fibrino

lytic

during 1 week

activity.

Aloe barbadensis

Aloe barbadensisa poly-

Rats an

d m

ice

Benz

o[a]pyren

e-DNA adduc

t form

ation

Kim

HS, Lee BM. Inh

ibition of

Mill.

saccha

ride fraction

extract.

was significantly inh

ibited

in

benz

o[a]pyren

e-DNA adduc

t ASP

HODELA

CEAE

Mice ad

ministered oral

variou

s orga

ns (p

,0.00

1) w

hen mice

form

ation by

Aloe barbadensis

Kumari

dose of 10 mg follo

wed

were pretrea

ted w

ith aloe

. The

se results

Miller. C

arcino

gene

sis 19

97;18(4):

Aloe ve

rawith 16

day

s of treatmen

t su

ggest a ch

emop

rotective effect.

771–

776.

at 50 mg per m

ouse

Aloe barbadensis

Aloe vera

juice prep

ared

Placebo

-Bloo

d suga

r leve

ls and

triglyc

eride

Yon

gcha

iyud

ha SV, e

t al.

from

aloe ge

l. 1 tablespoo

n co

ntrolle

dleve

ls w

ere decreased

significantly.

Antidiabe

tic activity of Aloe vera

23pe

r day

for at least

and single-

Whe

n give

n Aloe vera

juice.

L. juice. I. Clin

ical trial in ne

w2 weeks

blind trial:

cases of diabe

tes mellitus

.50

men

, 22

Phy

tomed

199

6;3(3):241

–243

.wom

en w

ith

diabe

tes

416

Aloe barbadensis

Aloe vera

gel ve

rsus

no

Phase III

Dermatitis sco

res were virtua

lly iden

tical

Williams MS, et al. Pha

se III

trea

tmen

tdou

ble-blind

on both trea

tmen

t arms dur

ing bo

th

dou

ble-blind eva

luation of an

rand

omized

the trials. T

his dose sche

dule of an Aloe

aloe

vera ge

l as a proph

ylactic

trial. Trial 1:

vera

gel doe

s no

t pr

otect ag

ains

t ag

ent for radiation

-ind

uced

skin

194 wom

en;

radiation

.toxicity. Int J R

adiat Onc

ol, B

iol,

Trial 2: 10

8Phy

sics 199

6;36

(2):3

45–3

49.

wom

enAloe barbadensis

Aloe vera

extract cream 0.5%,

Dou

ble-blind,

Patien

ts w

ith slight to mod

erate ch

ronic

Syed

TA, e

t al. M

anag

emen

t of

100 g of placebo

or active

placebo

-plaqu

e-type

psoriasis w

ere treated.

psoriasis w

ith Aloe ve

ra extract in

ingred

ient 3

3 daily for

controlle

d,

By the en

d of the study, 25/

30a hy

drophilic

cream

: A placebo

5 co

nsecutive

day

s pe

r study: 60

(83.3%

) were cu

red com

pared to 2/

30co

ntrolle

d, dou

ble-blind study.

week (m

axim

um 4 w

eeks)

patients with

(6.6%) in the

placebo

group, Pso

riasis

Trop Med

Int H

ealth 19

96;1(4):

psoriasis

and A

rea an

d Sev

erity Index

sco

re50

5–50

9.decreased

to a mea

n of 2.2.

Aloe barbadensis

CARN 750

is a po

lydispersed

Mye

losu

p-Su

bcutan

eous ad

ministration sign

ifican

tly

Egg

er SF, et al. Hem

atop

oietic

b(1,4)-lin

ked acetylated

pressed

(7 Gy)

increased splenic an

d periphe

ral bloo

d

augm

entation

by a be

ta-(1,4)-

man

nan isolated

from

C57BL/6 mice

cellu

larity, a

s well as hem

atop

oietic

linke

d m

anna

n. C

ancer Im

mun

ol

Aloe barbadensis

proge

nitors in sp

leen

and

bon

e marrow

Immuno

ther. 1

996;43(4):1

95–2

05.

(hem

atop

oietic aug

men

tation

).Aloe barbadensis

Aloe vera

gel

Clin

ical and

Patien

ts w

ere treated w

ith Aloe vera

Visuthiko

sol V, et al. Effect of

histolog

icge

l co

mpared

with va

selin

e ga

uze.

Aloe ve

ra gel to he

aling of burn

study:

The

aloe trea

ted-group

hea

led

wou

nd and

clin

ical and

histologic

27 patients

sign

ifican

tly faster in 11

.98 day

sstudy. JMed

Assoc

Tha

iland

199

5;with partial

whe

reas petroleum

jelly

-treated

group

78(8):4

03–4

09.

thickn

ess bu

rns

healed

in 18

.19 day

s (p

,0.00

2)Aloe barbadensis

Top

ical applic

ation of

Mice

Top

ical app

lication of gel impr

oved

Strick

land

FM, e

t al. Pr

even

tion

of

0.16

7–1.67

% aloe ge

lUV-ind

uced

immune

suppr

ession

by

ultraviolet rad

iation

-ind

uced

after each

irrad

iation

a mecha

nism

tha

t doe

s no

t invo

lve

supp

ression of con

tact and

delay

edDNA dam

age or rep

air.

hypersens

itivity by

Aloe barbadensis

gel ex

tract. JInv

est Dermatol 199

4;10

2(2):197

–204

.Aloe barbadensis

Ethan

ol or water extracts

Rats orally

Aqu

eous or 90%

ethan

ol extracts of

Nath D, e

t al. Com

mon

ly used

of pow

dered

plant

dosed

for 10

the plants were studied

in rats for 10

Indian ab

ortifacien

t plants with

material: Adhatoda vasica,

day

sday

s after insemination with sp

ecial

special referenc

e to the

ir teratolog

ic

Abrus precatorius, Acacia

referenc

e to effects of fetal

effects in rats. J Ethno

pharm 199

2;arabica, Aloe barbadensis,

dev

elop

men

t. Leaf ex

tracts of

36:147

–154

.Anethum

sowa, Apium

Moringa oleifera

and Adhatoda

petroselinium, Banbusa

vasica

were 10

0% abo

rtive at doses

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED

INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA

(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)

preparation, and dosage

and model

Results

References

417

(continued)

arundensis, Blepharis

equivalen

t to 175

mg/

kg starting dry

edulis, Butea monosperma,

material. Only the flow

ers of Acacia

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis,

arabicaan

d Hibiscus rosa-sinensis

Lepidum sativum

, Mesua

appea

red to lack

teratolog

ic poten

tial

ferrea, Moringa oleifera,

at the

doses tested.

Mucuna pruriens,

Raphanus sativus, Sida

cordifolia, Trachyspermum

ammai

Aloe barbadensis

Aceman

nan, the

USA

NMice, rats,

No sign

ifican

t sign

s of intox

ication an

d

Foglem

an R

W, e

t al. Tox

icolog

ic

accepted

nam

e for the

and dog

sno

dea

ths oc

curred

in an

imals trea

ted

evaluation of injectable acem

anna

n long

-cha

in polyd

ispe

rsed

with

the

single injection of A

ceman

nan

in the

mou

se, rat an

d dog

. Vet

b-(1,4)-acetylated

at dosag

es of 80

mg/

kg IV or 20

0 mg/

Hum Tox

icol 199

2;34

(3):2

01–2

05.

polyman

nose w

ith

kg IP in m

ice, 15 mg/

kg or 50 m

g/kg

interspersed o-acetylated

IP in rats, an

d 10 mg/

kg IV or 50

mg/

grou

ps, extracted

from

kgIP in dog

s.Aloe barbadensis. 1 m

g/mL

solution

eithe

r as a 1

dose or rep

eated at

4-day

interva

ls for 8

doses by IV

or IP rou

tes

Aloe barbadensis

Aloe barbadensis,

Mice: m

urine

Sarcom

as grew in 10

0% of the co

ntrol

Peng

SY, e

t al. Decreased

mortality

Aceman

nan, lon

g ch

ain

sarcom

a cells

an

imals an

d resulted in mortality in

of N

orman

mur

ine sarcom

a in

polydispersed b

(1,4)-

subc

utan

eously

20–4

6 day

s dep

ending on

the

num

ber

mice trea

ted w

ith im

muno

-lin

ked m

anna

n polym

ers

implan

ted.

of cells implan

ted; 4

0% of an

imals

mod

ulator, Aceman

nan. M

ol

with rand

om O

-acetyl

trea

ted w

ith Aceman

nan su

rvived

.Biother 199

1;3(3):79–

87.

grou

ps give

n IP

Aloe barbadensis

Gastric administration of

Rab

bits

Results sho

wed

tha

t tolbutamide an

dRom

an-R

amos

R, e

t al. Exp

erim

ental

water, tolbu

tamide or a

studied plants, excep

t Aloe barbadensis,

study of the

hyp

oglycemic effect

plan

t preparation

decreased

significantly the

area un

der

of som

e an

tidiabe

tic plan

ts. A

rch

the gluco

se toleran

ce curve, in

Inve

st M

ed (Mex

) 19

91;22:87–9

3.relation

to the water con

trol group

.Aloe barbadensis

Exu

date of Aloe barbadensis

Allo

xan-diabe

tic

Hyp

oglycemic effects of aloe

on seru

m

Ajabn

oor MA. Effect of aloes on

leav

es and

bitter

mice

gluc

ose leve

ls w

ere insign

ifican

t bloo

d gluco

se lev

els in normal

principle. A

dministered

whe

reas the

bitter pr

inciple w

as

and allo

xan diabe

tic mice.

orally, 50

0 mg/

kg.

high

ly significant and

exten

ded ove

r a

JEthno

pha

rm 199

0;28

(2):2

15–2

20.

The

bitter pr

inciple w

asperiod of 24

hou

rs. The

max

imum

ad

ministered IP, 5 m

g/kg

decrease in plasm

a gluc

ose leve

l was

observed

at day

5 in bo

th cases.

Alpinia galanga

Ethan

olic extract of

Mice

Alpinia galanga

trea

tmen

t sign

ifican

tly

Quresh

i S, et al. Effect of Alpinia

(L.) Sw

.Alpinia galanga

decreased

the

effect of ind

uced

galangatrea

tmen

t on

cytolog

ical

ZIN

GIBERACEAE

rhizom

es. Minim

um

micronu

clea

ted polyc

hrom

atic

and bioch

emical cha

nges ind

uced

Malay

avacha

effective dose was 125

erythr

ocytes (MPE

) witho

ut altering

by cyc

lopho

spha

mide in m

ice.

Java

galan

gal

mg/

kg bod

y weigh

tcy

totoxicity. B

ioch

emical cha

nges

Int J Ph

armacog

199

4;32

(2):1

71–1

77.

caus

ed by MPE in the liv

er w

ere

also significantly inh

ibited

.

418

Alpinia galanga

Ethan

olic extract of

Rats

Sign

ifican

t decrease in the

inten

sity of

Al-Yah

ya M

A, et al. Gastric

Alpinia galanga

at a

muco

sal dam

age was gastric observe

d.

antisecretory, antiulcer and

dose of 500 m

g/kg

Alpinia galanga

prod

uced a significant

cytoprotective properties of

decrease in gastric secretion

in py

loru

s etha

nolic

extract of A. galanga

ligated

rats an

d a highly sign

ifican

t W

illd in rats. P

hytother R

es 199

0;cy

toprotective effect aga

inst ind

uced

4(3):112

–114

.cy

todestruction.

Alpinia galanga

Ethan

olic extract of

Mice

Tox

icities studies were don

e. N

oQuresh

i S, et al. Tox

icity studies on

rhizom

es of Alpinia

sign

ifican

t mortality co

mpared

to

Alpinia galanga

and Curcuma longa.

galangaan

d Curcuma

controls w

as noted

. The

gain in

Planta Med

199

2;58

(2):1

24–1

27.

longa. A

cute dos

ages

weigh

ts of sexu

al organ

s an

d0.5, 1.0, an

d 3 g/kg

bod

yincrea

sed spe

rm m

otility and

spe

rmweigh

t. Chr

onic dos

age

counts were ob

served

in bo

th groups

100 mg/

kg per day

The

se cha

nges w

ere high

ly significant

in the

Alpinia galanga-treated

group.

Both ex

tracts failed to sh

ow any

spermatotox

ic effects.

Ananas comosus

Bromelain, a proteolytic

Piglets

Administration of bromelain can

Myn

ott TL, e

t al. Oral ad

ministration

(L.) Merr.

extract ob

tained

from

inhibit Enterotox

igen

ic Escherichia

of protease inhibits enterotox

igen

ic

BROMELIA

CEAE

pine

apple stems

coli(ETEC) receptor activity in vivo an

dEscherichia colireceptor activity in

Ana

nas

may

be us

eful for preve

ntion of K

881

piglet small intestine. G

ut 1996;38(1):

Pineapple

ETEC-ind

uced

diarrhe

a.28

–32.

Ananas

Enz

yme fraction

s derived

12

rats with

Results ind

icate de

bridem

ent (the

Row

an A

D, et al. Deb

ridem

ent of

Comosus

from

the

stem of

full thickn

ess

remov

al of un

healthy tissue) of the

experim

ental full-thickn

ess sk

in

pine

apple

skin burns

injury cou

ld be effected

rap

idly

burns of rats with en

zyme fraction

s (w

ithin 4 ho

urs). Pineapple ha

sderived

from pinea

pple stems.

poten

tial as a no

nsurgical deb

riding

Burns 19

90;16(4):243

–246

.ag

ent.

Andrographis

Kan

Jan

g, herba

l extract

Ran

dom

ized

No sign

ifican

t differenc

e in the

occurren

ceCaceres D

D, et al. Preve

ntion of

paniculata

principle ing

redient is

dou

ble-blind

of colds be

tween the study grou

p an

dco

mmon

colds with Andrographis

(Burm.f.) Nees

Andrographis paniculata,

study; 107

the placebo

con

trol. In the third m

onth,

paniculata

dried

extract. A

pilo

tACANTHACEAE

approximately 2 tablet

healthy vo

l-there was a significant decrease in the

dou

ble blind trial. P

hytomed

icine

Kirta

per day

of 10

0 mg ea

chun

teers all

occu

rren

ce of co

ld in the stud

y grou

p19

97;4(2):1

01–1

04.

King of Bitters

approximately

compared

to the placebo

.18

yea

rs old

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED

INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA

(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)

preparation, and dosage

and model

Results

References

419

(continued)

Andrographis

Kan

jang

tab

lets, s

tand

ardized

Con

trolled,

A decrease of the

subjective

sym

ptom

s Melch

ior J, et al. Con

trolled clin

ical

paniculata

Andrographis paniculata

dou

ble-blind

and dur

ation of sym

ptoms of the

study of stand

ardized

Andrographis

extract

pilot study:

common

cold w

ere sign

ifican

tly

paniculata

extract in com

mon

cold—

50 patients

reduc

ed (p

,0.02

5)a pilo

t trial. Phy

tomed

icine 19

96/

1997

;3(4):3

15–3

18.

Andrographis

Aqu

eous ex

tract of

Spon

tane

ously

Dose-dep

enden

t hy

poten

sive

effect on

Zha

ng C

Y, T

an BK. H

ypoten

sive

paniculata

Andrographis paniculata.

hypertens

ive

systolic blood

pressur

e was studied.

activity of aq

ueou

s ex

tract of

Chr

onic IP infusion

s rats and

Plasm

a an

gioten

sin-co

nverting

Andrographis paniculata

in rats.

by osm

otic pum

ps

Wistar-

enzy

me activities as well as kidne

yClin

Exp

Pha

rm Phy

s 19

96;23(8):

Kyo

to rats

thioba

rbitur

ic acid lev

el w

ere

675–

678.

sign

ifican

tly decreased

in ex

tract-

trea

ted versu

s co

ntrols.

Andrographis

Adrographis paniculata

Dog

mod

elFind

ings

ind

icate that Andrographis

Guo ZL, et al. An ex

perimen

tal

paniculata

paniculata

may

decrease the ne

gative

study of the

mecha

nism

of

effects of ische

mic rep

erfusion

(by

Andrographis paniculata

Nees(APN)

decreasing the ha

rmful effects of free-

in alle

viating the Ca(21

)-ov

er-

radical dam

age).

load

ing in the

process of myo

- card

ial isch

emic rep

erfusion

. J.

Ton

gji Med

Univ 1995

;15(4):205

–208

.Andrographis

Andrographis paniculata

Clin

ical trial:

Results sho

w tha

t post Extraco

rporea

lMuan

gman

V, e

t al. The

usage

of

paniculata

tablets (250

mg),

100 patients

Shoc

k W

ave Litho

tripsy (ESW

L)

Andrographis paniculata

follo

wing

4 tablets tid 25 patients

with rena

lpyu

ria an

d hem

aturia in patients

Extraco

rporea

l Sh

ock W

ave

give

n co

trim

oxazole

ston

es and

receiving Andrographis paniculata

Litho

tripsy

(ESW

L). J Med

2 tablets bid, 2

5 patients

norm

al ren

alwere reduced to 0.69

and

0.55

Assoc

Tha

iland

199

5;78

(6):3

10–3

13.

received

norflox

acin

func

tion

compared

to pre-ESW

L value.

200 mg bid

Authors co

nclude Andrographis

paniculata

is ben

eficial for post-

ESW

L urina

ry tract infection

.Andrographis

Extract of Andrographis

Clin

ical trial:

Extract can

significantly alle

viate

Wan

g DW

, Hua

YZ. Prev

ention

of

paniculata

paniculata

patien

tsathe

rosclerotic sten

osis and

resteno

sis

athe

rosclerotic arterial steno

sis

with sten

osis

after ex

perimen

tal an

giop

lasty. A

4-

and resteno

sis after an

giop

lasty

week follo

w-up show

ed dila

ted ilia

cwith Andrographis paniculata

arteries in co

ntrol grou

p all ha

d sev

ere

nees and

fish oil. Chine

se M

ed J

resten

osis, b

ut Andrographis

(Eng

lish Ed) 19

94;107

(6):4

64–4

70.

paniculata-treated

group

had

no or

only m

ild resteno

sis oc

cur.

Andrographis

Andrographis paniculata

Ran

dom

ized

,Efficacy of paracetam

ol or high

dose

Tha

mlik

itku

l V, e

t al. Efficacy

of

paniculata

3 g/

d or 6 g/

d for

dou

ble-blind

of Andrographis paniculata

was

Andrographis paniculata, N

ees for

7 da

ys or Pa

racetamol

study

: 15

2sign

ifican

tly more effective than

low

pha

ryng

oton

sillitis in adults. J Med

ad

ults with

dose of Andrographis paniculata

atAssoc

Tha

iland

199

1;74

(10):437

–442

.ph

aryn

go-

day

3 in term

s of the

relief of fev

ertons

illitis

and sore throat.

420

Andrographis

And

rograp

holid

e, a

Rats

Andrographis paniculata

exhibited stron

g Tripathi G

S, T

ripathi Y

B. C

holeretic

paniculata

diterpe

ne, iso

lated from

choleratic action whe

n ad

ministered

action

of And

rograp

holid

e ob

tained

Andrographis

IP. The

sub

stan

ce ind

uced an increa

se

from

Andrographis paniculata

in

paniculata

in bile

flow and

a cha

nge in phy

sical

rats. P

hytother R

es 199

1;5:17

6–17

8.properties of bile secretion

.Andrographis

A m

ixture of Andrographis

Hum

an trial:

Herba

l mixture w

as administered to

Ram

ji, et al. E

ffect of K

almeg

ha and

paniculata

paniculata

and Emblica

35 patients

patients with Hep

atitis B

1, B

2, a

ndAmlaki com

pou

nd on viral

officinalis

hepa

titis B

1,

post he

patitis syn

drome. The

mixture

hepatitis (Kos

htha

-Sha

khashr

ita

hepa

titis B

2,

dem

onstrated efficacy in red

ucing

Kam

ala) A

ryav

aidya

n 19

92;5(3):

and post-

clinical sym

ptom

s, improving

liver

164–

169.

hepa

titis

func

tion

, an

d album

in.

synd

rome

Andrographis

Decoc

tion

of Andrographis

Hum

anHep

atoc

ellular jaund

ice was m

onitored

. Tom

ar G

S, Singh

RN. Treatmen

t of

paniculata

paniculata

of 60 ml/

trial: 60

Yellow color of the co

njunc

tiva

he

patoc

ellular jaund

ice with

day

(eq

uiva

lent to 40

gpa

tien

tsim

prove

d 100%, ten

der hep

atic

Kalmeg

h (Andrographis paniculata).

of cru

de drug) in 3

with he

pato-

enlargem

ent decreased

in 96

% w

ithin

Aryav

aidya

n 19

90;11(3–

3):156

–162

.divided

dos

es. A

verage

cellu

lar

20 day

s of treatmen

t. Loss of

trea

tmen

t 23

1/2

4 day

sjaund

ice

appetite in 100

% w

as improve

d after

4–5 da

ys. S

everal tests w

ere high

lysign

ifican

t after trea

tmen

t: seru

mbilirubin, alkaline pho

spha

tase, s

erum

tran

sferase.

Andrographis

Alcoh

ol extract of

Guinea

pigs

Extract ex

hibited sign

ifican

t an

tidiarrhe

alGupta S, et al. A

ntidiarrho

eal activity

paniculata

Andrographis

and rab

bits

activity aga

inst Escherichia coli en

terotoxins

of diterpen

es of Andrographis

paniculata

in animal m

odels.

paniculata

(Kal-M

egh) aga

inst

Escherichia colien

terotoxin in in

vivo

mod

els. Int JCru

de Drig Res

1990

;(4):2

73–2

83.

Andrographis

Andrographis

Rats

Rep

eated administration of leaf

Cho

udhu

ry BR, et al. In vivoan

d

paniculata

paniculata

leaf extract

extract positively effected

microsomal

in vitro

effects of K

almeg

h an

d and

rograp

holid

edru

g metab

olizing en

zyme system

s of

(Andrographis paniculata) ex

tract an

dthe rat liv

er (he

patic m

icroso

mal

andrograp

holid

e on

hep

atic

aniline

hydroxy

lase, N

-dem

ethy

lase,

microsomal dru

g metab

olizing

and O

-dem

ethy

lase enz

ymes).

enzy

mes. P

lanta Med

198

7;53

:13

5–14

0.

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED

INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA

(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)

preparation, and dosage

and model

Results

References

421

(continued)

Apium

graveolens L.

Aqu

eous celery extract

Rats

Seru

m cho

lesterol con

centration

was

Tsi D

, Tan

BK. E

ffects of celery

UMBELLIFE

RAE

administered

sign

ifican

tly decreased

(p

,0.05)

extract an

d 3-N

-butylphtha

lide

Ajm

oda

intrap

eriton

eally

compared

to co

ntrols. Celery ex

tract

on lipid lev

els in gen

etically

Celery

was effective

in prev

enting

the

rise of

hype

rcho

lesterolae

mic (RIC

O) rats.

cholesterol leve

l in rats.

Clin

Exp

Pha

rmacol Phy

siol

1996

;23(3):214

–217

.Apium

graveolens

Metha

nolic

extract of

Rats with

A significant hep

atop

rotective activity

Sing

h A, H

anda SS

. Hep

atop

rotective

the seed

s of Apium

paracetamol-

of the

metha

nolic

extract of the seed

sactivity of Apium

graveolensan

dgraveolens

and

induced

of both plants was rep

orted.

Hygrophila auriculataag

ains

tHygrophila auriculata

liver

paracetam

ol and

thioa

cetamide

dam

age

intoxication

in rats. JE

thno

pharm

1995

;15;49

(3):1

19–1

26.

Apium

graveolens

Aqu

eous celery extract:

Wistar rats

At the en

d of 8 weeks, a

significant

Tsi D

, et al. Effects of a aq

ueou

s 2 grou

ps fed high fat

decrease was fou

nd in total seru

m

celery (Apium

graveolens) extract

diets, 1

group also fed

cholesterol, LD

L ch

olesterol, an

d

on lipid param

eters of rats fed a

aqueo

us celery extract

triglyceride co

ncen

trations

.high

fat diet. Plan

ta M

ed 199

5;61(1):

18–2

1.Apium

graveolens

From

celery seed

oil, 3-

Mice with

After treatmen

t with co

mpou

nds,

Zhe

ng G

Q, et al. Che

mop

reve

ntion

n-bu

tylphtha

lide,

benz

o[a]

tumor inc

iden

ce w

as decreased

from

of ben

z-[a]pyren

e-induc

ed fore-

sedan

olide, and

pyrene

-68

% to 30% and

11%

. A red

uction in

stom

ach canc

er in mice by

natur

al

p-men

tha-2,8-dien-1-ol

induced

tumor m

ultiplic

ity of 67%

and

83%

phtha

lides from celery root seed

were tested

tumorigen

esis

was observe

d w

ith 3-n-bu

tylphtha

lide

oil. Nutr C

ancer 19

93;19(1):77–

86.

and sed

anolide. D

ata indicate bo

thwere active

in tumor inh

ibition.

Apium

graveolens

80% ethan

olic extract of

Rats with

Results sh

owed

tha

t the plan

tsAl-Hindaw

i MK, e

t al. Anti-

Achillea santolina,

carrag

eena

n-possessed

varying

deg

rees of an

ti-

inflam

matory activity of some

Apium

graveolens,

induced

inflam

matory activity in the follo

wing

Iraq

i plants using

intact rats.

Matricaria chamomilla,

paw edem

adescend

ing order: W

ithania somnifera,

JEthno

pha

rm 198

9;26

(2):1

63–1

68.

Myrtus communis,

Apium

graveolens, Achillea santolina,

Withania somnifera

and

Matricaria chamomilla, Myrtus communis.

Acetylsalicylic acid used

as stand

ard drug.

Areca catechu

L.

Betel nut ch

ewing

Mailed question

-11

6 resp

onses to question

naire

Lee CN, et al. Betel nut an

d sm

oking.

PALMAE

naire, 223

co

mpared

to he

althy mem

bers of the

Are the

y bo

th protective in

Poo

gapa

tien

ts w

ith

community. It ap

pears that smok

ing

ulcerative co

litis? A pilo

t study.

Areca nut

inflam

matory

and betel nut ch

ewing reduce the

risk

Arquivos de Gastroe

nterol

bowel disea

seof dev

elop

ing ulcerative

colitis

1996

;33(1):3–5

.Areca catechu

Betel nut ch

ewing

Con

trolled

A significant inc

rease in m

itom

ycin C

Trive

di AH, e

t al. Eleva

ted m

utag

en

clinical

(MMC)-induc

ed sister ch

romatid

suscep

tibility in cultured

trial: 40

exch

ange

(SC

E)/cell va

lues w

ere

lymph

ocytes of oral can

cer

oral can

cer;

observed

amon

g oral can

cer patients

patie

nts. A

ntican

cer Res 1995;15

(6B):

40 tob

acco

(betel nut ch

ewers) as co

mpared

to

2589

–259

2.ch

ewers; 40

healthy no

nche

wer con

trols.

healthy

individuals

422

Areca catechu

Betel quid che

wing

Hum

anRea

ctive ox

ygen

spe

cies, O

H rad

ical,

Nair UJ, et al. Ortho

- an

dcons

isting

of be

tel leaf,

trial: 5

are form

ed in the hu

man

oral cavity

metatyros

ine form

ation from

areca qu

id, catech

u an

dvo

lunteers

during

betel quid che

wing an

d m

ay be

phe

nylalanine

in hu

man

saliva as

slak

ed lim

e (w

itho

ut

implic

ated

in the ge

netic dam

age that

a marke

r of hyd

roxy

l radical

toba

cco)

has be

en obs

erve

d in oral epithe

lial

gene

ration

during be

tel qu

idcells

of ch

ewers.

chew

ing. C

arcino

gene

sis

(Oxford) 19

95;16(5):119

5–11

98.

Areca catechu

Che

wing an

d smok

ing

Case-controlle

dIncreased risk of oral su

bmuco

us

Mah

er R

. Role of areca nut in the

habits and

oral

clinical

fibros

is w

as obs

erve

d for areca nu

tcaus

ation of oral su

bmuco

us

subm

uco

us fibrosis

trial: 15

7ch

ewing. W

hen the ha

bit was

fibros

is: a case-con

trol study in

(OSF

)cases an

dpracticed

alone

, app

eared to ha

vePak

istan. JOral Patho

l Med

199

4;15

7 co

ntrols

high

est risk followed

by “p

aan”

with

23(2):6

5–69

.or w

itho

ut toba

cco. D

aily con

sumption

rates ap

pea

red to be

more im

portant

with resp

ect to risk than

lifetim

e duration

of ha

bit.

Areca catechu

Areca nut pow

der added

Mice

Areca nut decreased

mace-indu

ced

Sing

h A, Rao

AR. Mod

ulatory effect

to feed

increa

ses in hep

atic glutathione

-S-

of areca nut on

the

action of m

ace

tran

sferase an

d sulphh

ydryl leve

ls and

(Myristica fragrans, H

outt) on

the

elev

ated

fur

ther inc

reases in the leve

lshe

patic detox

ification sy

stem

in

of cytochr

ome b5

and

P-450

.mice. Foo

d C

hem Tox

ic 199

3;31

(7):

517–

521.

Areca catechu

Oral ha

bits

Retrosp

ective

Ana

lyses confirmed

an association

van W

yk C

W, et al. The

areca nut

study:

betw

een nu

t ch

ewing an

d che

ekch

ewing ha

bit an

d oral sq

uamou

s 14

3 men

canc

er. T

he data sh

owed

tha

t areca

cell carcinom

a in Sou

th A

frican

an

d w

omen

nut ha

bit with or w

itho

ut toba

cco use

Indians

. A retrosp

ective

study.

with oral

is important in the dev

elop

men

t of

South A

frican

Med

J 199

3;83

(6):

squa

mou

soral squ

amou

s carcinom

a.42

5–42

9.carcinom

aAreca catechu

Areca nut decoction

Case stud

yA case stud

y dem

onstrated the

Fu H

H, e

t al. Areca nut in the

effectiven

ess of areca nut decoc

tion

in

trea

tmen

t of diphy

llobo

thrium

the trea

tmen

t of Diphyllobothrium

latum infection

:Rep

ort of a

latum

infection

case study. C

hin Med

J 195

1;69

:40

7–40

9.

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED

INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA

(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)

preparation, and dosage

and model

Results

References

423

(continued)

Artemisia vulgaris L.

Infusion

: Urtica dioica,

Human

An he

rbal infusion

used to irriga

te the

Dav

idov

MI, et al. Po

stad

enom

ectomy

COMPO

SITAE

Hypericum

trial: 22

blad

der after prostate ad

enom

ectomy

phy

toperfusion

of the blad

der.

Nag

adam

niperformatum

,pa

tien

ts post-

reduc

ed post op

erative bloo

d loss,

Urologiya

INefrologiya

199

5;0(5):

Mug

wort

Matricaria recutita,

pros

tate

bacteriuria, preve

nted

hem

orrh

agic

19–2

0.Plantaginis majoris,

aden

omectomy

and puru

lent inflammation.

Herba millefolii,

Betula, Artemisia

vulgaris, Fragaria vesca

Asparagus

Asparagus racemosus,

Mice

All plan

ts significantly inh

ibited

the

Dhu

ley JN

. Effect of som

e Indian

racemosus

Willd.

Picrorhiza kurrooa,

carcinog

en och

ratoxin-induced

herbs on

macroph

age func

tion

s ASP

ARAGACEA

ETinospora cordifolia,

supp

ression of che

motactic activity

in och

ratoxin A treated

mice. J

Shatau

ari

Withania somnifera

and the

produc

tion

of interleu

kin-1

Ethno

pha

rm 199

7;58

(5):1

5–20

.Asp

arag

us

and tumor necrosis factor-a

bymacroph

ages.

Asparagus

1 capsu

le 3

3pe

r day

30

patients

The

herba

l co

mbina

tion

was fou

nd to

Karnick

CR. Clin

ical eva

luation of

racemosus

with luke

warm w

ater

with calculi

alleviate no

t on

ly pain bu

t also in its

composite Ayu

rved

ic dru

gs, o

ncontaining

: Asparagus

on kidne

ys,

ability to slow

ly disintegrate bo

thcalculi, in the kidne

y an

d the

racemosus,5

0 mg;

ureters, or

calcium-oxa

late and

calcium

urina

ry bladder. A

ryav

aidya

n Bergenia ligulata,

100

blad

ders

carbon

ate crys

tals in a sp

an of 72

1992

;6(2):1

04–1

08.

mg; Eclipta alba,

100

hours and

com

plete disch

arging

of

mg; Myristica fragrans,

crystals w

ithin 15

–30 day

s. C

omplete

10 m

g; Tinospora

disch

arge

occur

red in grea

ter than

cordifolia,1

00 m

g;80

% of the patients.

Tribulus terrestris, 50

mg; Withania somnifera,

50 m

gAsparagus

2 g pow

dered

roo

t of

Clin

ical crossov

erBasal gastric emptying t1/2

was 159

.9Dalvi SS, et al. Effect of Asparagus

racemosus

Asparagus racemosus

study

: 8

that w

as red

uced by Asparagus

racemosus

(Sha

tava

ri) on

gastric

compa

red to stan

dard

norm

alracemosus

to 101

(p

,0.00

1) and

by

emptying time in normal hea

lthy

treatm

ent of 10 mg

healthy male

metoc

lopr

amide to 85.3 (p

,0.00

1).

volunteers. J Postgrad M

ed 199

0;tablet m

etoclopramide

volunteers

Asparagus racemosus

and

36(2):9

1–94

.metoc

lopr

amide did not differ

sign

ifican

tly in the

ir effect.

Asparagus

Asparagus racemosus,

Mice

Whe

n co

mpared

with co

ntrol grou

ps,

Tha

tte UM, Dah

anuka

r SA

.racemosus

Tinospora cordifolia,

all four

dru

gs preve

nted

, to va

rying

Com

parative stud

y of

glucan an

d lithium

for

deg

rees, leuc

open

ia. Both indigen

ous

immuno

mod

ulating activity of

15 day

splants were poten

t im

muno

stim

ulants

Indian

med

icinal plants, lithium

with effects comparab

le to lithium

carbon

ate an

d glucan. M

etho

ds

and glucan.

Find

Exp

Clin

Pha

rmacol

1988

;10(10

):639

–644

.Azadirachta indica

Pur

ified ne

em extracts,

Rats, bab

oons

, Pr

egna

ncy was terminated

(with oral

Talwar G

P, et al. Ind

uced

termination

A. Juss.

orally delivered

and m

onke

ysne

em) su

ccessfully in roden

tsof pregn

ancy

by pur

ified extracts

MELIA

CEAE

and primates w

ith no

significant side

of Azadirachta indica(N

eem):

Arish

taeffects

Mecha

nism

s invo

lved

. Am J

Neem

Rep

rod Immun

ol 1997;37(6):4

85–4

91.

424

Azadirachta indica

Lea

f po

wder of

Male albino

rats

Results sugg

est a po

ssible rev

ersible

Joshi AR, e

t al. Effect of Azadirachta

Azadirachta indica

antian

droge

nic pr

operty of the leav

es.

indica

leav

es on testis and

its

reco

very in albino

rats. Ind

ian

JExp

Biol 19

96;34(11

):109

1–10

94.

Azadirachta indica

Neem oil in m

ixed

in

Con

trolled

Results rev

ealed 81%

–91%

mosqu

ito

Mishr

a AK, e

t al. Use of ne

em oil as

coconu

t oil (1%–4%)

field study:

repellant action during

12-ho

ur pe

riod

a mosqu

ito repe

llent in tribal

exposed

of observa

tion

from bites of

villa

ges of M

andla district, Mad

hya

body pa

rts

anop

helin

e mosqu

itoe

s.Pradesh. Ind

ian J Malariol 19

95;

of hum

an32

(3):9

9–10

3.vo

lunteers

Azadirachta indica

Neem cream

Con

trolled

App

lication of neem cream

to ex

posed

Dua

VK. Rep

ellent action of neem

field study:

body parts sho

wed

78%

, 89

%, a

nd

cream aga

inst m

osqu

itoe

s. Ind

ian J

exposed

94.4% protection ag

ains

t Aed

es,

Malariology

199

5;32

(2):4

7–53

.bo

dy pa

rts

Culex

, and

Ano

phe

les mos

quitoe

s,of hum

anresp

ective

ly. Sign

ifican

t differenc

evo

lunteers

was observe

d between ne

em cream

-trea

ted and

untreated

group for Aed

emos

quitoe

s.Azadirachta indica

Azadirachta indica,

Mice with

Infected

mice were prophy

lactically

Sohn

i YR, e

t al. Pr

ophy

lactic the

rapy

Boerhavia diffusa,

septicem

iaad

ministered postinfective

, preinfective,

of Salmonella typhi

septicemia in

Picrorhiza kurrooa,

from

sing

le and

multiple dos

es of ex

tract

mice with a trad

itiona

lly prescribe

d

Terminalia chebula,

Salmonella

and had

a significant the

rapeu

tic

crud

e dru

g form

ulation

. J

Tinospora cordifolia,

typhi

effect in reduc

ing septicemia.

Ethno

pha

rm 199

5;45

:141

–147

.Trichosanthes dioica,

Zingiber officinale.

Extracted

in 80%

aque

ous alco

hol etha

nol.

1% stock solution us

edto prepa

re dilu

tion

s.Oral or subc

utane

ous

administration

Azadirachta indica

Extracts of neem lea

ves

Rats

Neem dose dep

ende

ntly decreased

gastric

Garg GP, et al. The

gastric antiulcer

ulcer sev

erity in rats ub

jected

to stress

effects of the

lea

ves of the

Neem

and also decreased

ethan

ol provo

ked

tree. Plan

ta M

ed 199

3;59

:215

–217

.ga

stric muc

osal dam

age.

TABLE2.

PLANTSU

SED

INAYURVEDICPHARMACOPOEIA

(CONT’D)

Genus, species

family

Common name

(Sanskrit)

Common name

Plant part used,

Design

(English)

preparation, and dosage

and model

Results

References

425

(continued)

Azadirachta indica

Azadirachta indicaan

dPilo

t stud

y:In 97%

of the cases, a cur

e of scabies w

as

Cha

rles V

, Cha

rles SX. T

he use and

Curcuma longapa

ste

814 patients

obtained

within 3–

15 day

s of treatmen

t.efficacy

of Azadirachta indicaADR

with scab

ies

(“Neem”) and

Curcuma longa

(“Turm

eric”) in scab

ies:A pilo

tstudy. Trop G

eogr M

ed 199

2;44

:17

8–18

1.Azadirachta indica

A decoc

tion

of the follo

wing

14 cases of

All pa

tien

ts w

ere give

n the decoc

tion

and

Sati R

B, Sh

arma RK. Man

agem

ent of

herbs: Azadirachta indica,

cong

estive

Urgenic indica. Patients with isch

emic

cong

estive

cardiac failu

re w

ith

Boerhaavia diffusa, Cedrus

heart failu

rehe

art disease, card

iomyo

pathy

and

certain Ayu

rved

ic dru

gs.

deodara, Picrorhiza kurrooa,

cor pulmon

ale were give

n pow

der of

Aryav

aidy

an 199

0;4(2):123

–126

.Terminalia chebula, Tinospora

Inula racemosa, w

hile patients with

cordifolia, Trichosantes lobata;

rheu

matic heart disea

se w

ere give

nInula raceomosa2 g, 8

Commiphora mukul. A

fter 2 w

eeks

hourly; Commiphora mukul,

of treatmen

t all 10

patients were cu

red

1/2 g 8 ho

urly; Urgenic

completely, 2

had

bradyc

ardia and

indica 100 m

g 8 ho

urly

2 were refractory.

Azadirachta indica

Group I: Azadirachta indica

Ran

dom

Enc

ouraging

improve

men

t in treating

Nair RP, et al. Clin

ical eva

luation of

powder 4 g/33

day

, trial: 60

vitilig

o (app

earanc

e of w

hite patch

esAyu

rved

ic prepa

ration

s in vitiligo

. Pa

ste of Abrus precatorius,

patien

tson

the

skin) w

as noted

in bo

th group

s.JR

es A

yur Siddh 19

87;VIII(1–

2):

and Plumbago zeylanica

with vitilig

o30

–38.

applie

d externa

llyGroup

II:Pow

der of

Phyllanthus emblica,

Acacia catechuan

dseed

s of Psoralea

corylifolia

4 g/

33day

Azadirachta indica

Neem oil ap

plie

d w

ith

Human

and

Used intrava

gina

lly, ne

em w

as 100

%Sinh

a KC, e

t al. N

eem oil as a

an applicator

anim

aleffective in preve

nting pregn

ancy

in

vagina

l co

ntraceptive. Ind

ian

trial: rats,

subjects.

JMed

Res 198

4;79

:131

–136

.rhesus

mon

keys

,hu

man

sBacopa monnieri

Ayu

rved

ic prepa

ration

of

Dou

ble-blind,

Ayu

rved

ic preparation was effective

in

Yad

av SK, et al. Irritable bo

wel

(L.) Pe

nnell

Aegle marmelos

and Bacopa

rand

omized

64.9% w

hereas stand

ard the

rapy

was

synd

rome: the

rape

utic ev

alua

tion

SC

ROPH

ULA

RIACEA

Emonnierifor 6 weeks

trial: 16

9useful in 78.3%

. Placebo

patients

of ind

igen

ous dru

gs. Indian JM

edBrahm

ive

rsus

stand

ard the

rapy

pa

tien

ts w

ith

improve

d 32.7%

. The

rapy was

Res Sect A-Infect Dis 198

9;90

:Brahm

iof clid

inium bromide,

irritable

particu

larly be

neficial in the diarrhe

a-49

6–50

3.ch

lord

iaze

poxide, and

bowel

predom

inan

t form

of IBS.

isap

hagu

llasynd

rome

(IBS)

Bacopa monnieri

Con

stituen

ts of Bacopa

Rats

Bacosides app

eared to ha

ve a significant

Sing

h HK, et al. Effect of Bacos

ides A

monnieriaq

ueo

us

effect on men

tal retention capa

city of

and B on av

oidan

ce respon

ses in

susp

ension

of ba

cosides

rats by im

prov

ing resp

onses.

rats. P

hyto R

es 198

8;2(2):70–

75.

A and

B

426

Bacopa monnieri

Aqu

eous

susp

ension

of

Rats

In Sho

ck-M

otivated

Brigh

tness-

Sing

h HK, Dha

wan

BN.

an alcoh

olic extract of

Discrim

ination Reaction, the

treated

Effect of Bacopa monniera

Bacopa monnieri(40 mg/

kg

grou

p sho

wed

significant better

Linn. (brah

mi) extract on

orally) for 3 or m

ore day

sacqu

isition, improv

ed reten

tion

, an

dav

oida

nce resp

onses in rat. J

delay

ed extinction. In Active

Ethno

pharm 198

2;5(2):205

–214

.Con

ditione

d Flig

ht R

eacti