71
Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Assist.Prof.Parinya Lertsinthai, PT (Ph.D) Physical Therapy, Allied health science Naresuan University 1

Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    2

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs

Assist.Prof.Parinya Lertsinthai, PT (Ph.D) Physical Therapy, Allied health science

Naresuan University 1

Page 2: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

Objective of Study

2

1. What is Therapeutic electrical stimulation (ES) and EMGs?

2. Basic Physiology of Neuromuscular control. 3. How to use and Indication to use. 4. Type of electrical stimulation (ES) and EMGs?

5. Application in Physical therapy, rehabilitation medicine and sport. 6. Lab: ES and EMGs

Page 3: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

Neuromuscular Control

3

Brain/Spinal cord

Muscle/joint Control

Page 4: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

Neuromuscular system

Motor control movement

pattern

Correct/Smooth/ Sequence movement

Feed back

Q.C

4

Chemical

Electrical

Page 5: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

Resting Membrane Potential

Na+

K+

Na-K pump

Page 6: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

6

Electrical Stimuli

Spinal cord (ไขสนหลง)

Na/K ion exchange Voltage (Electrical signal)

กลามเนอ หดตว -คลาย

ตวได

Page 7: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

Muscle fibers CNS / Spinal cord

Page 8: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

Atrophy and Limit functional activity

8

Atrophy /Weakness

Page 9: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

9

Pain-Muscle-spasm Cycle

pain

Page 10: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

Neuromuscular Electrical Stimuli (NMES)

-Greek technique Electrical eel placed in footbath. - Benjamin Frankin’s Treated frozen shoulder

- Physical therapy One of the effective modalities เชน - ลดความเจบปวด (Gate control, endorphins) - ชะลอการฝอลบกลามเนอ (Delay muscle disused/ Atrophy) - กระตนกลามเนอใหฟนตว (Recovery), ลดการเกรงตว (Spasticity) - ฝกการเรยนรท างานกลามเนอใหม (Muscle re-education) Orthotic - เพมความแขงแรงกลามเนอรวมกบการออกก าลงกาย (Strength) - ฝกการผอนคลายกลามเนอ (Relaxation and feedback) - เพมการไหลเวยนเลอด (Muscle pumping and increase circulation) - กระตนการซอมสรางกระดก (Enhance bone tissue healing process)

ES Intact nerve supply in muscle Muscle contraction

10

Page 11: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

Functional Electrotherapy

- Liberson WT et al (1961) Hemiplegia (ทดลองในหอง Lab) - Moe JM, Post MW (1962) Functional electrical stimuli (FES) เนน การใชงานในการท ากจวตรประจ าวนไดจรง เชน เดนไดดขน (เลยนแบบการท างานของรางกาย) - FES Treated Neurological disorder (Hemiplegia, Paraplegia, Quadriplegia) Orthotic devices

Synthesize movement (Normal pattern)

Synthesize movement (Individual abnormal

pattern)

Created FES (Correct abnormal

pattern)

- ล าดบกอน หลงกระตน - ปรมาณไฟฟาทใชกระตน - ความแรงการหดตวกลามเนอ การ

คลายตวกลามเนอ - ต าแหนงในการกระตน - ทศทาง องศา feedback sys อนๆ

11

Page 12: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

1. สนบสนน สงเสรม การท างานของระบบ Motor control ทเสยหายไป (CNS abnormality) 2. กระตนพฒนา ของระบบ Motor ในเดกทเปนอมพาตสมอง (Cerebral palsy: CP) 3. กระตน Motor reflex ทผานไขสนหลง ทจ าเปนในการเคลอนไหวใหเปนจงหวะ (Spinal cord injury + Rhythmic activities Gait walking) 4. ท าหนาทแทน Motor neuron ทขาดหายไปจากความผดปกตของ CNS 5. ปองกน แกไข ความผดปกตของการเคลอนไหว การควบคมทาทาง จากความผดปกต ของ CNS

Objectives of FES:

12

Page 13: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

Benefits of FES:

1. สงเสรม การเคลอนไหวทเหมาะสมในการท างาน ชวยเหลอตนเองได 2. ลด ปองกน การหดรงของกลามเนอ ขอตอ องศาการเคลอนไหว จากภาวะ

Disused 3. ปองกนภาวะ Osteoporosis, ลดอตรา Bone fracture 4. ลดการหลด เคลอนของขอตอ (Subluxation) 5. ชวยควบคม การขบถายปสสาวะ อจาระ (Incontinence) 6. กระตนระบบไหลเวยนเลอด ลดการคง บวมจากการไมเคลอนไหว

(Circulation) 7. ลดการเกดแผลกดทบ (Bed sore) 8. ผลทางจตใจ เชน เพมความมนใจตนเอง

13

Page 14: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

Neuromuscular Electrical Stimuli (NMES)

The recommended frequency 30 – 75 Hz. -This range facilitates an increased firing rate that results in a tetanic contraction of muscle. - Increasing frequency > 75 Hz not increase muscle recruitment and No-contraction. - Increasing frequency > 100 Hz Vibration, Decrease pain.

- Short rest time and Longer durations of stimulation (Lower frequencies) induced Fatigue of muscle.

14

Page 15: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

Three electrotherapy currents: Pulsed , Alternating current (AC) & Direct (DC) - Many wave form of current are used in NMES - Symmetrical (ผลใตขวกระตนนอย ไมแสบ)

- Asymmetrical Biphasic Rectangular - Sinusoidal waveform, etc. - Continuous or Intermittent current - Balanced or Unbalanced charge wave.

15

Page 16: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

รปแบบไฟฟาแบบตางๆ

16

Page 17: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

Current intensity (Amplitude; mA): - Measured in milliAmps (mA) Muscle contraction (weak to strong contraction) - Increasing the intensity (current flow) will - Increase the depth of penetration - Increase the number of neurons depolarized

Less (mA) High Sub-sensory Sensory Motor Pain

17

Current amplitude (Intensity)

+ Motor nerve (Threshold)

Muscle Contraction

(Strength, Power, Function activity)

Page 18: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

Aim of ES and Pain management: 1. Stimulation of a weak muscle while having the patient

simultaneously contract while the current is on (Re-education).

2. Stimulation of a weak muscle (Delayed atrophy).

3. Stimulation increase of muscle strengthening.

4. Pain management (Decrease pain, muscle spasm)

18

Page 19: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

-*Cardiac pacemaker - Over the carotid sinus/anterior trans-cervical area - Over heart transthoracic area - Over the abdominal, low back and pelvic area during pregnancy - Areas of venous or arterial thrombosis - Thrombophlebitis - Trans-cerebral stimulation - Stimulation over the eyes - Pain of unknown etiology - Fracture site (non-union) - Etc.

Contraindication:

19

Page 20: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

- กระแสไฟฟา Pulse current ทมชวงกระตนสนกวา Galvanic current จงรสกสบายกวา

แบบ DC โดยตรง

- ชดชวงกระตน (Phase duration) 0.1-1 ms. / ชวงพก (pause) มกจะนานเปน Second

- Frequency 20-60 Hz (Completed Tectanic contraction)

- รปแบบคลนทนยมใชคอ แบบ Monophasic pulse หรอ แบบ Symmetrical biphasic pulse current เพราะผ ปวยจะรสกสบายกวา Asymmetrical biphasic pulse current

- กระตนในผ ปวยทกลามเนอมเสนประสาทมาเลยงแตออนแรง (Innervated muscle) เชนผ ปวย Hemiplegia, Paraplegia, หลงถอดเฝอก หรอผ ปวยทมอาการบวมหลงฝาตดเตานม (Faradic under pressure) เปนตน

sec 0.1-1ms ปลอยเปนชด

1.Faradic current:

20

Page 21: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

ไฟฟา AC ตอเนอง Poly-phasic continuous wave

- ความถประมาณ 2,500 Hz, Rest period 50 sec, Repeated 10 cycles

- นยมใชรปคลน Sine wave ท าใหมจ านวน Total current มาก

- โดยปกตนนจะถกปลอยเปนชดๆ (Time modulation AC) แบบ 50Hz,

- Pulse duration ประมาณ 400s และ Phase duration ประมาณ 200s (1ลกคลน)

- ชวงพกคลน (Inter-burst interval) ยาวเทากบ 10 ms ปองกนสะสมของ Total current มาก

- ชวงกระตนชดละ 10 ms สลบกนไป (50%Duty cycle/ On:Off )

- เหมาะแกการระดมพลของ motor neuron ในกลามเนอ

2.Russian current

(Brust mode alternating Current)

- นยมใชฝก Re-education, Muscle strengthening 21

Page 22: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

22

Page 23: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

- กระแสไฟฟา Pulse current ทปลอยกระแสในปรมาณทต ามาก โดยไมเกน 1 mA

-กระแสไฟฟาชนดนจงไมสามารถกระตนเนอเยอทไวตอการกระตนได (Excitable tissue)

เชน เสนใยรบความรสกทผวหนง (Sensory nerve) ท าใหไมคอยรสกแสบ เจบขณะกระตน

- Rectangular monophasic pulse current ซงสามารถปรบกลบขวไดเปนชวงๆ เปนบวกสลบลบ

- ปรบแอมปลจดได 0-600 A สามารถตง Pulse frequency 0.1-1000 พลสตอวนาท(PPS:Hz) โดยยงความถมาก ชวงกระตนจะสนมากขน (Microsec) ท าใหผานผวหนงไดงาย ไมเจบ

3.Microcurrent stimulator

(Microcurrent electrical nerve stimulator :MENS)

23

Page 24: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

24

Page 25: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

25

Page 26: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

26

4.Interference current stimulator

(Pain and Deep muscle stimulation :IFC)

pain

- 2 Current of AC

- Interference - Different Frequency (4,000 and 4,000-4,100 Hz) - Beat frequency = 0-100 Hz

Decrease Pain

Page 27: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

27 ลดอาการปวดหลง (Low back pain)

Page 28: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

28 ลดอาการปวดคอ-บา (Neck and Upper back pain)

Page 29: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

29

ลดอาการปวดไหล (Shoulder pain)

ลดอาการปวดเขา (Knee pain)

Page 30: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

Electrodes :

Electrodes : อปกรณไนการน าสงสญญาณไฟฟาจากเครองES ไปสอวยวะเปาหมาย - Surface electrodes - Implanted electrodes

ขอด: - ใชงาย สะดวกในการตด - No-implant (ไมมการแทงเขม ฝงในรางกาย) - ราคาถก ไมเจบ ขอดอย: - ไมจ าเพาะตอกลามเนอทตองการ - แปรผนตอการระดมกลามเนอท างานมาก - ไดเฉพาะกลามเนอชนบน - กระตนประสาท Sensory เจบ รอน ได

ขอด: - สามารถเจาะจงกลามเนอได - สามารถแกขอดอยของ Surfaces electrodes' ขอดอย: - อาศยการแทง ฝงเขารางกาย - เสยงตอการตดเชอในรางกาย - ตองอาศยความเชยวชาญ

30

Page 31: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

Hybrid FES system:

Hybrid FES system: การผสมระหวางการใช FES รวมกบ เครองชวยพยง (Support, Aids) เชน Walker, crutches, gait orthotic, functional orthotic, etc. - นยมใชกนในปจจบน เพราะมความปลอดภยมากขน ลดการผดพลาดการควบคม

http://research.vuse.vanderbilt.edu/cim/research_orthosis.html 31

Page 32: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

Open-loop control configuration / Closed-loop control configuration

Open-loop control ระบบการควบคมการท างานโดย ไมมระบบควบคมยอนกลบ (Feedback input) ผ รกษา หรอ ผ ปวย เปนผควบคมระบบ

การปลอยกระแสไฟฟา (ES) เอง ใน การปรบเปลยน ปรบปรงค าสง ความ แรงกระแสไฟฟา (Parameters of ES) จงหวะการเคลอนไหวเองตามท ตองการ

Shoulder movement EMG

A joystick-like device placed on the left shoulder is controlled through shoulder movement, which, in turn, sends electrical signals to a nearby external controller.

Hand grip movement

ES Electrodes

External controller Electrical generator signal. 32

Page 33: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

Close-loop control ระบบการควบคมการท างานอาศย

ระบบควบคมยอนกลบ Feedback input (โดยการเปรยบเทยบกบขอมลทไดก าหนดเอาไวแลวในโปรแกรม: Controller unit)

สามารถป รบ เปล ยนการปลอยกระแสไฟฟา ไดอยางเหมาะสมกบงานนน โดยการอาศยขอมลยอนกลบ (Feedback) ชวยควบคม ปรบคา FES ได (Real time)

การปรบคาตางๆ เครองจะชวย นอยทสดทจ าเปน ในการท างาน โดยปรบเปลยนเองอตโนมต จากระบบ feedback control

Command Hand grip small signal Amplified Comparator (Feedback) Send signal to ES To help strong hand grip

33

Page 35: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

Orthotic device of FES:

การประยกตการน า Orthotic support เครองชวยพยง + NMES - องคประกอบหลกของ Orthotic device of FES ไดแก 1. Power source with cables 2. Control system with open / close-loop system 3. Display monitor, ground system 4. Electrical stimulator (ES) with cable 5. Electrodes

35

Page 36: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

ชดชวงกระตน (Phase duration) 0.1-1 ms., 50-60 Hz Time: -Time stimulation on : off 1:1 to 1:5 ratio -Lower intensity contractions requires less rest time -- e.g. 10-15 ms on: 10 ms off -Higher intensity contractions requires greater rest time -- e.g. 10 ms on: ≥ 30 ms off Ramp of current: - 2-3 second ramp up: 2-3 sec ramp down

Intensity (Amplitude; mA): - Moderate level (>50% MVC) contraction sufficient to recruit inhibited or weak muscle.

Number of contraction - 10-15 repetition / min Times: - 10-15 min / times , 3-5 times/Week Training period: - More than 4-6 weeks (Strength)

Parameters setting (Surge faradic current):

36

Page 37: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

Shoulder subluxation in Hemiplegia

37

Page 38: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

Quadriceps atrophy in Hemiplegia

Select: Surge faradic current Frequency: 50-60 Hz Surge on: off = 3 : 3 Amplitude: max tolerable, ↑ 50% MVC No of contractions: 10-15 rep Time: 10-15 min Patient: try to quadriceps contraction during ES activation

Recruitment patterns during electrical stimulation are reversed: - Type II fibers (Fast twitch) are the first to contract. Result: Training effect that preferentially trains the type II fibers

+ - Active electrode

38

Page 39: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

Surface Electromyography

(EMGs) & NMES

Parinya Lertsinthai, PT. Ph.D. Physical Therapy, Allied Health Sciences

Naresuan University (Date: 24/12/2012)

“Electromyography is the study of muscle function through the inquiry of the electrical signal the muscle emanates”

Cram JR, Kasman GS

Page 40: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

Scope -What is EMGs? -Surface and indwelling electrode (Needle electrode) -Basic of EMG recording -Application in PT, medicine and sport -Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES)

Noraxon Motion Lab Systems Delsys

Page 41: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

What’s EMGs ? EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during muscle contraction many motor units /many Action potential (Electrical signal) Motor unit depends on the function of the muscle and can contain from 10 to over 3000 muscle fibers. Eye (4-10 fibers), Quadriceps (>1,000 fibers)

Page 42: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

Generation of Muscle Action Potentials

From: Kumar/Mital 1996, p. 73

Bipolar Electrode

Configuration

EMG signal change in electrical potential across the muscle fiber mb - Resting mb potential of muscle fiber -90 mV (Resting potential) - Action potential of a muscle fiber 30-40 mV (Depolarization) - Motor unit action potential (MUAP) -90 to 40 mV

Motor EMG signal (µV)

Action potential (AP) (mV)

Page 43: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

Characteristics of EMG Signal

peak

• Amplitude range:

0–10 mV (+5 to -5) prior to amplification

• Useable energy ความถทเกบสญญาณ:

Range of 0 - 500 Hz

• Dominant energy: 50 – 150 Hz

(หนาแนนมากในชวงความถ)

• Peak of frequency = 80-100 Hz

(ความถสงสดของสญญาณ)

Slow twitch motor unit firing = 75-125 Hz

(Type I muscle: Soleus, deep muscle)

Fast twitch motor unit firing = 125-250 Hz

(Type II musclr: Biceps, Triceps, Quadriceps)

Page 44: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

Characteristics of Electrical Noise

• Noise in electronics equipment Band pass 50 - 250 Hz filter

(0-many thousand Hz, All electronics equipment, used Filters elimination )

• Ambient noise (To avoid source of noise Turn off ) (Electromagnetic radiation sources e.g. Radio, Electrical

wire, Fluorescent light 50,60 Hz rhythmic beats electrical noise,

1-3 times amplitude of EMG signal)

• Motion artifact (0 – 20 Hz of noise) Adhesive tape

• Inherent instability of signal (0 – 20 Hz of noise)

• Physiological noise: ECG, HR, Respiratory rate (100-200 Hz)

• - Change electrode location essential eliminates the ECG , HR artifact.

Page 45: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

Types of Filter Low pass filter : ใหความถสญญาณตงแต 0 Hz จนถงก าหนดผานไปได (Cut off=500 Hz)

High pass filter : ใหเฉพาะความถสงกวาทก าหนดผานไปได (Cut off=20 Hz)

Band Pass filter : ใหเฉพาะชวงสญญาณความถทเราก าหนดผานได (25-500Hz)

Notch filter (Band reject): ขจดความถสญญาณบางชวงทไมตองการ

Page 46: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

50-60 Hz

Notch filter

50-60 Hz Removed

- 50,60 Hz rhythmic beats electrical noise, - High > 1-3 times amplitude of EMG signal

Page 47: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

100-200 Hz ECG artifact rhythmic beats Heart beats

20Hz Motion artifact No rhythmic beats

Band pass 50 - 250 Hz filter

Page 48: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

Factors Affecting the EMG Signal

Causative Factors :

Direct affect on signal • Extrinsic – Electrode structure and Placement

• Intrinsic – Physiological, Anatomical, Biochemical

(Inflammation)

Emotion (Stress), Fat

Page 49: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

Types of Electrode

Surface electrodes (Superficial on muscular) - Low frequency spectrum (20-500 Hz) - Non-Invasive technique , Cable / Telemetry - Skin preparation is necessary Advantages

-Quick, easy to apply -No medical supervision -Minimal discomfort

Disadvantages -Generally used only for superficial muscles -Cross-talk concerns -No standard electrode placement -May affect movement patterns of subject -Limitations with recording dynamic muscle activity

Indwelling electrodes (Intra-muscular) - Produces higher frequency spectrum

(10-2,000 Hz) - Fine wire / Needle - Localized pickup (superficial/deep m) - Difficult to insert Advantages

-Extremely sensitive -Record single muscle activity -Access to deep musculature -Little cross-talk concern

Disadvantages -Intra-muscular insert -Requires medical personnel, -Possible nerve injury

Page 50: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during
Page 51: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

Bipolar surface Needle Fine-wire

30mm, 27ga needle with a pair of 0.051mm, insulated, hooked wires and 200mm tail with 6mm bare-wire

Reference electrode

Active” Electrodes Detect electrical signal

Page 52: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

Electrode placement

- Electrode pairs in parallel with muscle fibers - Midway between motor point of muscle belly and tendon (Usually place at muscle belly) - Approximately 1-2 cm apart (Distance between electrodes) - If electrode are fixed together to reduce relative movement

(Eliminates cable motion artifact) - Ground electrode placed over electrically neutral area usually

bone prominent - Clean skin with alcohol (Remove fat Reduce skin Resistance)

1-2Cm Reference electrode

Page 53: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

The Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) CMRR เปนคาแสดงการก าจดสญญาณรบกวนแบบหนง โดยใชวงจรขยายความแตกตาง (difference amplifier) โดยจะไมขยายสญญาณทมศกดไฟฟาเหมอนกน แตจะขยายสญญาณทมศกดไฟฟาตางกนเทานน (Reduce unwanted noise signals) คา CMRR ควร > 80-100 dB (ลดสญญาฯรบกวน และขยายสญญาณ)

คาสมประสทธความแปรปรวน (Coefficient of variation; CV) คาทใชวดการกระจายสมพทธของขอมลเพอเปรยบเทยบการกระจายของขอมลตงแตสองชดขนไป CV = (SD – Mean ) x 100% (ปกตถามากวารอยละ 30 ถอวากระจายของขอมลมาก)

Differential mode (Ad) Common Mode (Ac)

CMRR (dB) = 20log

Page 54: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

Circuit of EMGs

Page 55: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

Electrode Placement

• Away from motor point – Middle of muscle belly is generally accepted

• Away from tendon – Fewer, thinner muscle fibers – Closer to other muscle origins, insertions

• More susceptible to cross-talk

• Away from outer edge of muscle – Closer to other musculature

• Orientation parallel to muscle fibers – More accurate conduction velocity – Increased probability of detecting same signal

Page 56: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

EMG Electrode Placement

Motor point

Page 57: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

Surface Electrode Placement

Best signal

Page 58: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

Reference Electrode Placement (Ground)

• As far away as possible from recording electrodes

• Electrically neutral tissue

– Bony prominence in the same side of body

• Good electrical contact

– Larger size more than ES

– Good adhesive properties

Page 59: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

EMG Signal Processing: Rectification

Benefit: only positive values mean, peak, area calculation

Raw signal

Rectified signal

Page 60: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

EMG Signal Processing: Smoothing

Deleting non reproducible amplitude spikes

Integrated signal: Root Mean

Square at 300ms

Rectified signal

Page 61: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

EMG Amplitude Parameters

Peak

[µV]

Raw

Signal

Mean

[µV]

Area

[µV/sec]

Rectified

Signal

Raw signal

Rectified signal

Page 62: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

EMG Amplitude Normalization 1: MVC M

icro

wo

lt

% M

VC

EMG in ratio to a Maximum Volontary Contraction = % MVC

Rescaling of microvolts percent (%) of reference contraction

MVC

100%

Test Trials

Page 63: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

Amplitude Normalization 2: To Mean M

icro

wo

lt

Normalization to the internal mean amplitude value

Test Trials

100%

Upper border

Lower border

Average 100%

Page 64: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

EMG Force Relationship

Basmajian&DeLuca,

Muscles Alive 1985,

page 193

Linear or curvi - linear correlation of EMG and Force

Force α Amplitude (Nm) (mV)

An increase in force (tension)

results from an increase in muscle

EMG activity

EMG records the recruitment of

motor unit (Size principle)

(Small motor unit Large)

Page 65: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

FORCE PRODUCTION LEVEL

EM

G A

cti

vit

y

EMG/Force Relation due to musc. conditions

Redrawn from

von Ow 1987

Analysis of intramuscular training effects

Force α EMG activity

EMG signal เทากน ไมไดหมายความวาแขงแรงเทากน

Page 66: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

Benefits and Applications of

Surface EMG

• Indicator for muscle activation /deactivation

• Use of re-education of muscle function

• Relationship of force/EMG signal

• Use of EMG signal as a fatigue index

• Use of EMG signal as a biological Feedback

Patient Therapy

EMGs

EMGs

feedback

Set EMGs

feedback

EMGs

Input

EMGs

feedback

Response to task

Motivation/ Identified task

Page 67: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

5 = Rectus

Abd.

2= Multifiduus 6 = Ext.

Obliquus

3= Glutaeus Max 7 = Int.

Obliquus

4= Ischiocrurales 8 = Rectus

Fem.

Lumbar Stabilisation: Coordination Training

Position A: Lumbar Kyphosis Position B: Lumbar Lordosis

Muscular Control!

Page 68: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

PC-Workspace : Job analysis

1 = Left Trapezius desc.

2 = Right trapezius desc.

3 = Left Fore-arm extensors

4 = Right Fore-arm extensors

Increased

Activity!

No Micro-breaks!

Incorrect Work-position! Muscle

overload

Muscles

Pain

Lt Upper

trapezius

Rt, Upper

trapezius

Lt. Extension

wrist

Rt. Extension

wrist

Page 69: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

Bio-feedback

(Re-education/Relaxation)

+ ใกล Center

- หาง Center

Page 70: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

EMG in Biomechanical Setups

Isokinetics

Gait Analysis Reactive Jump... Manual Muscle Tests

Strength Machines 3D Mov. Analysis

EMG Stand alone Foot switches,

Goniometer

Contact or Force Plate

Torque – Angle - Velocity Force - Angle Angle - Position

Page 71: Therapeutic Electrical Stimuli and EMGs Stimuli and EMGs.pdf · EMG is the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles during contraction. Several Motor units are active during

Thank You. Reference: 1. Nelson RM, Currier DP. Clinical electrotherapy. 2nd ed. 1991. 2. Hooker DN. Chapter 5: Electrical stimulating currents in Prentice WE. Therapeutic modalities for allied health professionals. 1998. P. 73-133. 3. Robinson AJ, Synder-Mackler L. Clinical electrophysiology: electrotherapy and elecrophysiologic testing. 3rd ed. 2008. 4. Cram JR, Kasman GS. Introduction of surface electromyography. 1998.

72

โทร. 055-966215