U

.

'F I i

Index Abrasion resistance of plastics/rubbers, 4/20 Abrasion testing of rock, l O / l I Accelerators for concrete, 4/8 Acid resistance of plastialrubbers, 4/19 Acids

attack on concrete. 4/14 and power station chimneys, 27/24

Ackers-White equation for sediment

Acrylic paints, 4/26 Activated carbon treatment of sewage effluent.

29/2 I Activated sludge, 29/18-19 Adhesives

transport. 30/15

for aluminium, 14/9 for timber. 16/7, 16/8 see also Glued-laminated timber; Gluing of

plastics/rubbers Aerospace industry, aluminium alloy in, 14/6 AfRux at river bridges, 30/22 Aggregate for concrete, 4/5-7

contaminants, 4/67 grades Of, 4/54 grading/size, 4/9 selection. 10/16 testing, 4/16-17 unsound/reactive, 4/7

distnbution/inlegralion, 21/13 systems, 21/12-13

Air-conditioning in buildings, 21/12-13

Air-entraining agents for concrete. 4/8 Aircraft warning lights on chimneys, 27/24 Airfield site investigation, I I/I I

see also Airports; Highways Airlift in underwater working, 42/9 Airports, 24/1-24

ancillary services, 24/22-23 ancillary structures

access. 24/ 14-1 5 car parking, 24/14 lighting, 24/15

concept/layout, 24/8-15 aprons, 24/12-14 runways, 24/9 taxiways. 24/9-10 terminal area. 24/10-12 terminal building, 24/14

definitions, 24/23 drainage, 24/21-22 location, 24/3-5

basic considerations. 24/3 site comparison criteria, 24/3-5

pavements. aircraft, 24/16-21 composite. 24/18 construction, 24/16 design, 24/ 19-2 I flexible, 24/18 functionlrequirements, 24/16 overlays. 24/18-19 rigid, 24/16-18

security, 24/ I5 standards. 24/54

aprons, 24/7 obstruction surfaces, 24/74 reference codes, 24/5 runways, 24/54 taxiways. 24/6

telecommunications, 24/15 traffic forecasts. 24/15-16

Algae and water treatment, 28/20 Algebra, 113-5

matrix, 1/27 Alidade of theodolite, 6/54

Alkali resistance of plastialrubbers, 4/19 Alkali-silica reaction of concrete. 21/28 Alkyd paints. 4/26 Alloys, see under Aluminium Alluvial soils, 8/24-28

classification. 8/26-27 deposition, 8/28 and erosion, cycle of, 8/24-25

Alluvium, fluvioglacial, 8/21-22 Aluminium, 14/1-14

alloys, 14/54 heat-treatable, 14/67 non heal-treatable, 14/7 numbering system, 14/56 properties, 14/6 selection, 14/74

durability/protection, 14/10 fabrication. 14/8-9

connections, 14/8-9 cutting/forming, 14/8 with extruded sections, 14/9

history of use, 14/3 production, 14/45 strength control. 14/5 stress/strain curve, 2/8 structural calculations, 14/10-14

buckling, 14/13-14 connections, 14/14 cross-section resistance, 14/1I-I2 fatigue. 14/14 principles of design, 14/10-1 I section classification. 14/1 I softening at welds, 14/12-13

for temporary works, 3515 V.P. steel, 14/4 for water pipes, 28/5

Amplitude, definition. 3/23 Anchored piles, 17/23 Anchors

for ground improvement, 9/42 for foundation excavations, 9/20, I7/ 12,

for rock. 10/33-34 see a l o Bulkhead, anchored; Rockbolts

17/13. 35/16

Anodizing of aluminium. 14/10 Antifreezes for concrete, 4/8 Aqualung

air supply, 42/6 equipment, 42/4

ARCADY, for urban traffic management,

Arch bridges 23/49

design, 20/20-2 I theory, 20/17-20

Arch dams, 18/23-29 double curvature, 18/24. 18/27-29 gravity. 18/23-24, 18/25-26

Arctic offshore construction. 44/12-13 Art gallery lighting, 21/20 Asbestos, risk in demolition, 43/9 Asbestos cement water pipes, 28/5 Asphalt

for aircraft pavement, 24/18 in dams

core, 18/5-1 I facing, 18/5

hot-rolled. 23/3 I . 23/32 for scour protection. 22/15 tanking of basements, 17/11-12

Asphaltic.concrete for maritime use 31/26 Attrition tests of rock, 10/1 I

Backwater Dam, 18/13

Backwater theory in channel flow 5/17-18 Bailey bridging, 35/6 Ballast, railway, 25/45 Balling machines, 43/6 Band drains, 9/39 Barrages

river, 22/74 tidal, 22/10

columns, 2/25-29 codes of practice, 2/28-29 long, 2/26-27 short. 2/25-26 strength formulae. 2/27-28

cross-section geometry, 2/12-14 first moment of area, 2/12 moments of inertia, 2/12-14

Bars. theory of, 2/12-30

engineering theory of bending of beams

frameworks, stresses/strains in. 2/29 %

and non-uniform torsion, 2/24-25 stress.resultants, 211 5-16 ties, 21 I6 and uniform torque, 2/22-24

arbitrary cross-section 2/22-24 circulw cross-section. 2/22

(ETBB), 2/29-30

see also Beams Bascule bridges, 20/38 Basements, 21/44

foundations construction, 17/12-13 definition, 17/9 design, l7/l0-l I waterproofing. 17/11-12

Bathymetry. 31/20 Bauhaus of Dessau, design innovation,

Beach nourishment, 31/30 see ubo Sediments ,

21/3

kdmS analysis

flexibility method, 3/8-9 influence lines in, 3/19-20 plastic. 3/29

composite, 2/16-17 reinforced concrete. 2/17 vertically loaded. 2/16

composite, 2/18-19 the shear centre, 2/19-21 vertically loaded. 2/18

design, 12/13-14 prestressed. 12/26-27 reinforced, 12/14-17

bending forces in, 2/16-18

bendinglshear forces. 2/18-21. 12/26-27

concrete

deep, 21/42 deflection of, 2/21-22, 12/26 differential equation, 2/21-22 force-displacement relationships, 3/34 ground beams, 17/24 steel, simply supported, design, 13/20 strength. flexural, 12/26

kar ing capacity for foundations deep fondations, 9/8-9 shallow foundations, 9/74 and site investigation, 11/10 and soil texture, 9/6-7

Bearings in precast concrete, 12/30 Bedding, sedimentary, 8/6 Bedding factor. in pipe strength. 40/10 Bell diving, 42/34 Bellmouth spillways, 22/22-23

Indexl2

Beltrami-Michell equations in elastic analysis,

Bench-marks, 6/19

Bends from compressed air tunnelling; 32/14 Bentonite

in embankment dam construction, 28/16 shield tunnelling, 32/6

Bernoulli's theorem, 5/8 and flow in channels, 22/3

Betti's theorem. 3/21 Bilham rainfall formula, 30/14 Bills o f quantities, 33/15-16 Binomial theorem, 1/5 Bins, storage loading, l9/5 Biogas, 29/25 Biological treatment of sewage, 29/16-19

2/9

temporary. in setting out, 34/4

activated sludge, 29/18-19 contactors, rotating, 29/17-18 filters. percolating, 29/17 oxidation ponds, 29/19

BlPS 3 for road layout, 23/16 Bishop's method for slope analysis, 9/25 Bitumen

for maritime use, 31/26 paints, 4/26 for soil stabilization, 9/43

Black cotton soils, 8/19, 8/20 Blast furnace Portland cement. 4/4 Blasting

for demolition. 43/8 for rock excavation. l op3 of tunnels. 10/33, 32/9

Block paving, 23/4344 Blockwork, see Masonry. load-bedring Bolting

of aluminium, 14/8 design, 14/14

of steel structures, 13/27-8 of timber. 16/9-10 underwater gun, 42/10

Bolts. holding-down, setting, 34/7 Bone necrosis and compressed air. 32/14 Bored piles, 17/18-19

auger-injected, 17/23 concrete for. 17/23 contiguous. 17/26 percussion-bored. 17/23 rotary, 11/22-23

Boreholes logging, 11/27, 11/34-37. 11/38 . for water, construction, 28/11-12

Borrow pits. quantity determination, 6/ 19-20 Boulder clay. 8/21 Boundary element method in rock engineering,

10/28-30 Boundary walls. masonry for, 15/14 Box girders, 1312 1-22

with cantilevers, 20/27 with dkdphrdgms

continuous, 20/26-27 discrete. 20/25-26

multiple single cell, 20/29-31 single cell, 20/24-25

Box trench support systems, 40/13 Brazilian rock strength test, 10/12 Breakers, impact, 43/7 Breakwaters, 26/3. 31/31-34

experimental. 3 I /34 forces on, 31/16-17 overtopping modelling, 31/18 piled. 3 I /33 rock-filled rib. 31/33 rubble-mound. 3 u32-33 vertical. 3 1/31-32 see also Scawalls

Brickwork, 21/29 as building finish, 21/30 durability in foundations, 17/30 for maritime works, 31/24 for temporary works. 35/5 see a/so Masonry, load-bearing

Bridges, 20/1-43 Bailey, 35/6 characteristics of structures, 20/ 17-32

arch design, 20/20-21 boxes, 20/24-27. 20/29-3 I decks, multicellular, 20/31 design curves, 20/32 girders, 20/2 1-22, 20/27-29 loading, 20/31-32 suspension/arch, 20/17-20, 20/22-24

concrete, precast, 37/3 I curved, 20/35 deck slabs, concrete, 20/34-35 demolition, 43/8 dynamic response, 20/36-37 economics/system choice, 20P-17 major, 13/17 masonry, 15/16-17 movable, 20/38 plan of work, 20/3

checklist, 20/39 railway. 25/21-22

loading of, 19/8-9 river, 30/22 road, loading of, 19/54 skew, 20/35 steel

short/medium span. 13/16-17 simple, 13/22 tolerances, 39/67

stress concentrations, 20/33-34 shear kdg. 20/33 and,thickness changes/cutouts, 20/33-34

Bronze for maritime use, 31/26 Brushwood for scour protection, 22/15 BS, see Standardslcodes of practice Bucket energy dissipators in channels,

221 12-1 3 Bucket dredgers

ladder, 41/3-4 wheel. 41/8

Buckets for concrete distribution, 37/13 Buckingham's n theorem in scaling. 31/17 Buckling of aluminium, 14/13-14 Building Regulations, 21/24, 21/26-27

Approved Documents/mandatory

on fire spread. 21/26-27 procedures, 21/24 on robustness, 12/13 structure. 21/26

Buildings, 21/1-45 airport terminal, 24/14

cost considerations, 21/1 I design. changing influences, 21/3 drainage, 2 I12 I energy considerations. 21/22-24 feasibility. 21/1 I finishes

appedk, 2 I /24

requirements, 21/24. 21/27

ancillary, 24/15

external, 21/29-30 internal. 21/30

fire installations, 21/21 internal environment, 21/12-21

air-conditioning, 2 I / 12-1 3 condensation, 21/17 design/planning. 21/3 1-32 heating/cooling generation, 21/14 lighting. 21/17-20

noise, 21/20 services, accommodation of, 21/13-14 thermal, 21/12

landscape consideration, 21/9 integration example, 21/10 and site operations, 21/9-10

lifts/escalators/conveyors, 21 122 for nuclear reactors, 27/26-27 partitions, 21/3 I planning legislation/consent, 21/1 I power stations

floors/roofs/walls. 27/10-12 steelwork for, 27/5-10 ventilation, 27/12

management, 2 I /3 plan of work, 21/44 '

requirements, 2 l p . 21/8

projects

public health considerations. 21/21-22 public utility consultation, 21/1 I railways stations, 25/20-21 river pump station, 30/25-26 security control, 21/27-28 setting-out in. 34/74 site appraisal. 21/9 structure, 21/32-37

arrangement, structural, 21/34 behaviour, structural, 21/32 loading resistance, vertical, 21/34-35 movement, 2 I /34 multistorey, 21/35-37 robustness, 12/13, 21/33 wind effects, 21/33-34

water supply, 21/21 see U/SO Building Regulations; Floors; High-

rise buildings; Multi-storey buildings. Walls

Bulkheads, anchored anchor pull, 9/21 bending moments, 9/22 and earth pressure, 9/21-22 Face forces, 9/2 I

Bunker loading, 19/5 Buoyancy, 5/7 Burbank test of rock, 10/1 I Bursting, hydraulic, 43/8 Butterfly water valves, 22/30, 28/7 Buttress dams, 18/17-23 Buttressed retaining walls, 17/26

Cableways for concrete placing. 37/16 Caissons. 17/13-18

box, 17/14 for breakwaters, 31/32 definition, 17/9 monoliths/cylinders, 17/17 open, 17/1416 pneumatic, 17/16-17

Calculus, 1/22-27 differentiation, 1/22-23 integration. 1/23-27 maxima/minima, 1/23

Californian bearing ratio (CBR), 9/33 Camber of roads, 23/14-15 Camera lucida principle, 7/7 Cameras for photogrammetry, 7/5-7 Canals, irrigation

control structures, 22/8 design, 30/9

concrete. reinforced/prestressed, 12/13 propped, plastic analysis. 3/28-29 retaining walls, 17/25

Cantilevers

Capillarity. 5/4

Index/3

coastal stability, 31/23 currents. 31/21-22 for diving, 42/7 information sources, 31/19 meteorological data. 3 I /23 mud layer, 31/21 position fixing, 31/19-20 seabed/sub-seabed, 3 1/20-21 water properties, 3 1/22 wavesltide, 3 1/22-23

COBA traffic program, 23/10 Codes of practice, see Standards/codes of

Colebrook-White formula in sewerage design,

’Colgrout’, 9/41 Collimation error with levels 6/15 Columns

see also Sediments; Tides; Waves

practice

29/5

concrete design, 12/14 formwork for, 35/1 I prestressed, 12/28 reinforced, 12/18 reinforcement behaviour in, 12/6

design codes of practice, 2/28-9 forces in

long. 2/26-27 short. 2/25-26

positioning for load, 21/34 . steel, design, I3/2 I strength formulae. 2/27-28

of concrete. 37/ 19-20 dynamic, under foundations, I7/9 of embankment dams. 28/17 of road earthworks. 23/25 shallow, 9/43 of soil, laboratory testing, 9/32-33 vibrocompaction, 9/42

Compaction

Compartmentation against fire, 21/26-27 Compatibility equations of strain, 2/7 Compressed air

in concrete placing, 37/ I5 for groundwater exclusion, 9/40 in tunnelling, 32/14

Compression testing of rock, 10/12 Compulsory purchase for roads, 23/7 Computers. 1/35-39

for bridge analysis, suspension 20/19

and information, 1/38 and management. 1/38-39 in modelling, coastal, 31/18-19 nontechnical use. 1/37 personal. impact of, 1/35-36 portable, 1/36 in rock engineering design, lO/26-28 in structural analysis, 3/2 services design. 21/14 software, 1/35

hardware, 1/35

for road layout. 23/16 for road maintenance. 23/56 specific vs. general purpose, 1/38 for traffic appraisal, 23/10 for urban traffic management, 22/49? 23/50

in stiffness analysis. 3/13-14 in surveying, 6/26-28

Car parks airport. 24/14 lighting, 21/20

Cargoes in ports handling, 26/5 types, 26/34

Camageway layout, 23/15-16 Casagrande classification for cohesive soils,

Cased piles, 17/22 Cashflow in construction projects, 33/74 Cathodic protection of offshore structures,

Caverns

9/30

44/16

design and rock mechanics, 10/31-32 for oil/LPG storage, 32/19

damage to chute. 22/24 Cavitation, 22/32

Ceiling finishes, 21/30 Cement

for concrete cement/water ratio, 4/8 content, 4/9

expanding, in demolition, 43/7 glass reinforced, 21/28

as cladding. 37/31 grouts, 9/41

under foundations. 17/9 quality in hot countries, 37/34-35 in soil stabilization, 9/43 for sewers, 29/6 storage, 37 /34 types, 413-5

Portland, 4 / 3 4 for water pipes, 28/5

Central heating plant, 21/21 Chaining. 6/18 Chainman, 34/3 Chalk

landforms, 8/24 mechanical testing. 10/12 source for water pumping, 28/10

borehold problems, 28/12 Channels, 22/3-15

concepts, 22/34 control structures, 22/7-10

gated weirs, 22/7 in irrigation canals, 22/8 in rivers, alluvial, 22/74 tidal barriers, 22/10

bucket dissipators, 22/12-I 3 from pipes/valves, 22/13-14 stilling basins, 22/10, 22/12

flow ig, 5/15-19 critical depth, 5/17 energy, 5 / 17 horizontal bed, 5/18-19 hydraulic jump, 5/19 non-uniform, 5/17-18 resistance, 5 / I7 shape for maximum flow, 5/16-17 velocity distribution. 5/17 Venturi flume, 5/19

energy dissipation, 22/10, 22/12-14

flumes, 22/7 foundations for. permeable, 22/10 in road drainage, 23/28 scour/erosion. 22/14-15

depth of, 22/14-15 prot,ection, 22/15

subcritical flow, 22 /45 supercritical flow. 2215

transitions

see obo Enclosed flow; Spillways, Weirs Charpy impact test. 13/9-10 CHART for road maintenance. 23/56

Chezy-Manning equation, 30/1 I Chezy’s coefficient in channel flow, 5/15 Chimneys

demolition. 43/8 for power stations, 27/21-24

ancillary structures, 27/24 flues/lining. 27/21. 27/24 foundations, 27/24 wind-excited oscillation. 19/13

Chipboard for temporary works, 35/5 Chlorination

wind-excited oscillation, 19-13

of sewage effluent, 29/20 of water. 28/2 I

Chute spillways. 22/24-25 ClDEL traffic program, 23/10 Cippoletti weir, 5/21 Cladding

concrete, precast 37/3 1-32 of steel structures, and stiffening, 13/19

Clamps in temporary works, 35/6 . Ckamshell dredger, 4 1 / 4 5 Clapotis. 31/6 Clay

as aggregate contaminant, 4/6-7 as core in dams, I8/ I I , I8/ 13, 18/24, I8/3 I as joint infill, 10123 pile capacity on, 9/36-37

and foundations Clay soils

bearing capacity, 9/7 settlement. 9/9-15

mole drainage, 30/12 and site investigation. I I / I I

Clayware for sewers, 29/6 Cliff stabilization. 3 I /3&3 I Coal tar paints, 4/26 Coastal/maritime engineering

breakwaters. 31/31-34 experimental. 3 I /34 piled. 31/33 rock-filled crib, 31/33 rubble-mound, 31/32-33 vertical, 31/31-32

ground conditions. 31/23 water conditions, 3 1/23-24

forces, wave/current, 31/15-17 on cylinder piles, 3 I / I 5 on seawalls/breakwaters, 3 1/16-17

design parameters/dala analysis, 3 I /23-24

intakes/outfalls. 3 1/34 materials, 3 I /24-26

conventional, 31/24-25 durability zones, 31/24 metals. 3 I /25-26 plastics/bilumen. 3 1/26 timber. 31/25

protection works, 31/26-31 beach nourishment. 31/30 cliff stabilization. 3l/30-31 groynes. 3 1/28, 3 I /30

walk, 31/26-28 scaling laws and models, 31/17-19

digital numerical. 31/18-19 forces, 31/18 harbours, 31/18 littoral processes, 31/19 overtopping. 31/18 similarity. 3 1/17-18 tidal. 31/18

effluent discharge. 31/14-15 estuaries. 31/14

structures. setting out for, 34/9 surveys/data collection. 31/19-23

stratification and densimetric flow, 31/14-15

bathymetry. 31/20

digital mapping/ground modelling, 6/26-28

land information systems. 6/28

in design, 1/36-37 in detailing, 1/37 in structural analysis. 1/36

technical use

see ulso Digital image processing (DIP)

Index14

Concrete. 4/3-18, 37/1-36 admixtures. 4 / 7 4 alkali-silica reaction. 21/28 asphaltic concrete. 23/3 I

for maritime use, 31/26 blocks

for revelments. 30/19 for scour protection. 22/15 see a l n Masonry. load-bearing

for bridges, 37/31 deck slabs, 20134-35

as building material, 21/28 and cavitation, 22/32 compacting. 37/19-20 for cooling water culverts. 27/18 creep. 4/12

and loss of prestress, 12/24 crushed. recycling. 43/9 curing, 4/14, 37/20 dams, 18/13-29. 28/17-18, 37/2&27

arch, 18/23-29 buttress, I8/ 17-23 design concept. 18/34-36 gravity, 18/13-14 rockfill, 1 8 / 4 5 rollcrete, 18/14, 18/16-17

demolition of, 43 /74 prestressed, 43/8-9

design. structural. 12/1-33 behaviour, 1213. I2/5-6 codes of practice/slandards. l2/3, I2/4 composite construction, I2/30-3 I fire resistance. I2/6. I21 12, 12/32-33 philosophy of, 12/67 precast construction. 12/29-30 procedures, analytical/design. 12/1 1-14 testing, 12/31-32

diaphragm walls, 9/40, 37/30-31 distribution, 37/10-16

Cdbkwdys, 37/16 conveyor belts, 371 15- I6 cranes, 37/11-13 hoists, 37/1 I pneumatic placing, 37/13 pumping, 37/13-15 skips/buckets, 37/13 wheeled transport, 37/10-1 I

in foundations. 17/30 durability, 4/13-14

elastic modulus, 4/12 finish of, 35/8 as finish for buildings, 21/30 floors, 21/35. 37/25-26 gunite. 32/13, 37/28-29 in hotparid countries, 37/32-35 for maritime works, 31/24-25

mass sections. 37/27 materials, see Aggregate; Cement mix design, 4/8-9 movement. 4/12-13 no-fines, 37/29-30 for offshore structures, 44/10-12 pavements

YS. mdSOnry, 15/3

for aircraft. 24/16-18 for roads, 23/36

piles, 17/19-23 placing, 37/16-19

in deep lifts, 37/17 and joints, 37/17 underwater, 37/17-19

precast, 37/31-32 prestressed, see Prestressed concrete production, 37/34

batching, 37/5 miners, 37/57

mixing etiiciency, 37/74 plant size, 37/7 storage of materials, 37/34

ready-mixed. 37/8- I0 advantages. 37/8 plant. 37/8-10 quality control. 1/35, 37/10

reinforced. see Reinforced concrete repair, by resin injection, 4/24 roadslairfield construction. 37/20-25

conventional, 37/2 1-24 slipform, 37/24-25

shrink. and loss of prestress, 12/24 sleepers. 25/7 sprayed. for rock support. IOj34 strength. 4/9-12 testing. 4/14-18

aggregates. 41 I & I 7 analysis. 4/17 entrained air, 4/17 strength. 4/16 structural. I2/3 1-32 workability, 4/14, 4/16

tunnel lining. 32/1 I , 37/27 segmented. 40/21-22

for turbo-generator support. 17/27, 27/14 underwater, 37117-19.42/9 see nlsn Formwork

Condensation in buildings, 21/17 in roofs. 2 I /3 I

Condensers, in electricity generation. 27/14-16 Conduits, see Flow Cone indenter. (NCB) test. l O / l I Cone test, for settlement in granular soils.

Cone offshore structures. arctic. 44/12-13 Confidence limits. statistical, 1/30-32 Consolidation

grouting, 10/34 of soils, 9/5

9/15-16

dynamic. 9/43

17/24 Constant rate penetration (CRF') pile test.

Containers for cargoes, 26/4 Contamination. see Pollution Contouring, in vertical control. 6/9 Contracts, 33/14-15

in demolition, 43/3 ground investigation, 11/26 overseas. plant selection. 36/45 see also Management of projects/contracts

CONTRAM for urban traffic management,

Contrast stretching for image enhancement.

Control charts in quality control. 1/35 Control of Pollution Act 1974. 29/3 Conversion factors for units, 45 /54 Conveyors

for concrete placing, 37/15-16 passenger. in buildings, 21/22

shell, 27/20 support/foundations, 27/20-2 I wind loading, 27/20

in aluminium alloy, 14/6 and electrolytic corrosion of aluminium. 14/10

Corbels in concrete, 12/30 Coriolis force, 31/34 Corrosion of piles, 17/30 Corrosion protection

23/49

7/26

Cooling towers, 27/19-21

Copper

of ofshore structures, cathodic, 44/16 of steel

painting, 4/24, 4/26 structures, 13/26

of pipes in trenches, 40/15 of aluminium, 14/10

in buildings, 21/1 I in electricity supply, 27/4 in ground investigation. I l /5 in offshore construction. and work schedule.

of pipelines

Cost considerations

44/14

appraisal, 40/29-30 construction. 40/30-3 I

of projects/contracts, 33/10-1 I in tunnelling. 32 /34

Coulomb's equation for shear strength, 9/3 Counterforts, 9/27 Crack control, in reinforced concrete beams.

Cranes 12/17

for concrete distribution, 37/l 1-13 gantry girders for, 13/23-24 for precast units. 35/15 for steel erection, 39/4

of concrete, 4/12, 12/24 of plastics/rubbers. 4/20

drawoff. in dams, 28/15 in power generation cooling, 27/17-19 in road drainage, 23/27

Creep

Culverts

Current measurement, 31/21-22 Curtain walling as building finish, 21/30 Culability testing of rock, 10/12 Cutters for rock tunnelling, 32/6 Cutting, underwater. 44/16

Cuttings, railway. 25/3 Cyclists

facilities for. 23/51 and road junctions. 23/21

Cylinders. see Caissons

Damping

tools. 42/9

definition. 3/23 of tall buildings, 21/40, 21/42

concrete. I8/ 13-29? 28/ 17-1 8. 37/26-27 Dams. 18/1-37

arch. 18/23-29 buttress. 18/17-23 gravity. 18/13-14 rollcrete. 18/14. 18/16-17

definition, I8/3 deformation. 28/16-17

design. 18/29-36 monitoring requirement. 6/21. 28/18

embankment dams. 18/29-33 roller-compacted, 18/34-36

earthfill. 18/29-33. 28/15-17 with clay core, 18/13 homogeneous, 18/11-13

history. 18/34 legislation, 18/36 rockfill. 18/4-1 I . 18/33

with asphalt core, 18/5-1 I with asphalt facing, 18/5 with clay core, 18/11. 18/24 compaction, 28/17 with concrete Facing, 1 8 / 6 5 monitoring by photogrammetry, 7/13

site investigation depth. I 1 / 1 I types. I8/3 see also Reservoirs; Spillways

Darcy-Weisbach equation, 30/1 I Decking, profiled, in steel structures, 13/18-19 Decompression in diving, 42/3 Deflection of concrete beams

of prestressed. 12/26

Deflection . . .. continued of reinforced, 12/1617

Deformabihty testing of rock for design. 10/13 masses, 10/18

Deformation earth dams, 28/16-17 monitoring

ofdams. 28/18 of rock, l0/35 by photogrammetry, 7/13-14 reference points, 6/21-23 surveys, 6/21-26

Deformations, geological engineering aspects, 8/15-16 faults. 8/12-14 folds, 8/14-15 joints, 8/10, 8/12

Demolition, 43/1-10 blasting, 43/8 of bridges, 43/8 of concrete, 43 /74

environmental considerations. 43/10 future developments, 43/10 health and safety. 43/9-10

fire/explosion risk, 43/10 manual, 43/5 mechanical. 43 /54 method selection, 43/8-9 organization/planning, 43/3-5 salvage/recycling, 43/9 of transmission towers, 43/8

dry, laboratory testing, 9/32 of rock. hbOrdtOry testing, 10/8 slicing. for image classification, 7/26 of water, 5/3

prestressed, 43/8-9

Density

Department of Transport publications, 23/4 Derrick stone. for scour protection, 22/15 Derricks, for concrete, 37/12 Desalination. 28/18-19 Desert soils. 8/20 Deval test of rock, I O/ I I Dewatering

of sewage sludge, 29/24 in tunnelling. 32/15

Diaphragm walls, 9/40, 37/30-31 in basements, I7/1 I for excavation support, 35/16 masonry. 15/14 retaining walls. tied back. 17/26 setting out for, 34/8

Diastrophism. geomorphological. 8/16 Differential equation of beams, 2/21-22 Differentiation. I /22-23

Digital image processing (DIP). 7/22-26 partial, 1/23

hardware, 7/23 software. 7/23-26

Dilatometer in rock testing, 10/13 Discontinuities of rock. properties, 10/20-23 Disinfection of sewage eflluent, 29/20 Disposal at Sea Act 1974, 29/25 Distance measurement, 6/8-12

direct (DDM), 6/8 electronic (EDM). 6/10-12

development, 6/lO-l I principle, 6/11-12

optical (ODM), 6/8-10 substense bar, 6/9-10 tacheometry, 6/8-9

Distillation for desalination, 28/18-19 Distinct clement method in rock engineering,

Distomat, 6/10 I0/26-28

Distributions. statistical, I /30

Dividag reinforcing bar, 35/6 Diving, 42/1-13

and confidence limits. I/30-32

air-supply, 42 /54 alternative systems. 42/10-12 construction work/planning, 42/8 employment, increasing. 42/3 equipment, 4 2 / 4 5 factors in, environmental/personal, 42/7 operations. 42 /34

bell diving, 42 /34 decompression, 42/3 surface-orientaled. 42/3

preparations, 42/44 qualifications, 42/6-7 in seabed survey. 31/21 survey, 42/7 team size, 42/6 tools. 42/8-9 see aLo Underwater work

Dolphins, for ship berthing. 26/10 Donseg lining of tunnels. 32/10 Dorry test of rock. 10/1 I Dowels, in tunnel temporary support. 32/13 Downhole logging, 10/13 Drainage. 9/37-39

of agricultural land. 30/9-12 bedding systems. 30/12 drainable surplus, 30/10 flow, 30/1 I irrigated. 30/10, 30/12 layouts, 30/1I-I2 mole drainage, 30/12 and rainfall excess. 30/10-1 I spacings of drains, 30/1 I

of airports, 24/21-22 for buildings, 21/21 of dams. concrete. 18/14 electro-osmosis, 9/38 and flooding, 30/12-13 mole drainage, 30/12 permeability, 9/37 pumping capacity, 9/38 of railways

cutting slopes, 2513 embankments. 25/4

design data, 23/26-27

in developing countries, 23/58 hydraulic design, 23/27-28 pipelines. buried, 23/30 pollution control, 23/30

of roads, 23/26-30

detail, 23/28-29

for rock support. 10/34 and settlements. 9/38-39 site investigation, 9/37 for slope stabilization, 9/27 vacuum drainage, 9/38 vertical, 9/39 wells, 9/38 see also Hydrodynamics; Rivers

Drains. catchwater. 30/21-22 Dredging, 41/1-13

ancillary plantlequipment. 41 /9 disposal, environmental aspects, 41/1I-I2 of estuaries and silt movement. 31/14 general considerations. 41 /3 history. 41/3 hydraulic dredgers, 41/5-9

cutter suction. 41 /64 hopper suction, 41/8-9 plain suction, 91/6 pump-ashore plant, 41/9

island construction, 41/11 mechanical dredgers

lndex/5

bucket ladder. 41/34 dipper/backhoe, 41/5 grab, 4 I /4-5

organisations. 41/13 preliminary considerations. 41/l I reclamation works. 41/9-I I surveys/investigations. 41/12

Drift, 8/23-24 Drillhole logging. 10/13 Drilling

of boreholes. 28/11-12 in demolition. 43/7 directional. for pipelaying, 40/20 for rock excavation, 10/32-33 of tunnels. 32/9

Drogne floats, 3 I12 I Dry docks for offshore structures, 44/13 Ductility of steel, I3p-9

notch ductility. 13/9-10 Dumpers for concrete. 37/1 I Dumpy level, 6/13

adjustment. 6/5 Durability

of concrete. 4/13-14, 11/30 of rock, laboralory testing. 10/8

'Duralumin', 14/3. 14/6 Durands rule for plane areas. 1/16 Duricrus1s;and site investigation. I 1 / 1 I Dust from demolition, 43/10 Dutch deep sounding test for pile capacity.

Dykes. geological, 8/9 9/35-36

Earth pressure. 9/17-22 active pressure analysis. 9/18-19

graphical method. 9/19 surcharge loads. 9/19

active/passive conditions. 9/17 bulkheads. anchored, 9/21-22

anchor pull, 9/21 bending moments. 9/22 face forces, 9/21 penetration depth, 9/21

excavations. strutted. 9/20 passive resistance, 9/20 pressure distribution. 9/20 stability, overall, 9/22

Earth retaining walls. reinforced 9/41-42.

Earthfill dams. see under Dams Earthquakes

17/26

loadings, 19/14-15 resistant timber construction. 16/1 I wave generation, 31/1 I

Earthworks for rdilWdyS. 25/34 for roads, 23/21-28

alignment/slopes. 23/23-24 compaction. 23/25 geotextiles, 23/25-26 materials. 23/24-25 planning/investigations, 23/21. 23/23 testing, 23/25

Echo-sounder in bathymetry. 3 1/20 Eclipse ground modelling system, 6/28 Eigenvalue analysis if open girders, 20/28 Elastic design for steel structures. 13/23-24 Elastic models in rock engineering design,

10/25 Elastic modulus

of concrete. hard, 4/ I2 of plasticslrubbers, 4/20

analysis of elastic body 218-9 energy methods, 2/9-10

Elasticity theory. 2/3-l I

Index/6

Elasticity theory. continued strain, see Strain stresslstrain

measurements, 2/1&1 I relationships, 2/74?

stress, internal, see under Stress Elastomer definition, 4/18 Electricity supply. 27/1-34

building layout. 27/65 chimneys, 27/21-24

ancillary structures, 27/24 flues/lining, 27/21, 27/24 foundations. 27/24 windshield design, 27/24

cooling towers, 27/19-21 shell, 27/20 support/foundations, 27/20-21 wind loading, 27/20

costs. 27/4 fuels, 27/3 hydro-electric power, 27/27 nuclear reactors, 27/24-27

buildings for, 27/2627 foundations. 27/25-26 pressure vessel, 27/25

plant layout, 27/4 pumped storage. 27/27-28 siting of station, 27/5 steam generation, 27/3 power house

steelwork, 27/5, 27/610 floors/roofs/walls. 27/I&I I foundations, 27/10 loadings, 27/8-9 ventilation. 27/12

transmission lines, 27/28-34 conductors, 27/29 design standards, 27/29 'galloping', 19/4 sags/tensions, 27/29-3 I

demolition, 43/8 foundations, 27/33-34 loading, wind/ice, 27/31 setting out for, 34/7

transmission towers, 13/17, 27/31-34

turbo-generator support, 17/27, 27/13-14, 27/3 I

water cooling culverts, 27/17-19 systems, 27/1&17

see a1.70 Services to buildings Electro-gas welding, 38/4 Electro-osmosis for drainage 9/38 Electro-slag welding, 38/34 Electrodialysis. for desalination, 28/ 19 Electromagnetic spectrum and remote sensing,

Electronic distance measurement (EDM) 7/14-15

development, 6/10-1 I for rock movement, l op5 principle, 6/1 1-12 in setting out. 34/3

as conic section. 1/17 properties of, 1/18-19

pipes in, loadings, 40/9 railway, 25/34 river, 30/ 19-20 see also Dams; Earthworks

ofchannel flow 5/17 equations. for ship rendering, 26/13-I 5 of a liquid, 5 / 7 4 and buildings, 21/14, 21/22-24 of waves, 31/74

Ellipse

Embankments

Energy

Engelund and Hansen equations, 30/15 English method of tunnelling, 32/4 Environmental considerations

in airport location, 24/3 in demolition, 43/10 in diving, 42/7 in dredging, 41/1 I in road planning, 23/10-12

history, 23/10 noise, traffic/construction, 23/1I-I 2 urban, 23/l I vibration/sound. 23/10-1 I

in site investigations. I I/3

for maritime use, 31/26 paints. 4/26

of limestone, 8/24 littoral, 31/13 valley cycle, 8/24-25 see 01.70 Scour

Escakilon in buildings, 21/22 Estuaries, 31/14

Euler strut, 2/26 EVapOlrdnSpirdliOn, 30/34 Excavations

EPOXY

Erosion

modelling, 31/18

earth pressure, 9/20 for foundations

anchoring, 9/20, 17/12. 17/13, 35/16 basement 17/12-13 pad, 17/5 strip, 17/6

heave. 9/9 quantity determination, 6/19-20 in rock, 10/32-33 setting out for, 34/5-6 temporary, 35/15-18

loads, 35/16-17 materials, 35/16 newer approaches, 35/17 and water, 35/18 widths of excavation, 35/16

underground, design and rock mechanics,

.see also Bulkheads. anchored; Trenches

in demolition. 43/6 for rock. l0/33

l0/3 1-32

Excavators

Explosion risk in demolition, 43/10 Explosives for underwater cutting, 42/9

Extensometers for rock monitoring, 10/35

Fabric of igneous rocks, X/9 Factories Acts on working in confined spaces.

see a l o Blasting

40/25 Factors Of Safety

for concrete. structural, 12/74 for pipe strength, 40/10 for piping, flow net for, 9/29 in ship rendering, 26/15 in slope stability analysis, 9/23, 9/25

of masonry in compression, 15/5-7 of rails. 25/11-12 see al.70 Fatigue

Falsework, 35/13-14 construction. 35/ I4 loads, 35/13 stresses. 35/13-14

Failure

Fascines, 30/17-18 Fastenings

for rails. 25/9-10 in limber. 16/8-10 .see irbo Bolting; Ties/connections

Fatigue of aluminium. calculation, 14/14 ofsteel, 13/10-11

FdUllS, 8/12-14 Fellenius's method for slope analysis, 9/2&25 Fencing

of airports, 24/22-23 of roads, 23/46 see also Security

from dredging, 41/1&1 I foundations on, 17/27

for embankment dams, 18/30-31 for sewage treatment

percolating. 29/ I7 sand, 29/19

Fill

Filters

for sludge dewatering. 29/24 Finite differences in rock engineering, I0/26 Finite element analysis

in the stiffness method, 3/14-15 in rock engineering, 10/26

and Building Regulations Fire

escape requirements. 21/24 spread. 2 I /2627

at airports, 24/22 compartmentation against. 2 1/2627 of concrete, 21/28 of steel. 21/29 water installations, 21/21 water supply for, 28/4

of concrete, reinforced/prestressed I2/6.

of timber, 16/6

in demolition. 43/10 in power houses, and roof material, 27/10

hydology. 301 I3

protection

resistance

12/12. 12/28, 12/32-33. 21/28. 21/29

risk

Fisher-Tippett type I external distribution in

Flexibility method in structure analysis, 3 / 6 1 I for beam analysis, 3/8-9 coefficients, 3 / 7 4

sign convention. 3/8 for frame analysis, 3/9-10 and stitTness method, 3/1 I for truss analysis. 3/10

Flip buckets for water energy dissipation,

Floats for current tracking, 31/21 Flooding

22/25

and drainage, 30/12-13 economic issues, 30/13 flow calculation. 30/13-14 frequency statistics, 30/13 and reservoir practice, 28/15 storage, in road drainage. 23/28 walls, 30121

Floors, 21/35 for basement foundations. 17/10 concrete. 21/35, 37/25-26

finishes, 21/30 of power houses, 27/1 I profiled steel decking, 13/18-19 timber, 16/3-4

Flow, see Hydrodynamics Flow nets, 9/27-29

surface hardeners, 37/26

construction, 9/28 hydraulic problem for. 9/29

Fluidization of soil and slope instability, 9/27 Fluidized bed treatment of sewage, 29/19 Flumes

measuring of, 22/7

Flumes, continued Venturi, 5/19

Fluvioglacial deposits, 8/2 1-22 Foam grouts, 9/41 F o d and Environmental Protection Act 1985,

Formwork, 35/6-13 and dredging, 41/1 I

for columns, 35/1 I concrete finish, 3518 design considerations, 35/8 loadings, 3517-8 philosophy of, 35/9-10 purpose, 35/67 release agents, 35/8-9 slipforming

for offshore structures, 44/1 I for paving, 37/24-25 vertical, 35/12-13, 37/2425

for soffits, 35/11-12 ties, 35/6 for walls, 35/10

bearing capacity and site investigation, 11/10 for chimneys, power station. 27/24 concrete, mhss sections, 37/27 for cooling towers. 27/20-21 deep, 17/9-18

basement design, 17/10-13 caissons, 17/13-17 definitions. 17/9-10 shaft foundations, 17/17-18

loading. 17/34 procedure. I7/3 in rock, 10/31 and settlement, differential, I7/4

durability, and material. 17/29-30 for electricity power house, 27/10 on fill, 17/27 for machinery, 17/26-27

turbo-generators, 17/27. 27/14 and mining subsidence. 17/27-28 for nuclear reactors. 27/25-26 for offshore concrete structures, 44/12 permeable for open channels. 22/10 for power houses. 27/10 retaining walls, 17/24-26 in rock, blasting of, l0/33 setting out for. 34/6-7 shallow. 17/49

Foundations, 21/42, 21/44

design, 17/1-31

bearing pressures. 17/5 definitions, 17/4 depth, 17/4-5 design, structural, 17/7-9 ground treatment beneath, 17/9 and loading eccentric, I7/7 types of, 17/5-7

and soil mechanics, 9/7-17 bearing capacity. 9/6-9 definitions, 9/7 failure, 9/7 settlement. 9/9-17

temporary, 39 /67 for transmission towers, 27/33-34 see al.so Piled foundations

Frames analysis

plastic, portal frame. 3/29-30 rigid, 3/9-10

concrete reinforced/prestressed. 12/14 in high-rise buildings, and bending, 21/39 height limitations, 21/34 hydraulic, for trench support. 40/13, 40/14 moment distribution without sway, 3/17-18 for pitched roof, 3/30-31 skeletal structures, 21/42

steel, erecting, 34/7 .stresses/strains in, 2/29 see also Timber

Freezing . for groundwater exclusion, 9/40

for rock support, 10/34 as tunnelling aid, 32/15

Freczing/thawing attack of concrete. 4/ 14 Frequency, definition, 3/23 Frost susceptibility, and site investigation,

I1/11-12 see also Freezing; Freezing/thawing atlack

of concrete; Periglacial soils Froude number, 2213 Fuels

for electricity supply, 27/3 installations at airports. 24/22

Fungal resistance, of timber, I6/5

Gabions, 22/15. 30/19 'Galloping' of transmission lines, 19/4 Galvanic corrosion of aluminium, 14/10 Gas-shielded arc welding, 3813 Gases

biogas, 29/25 in confined spaces, 40/25 for diving, 421- and site investigation, 11/12 from sludge, 29/23

air demand, 22/32 Gates, in hydraulic structures. 22/28-29

Gaussian distribution. 1/30 Geodimeters, 6/10 Geology and engineering, 8/1-34

alluvial soils classification, 8/26-27 deposition, 8/28 erosion cycle, 8/24-25 river, 8/24

field identification. 8/10 igenous rocks, 8/6-9 metamorphic rocks, 8/9-10 properties, 8/10 sedimentary rocks, 8/54

classification/description, 8/5-10

definitions, 8/3 deformations

engineering aspects, 8/15-16

folds. 8/14-15 joints. 8/10, 8/12

desert soils, 8/20 glacial soils, 8/20-23 humid tropical residual soils, 8/17,

periglacial soils, 8/23-24 rock weathering, 8/17

faults, 8/12-14

geomorphological environments, 8/17-24

8/19-20

geomorphological processes. 8/16 information sources, 8/30-32 maps, 8/28-30

general. 8/28-29 in site investigation, 11/16 special, 8/29-30

plate tectonics, 8/4 for reservoirs. 28/13 slratigraphy, principles of, 8/3-4 for water pumping, 28/10-l I

coordinate. 1/13-20 Geometry

axes, change of. 1/14 conic sections, 1/17-20 lengths of curves, 1/15-16 plane areas, 1/16-17 polar coordinates. 1/14-15

Index17

three-dimensional analytical, 1/20-22 distance between two points, 1/21 equations, 1/21-22 sign convention. 1120-21

Geomorphology environments, 8/17-24

desert soils, 8/20 glacial soils, 8/20-23 humid tropical residual soils, 8/17,

periglacial soils, 8/23-24 rock weathering, 8/17

8/ I 9-20

processes, 8/16 Geophysical methods, in ground investigation.

11/17 Geotextiles, 9/42

durability. 4/24 in railway embankments, 25/4 for river reinforcement, 30/19 for roads, 23/25-26

box, 20/24-27. 20129-31 with cantilevers, 20/27 design, I3/2 1-22 with diaphragms, 20/25-27 multiple single cell, 20129-31 single cell, 20/24-25

gantry. 13/23 open section, 20/21-22

multiple web, 20/27-29 plate, design, I3/20-21 in temporary works, 35/6 welding, 38/8-9

box, 38/8-9 plate. 38/8

Glacial soils, 8/20-23 see also Periglacial soils

Glass reinforcement for cement. 21/28

cladding, 37/31 for PVC pipes, 28/54

Glazing, 21/30 of power house, 27/1 I

Glued-laminated timber assemblies. 16/7 stress grading, 16/6 and structural design, 16/7

Gluing of plastics/rubbers, 4/21 Grab dredgers, 41 /65 Grabs in demolition, 43/7 Gradation, geomorphological, 8/16 Gradients of roads, 23/15 Grading, setting out for, 34/5-6 Grand Dixence dam. 18/5. 18/14 Grants, 2 I / I I Granular soils

Girders

foundation'settlement in, 9/15-16 particle size distribution, 9/30

Grass for slope stabilization, 9/27 Gravity, in tidal forces, 31/3 Gravity concrete dams, 18/13-14

Great circle, definition. I / I I Greathead shield tunnelling, 32/4 Greensand, Lower, for water pumping,

Grid levelling, for excavation quantity

Grits, Carboniferous, for water pumping.

Ground improvement, 9/37-44

arch, 18/23-24

28/I&l I

determination, 6/ 19-20

28/l I

anchors, 9/42 deep, 9/42-43 geotextiles for,. 9/42 groundwater exclusion, 9/39-40 grouting, 9/40-41

Index/8

Ground improvement. continued reinforced earth. 9/41-42 shallow compaction. 9/43 stabilization. 9/43-44 see also Drainage

Ground investigation, 1 1 / 6 1 5 contamination hazards. 1 1 / 4 5

COSI. I I/S intensity of. I I/5 main investigation. 11/8-14

contaminated site. 11/12 dala interpretation/report, 11/12. 11/14 depth, I1/10-1 I lateral extent, 11/9-10 problem conditions, I I / I 1-12

COnIrdCtS, 11/26

types Of. I1/8-9 methods, 11/16-26

engineering properties. 11/17-20 over water. I 1/20 SlrdtigrdphiCal. 11/16-17

objectives. I1/4 personnel, 11/26 preliminary, 1 1 / 6 8

desk study, I1/7-8 objectives, I1/7 reconnaissance, I 1/8

review during construction. 11/14 for roads. 23/23 stages in, I 1 / 5 6

Groundwater control/exclusion, 9/39-40, 40/10

Grouting for dam cut-off, 18/32 for foundations. shallow, 17/9 for ground improvement, 9/40-41 Guttman process, 9/41 of rockbolts. 10/34 in tunnelling, 32/14-15 underwater. 42/9

of aggregate, 37/18, 37/19 in clamps. 44/16

Groynes, 31/28, 31/30 Gumbel distribution in hydrology, 30/13 Gunite. see Shotcrete Guttman grouting process, 9/41

Halcrow lining of tunnels. 32/10 Hankinson relationship for timber strength.

I6/7 Harbours

models, 5/27, 31/18 navigation requirements, 26/6-7 siting/design, 26/3 wave resonance in, 31/12 see also Ports

Hardboard, tempered, I6/8 Hardness

of plastics/rubbers. 4/20 of rock, testing, 10/8, 10/11-12

Harmonic analysis of open girders, 20/28 Hazen's law in soil permeability, 9/4 Health and safety, in demolition, 43/9-10

Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 see also Safety

on temporary works, 3513 on trenching, 40115-16 on working in confined spaces, 40/25

Heathrow airport terminal, 24/12 Heave on excavation in clay soils, 9/9 Height measurement, see Levels High-rise buildings, 21/37-42

combined systems. 2 1 / 3 9 4 construction, 21/35-37 frames in, 21/39

ground level open space. 21/42 horizontal load resistance. 2 1/37-38 masonry for. 15/13-14 movement. 21/40. 21/42 selling out for, 34/8-9 shear walls/cores. 21/39

administration, 23/34 communications, 23/45 concrete construction, 37/20-25

Highways. 23/1-64

conventional, 37/2 1-24 slipform. 37/24-25

in developing countries, 23/57-61 drainage. 23/26-30 earthworks. 23/21-28

alignment/slopes, 23/23-24 compaction, 23/25 geotextiles. 23/25-26 materials. 23/24-25 preliminary work. 23/21, 23/23 testing, 23/25

environmenlal appraisal. 23/10-12 history. 23/10 noise, 23/11-12 urban. 2311 I vibrjition/sound, 23/J0-I I

fencing. 23/46 geometry. 23/ 12-2 I

alignment, 23/12. 23/14-15 carriageway layout, 23/15-16 interchangesljunctions. 23/16. 23/20-2 I and speed, 23/12 width/capacity, 23/12

lighting, 23/44 maintenance. 23/5 1-57

assessment of need, 23/56 non-structural, 23/56-57 requirementslstandards. 23/5 1-56

winter. 23/56

block paving. 23/43-44

design advice, 23130-31 flexible/Rexible composite, 23/3 1-32,

for industrial use. 23/26, 23/42-43 for light use, 23/36 rigid, 23/36

finalizing procedures, 23/6-7 objectives, 23/4 preliminary assessment/consultation,

23/44 report/recommendations, 23/6

Sldff, 23/56. 23/57

pavement/surPacings

capping/sub-base, 23/3 I

23/36

scheme preparation, 23/67

signslmarkings, 23/44-45 specifications/materials testing, 23/48 traffic appraisal, 23/7-10

economic evaluation. 23/10 forecasts. 23/8-10 models, 23/74 preliminary, 23/7

capacity improvement. 23/49-50 hierarchy, 23/49 restrictions, 23/51 route guidance, 23/50-51 traffic management/assessment, 23/49

user facilities. 23/46. 23/48

urban, 23/49-51

Highways Act 1980, 23/3 Hire of plant

the market. 36/9-10 philosophy, 36/8 rate calculation, 36/8-9 YS. buy, 36/9

Hoardings, 43 /65

Hoists for concrete, 37/1 I Hollow box foundations, see Raft foundations Home lighting. 21/20 Hopper loading. 1915 Hospital lighting, 21/19-20 Hydrants, 2817

in fire protection 28/6 Hydraulic structures. 22/1-34

cavitation. 22/24. 22/32 channels. open, 22/3-15

concepts, 22/34 control structures, 22/7-10 energy dissipation, 22/10. 22/12-14 flumes, 22/7 foundations. permeable. 22/10 scour/erosion. 22/14-15 transitions, 22/45 weirs, 2211-7

air problems. 22/20 drop shafts, 22/lX-20 exits. 22/18 flow routing. 22/18 head loss. 22/16 transitions/bends. 22/17-18 tunnels in rock, 22/16-17

enclosed flow (conduits/tunnels), 22/16-20

gates, 22/28-29 reservoir outlets, 22/25-26

inlakes. 22/25-26 screens, 22/26 vortices, 22/26

spillways, 22120-25 bellmouth/closed conduit. 22/22-23 chutes. 22/24-25 energy dissipation, 22/25 outlets. low-level, 22/21-22 purposes, 22/20-21 siphon. 22/23-24 types, 22/21 weirs. 22/21

valves. 22/29-32. 28/74 see a1.w Sewers

Hydraulic tools for divers, 4219 Hydraulics. see Hydraulic structures; Hydro-

Hydro-electric power, 27/27 Hydrodynamics, 5/7-27

Bernoulli's theorem. 5/8 channels, flow in. 5/15-19

critical depth, 5/17 energy, S / I7 horizontal bed. 5/18-19 hydraulic jump, 5/19 non-uniform flow, 5/17-18 resistance, 5/ I7 of sewage, 29 /65 shape for maximum flow, 5/16-17 velocity distribution. 5/17 Venturi flume, 5/19

dimensional analysis. 5/2>7 models, 51267

energy, 5 / 7 4 jet impact. 5/23-24

dynamics; Hydrostatics; Rivers; Water

cubical block, 5/23-24 stonelsand stability. 5/24 vanes, 5/23

orifices, 5/19-20 pipes, flow in

and bends, 511 I and contractions, 5/1 I deterioration of pipes, 5/10 and enlargements, 5/10-1 I friction calculation, 5/9-10 measurement. 5/14-15 multiple pipes, 5/13-14 non-circular section, 518-9

lndexl9

Landsat. 7/18-20, 7/26-27 Landscape Advisory Committee for roads, ' 23/5

Landscape in building projects. 21/9-10 Laser level, 6/14-15 Laterites, 8/17 Latrines, intermediate technology. 29/25 Lattice towers and masts, 13/17 Laybys, 23/48 Layers

in grading, 34/5 in trenching, 34/6 in tunnelling. 34/9. 34/10

Leaching requirement for irrigation, 3O/M Lead risk in demolition, 43/9 Legislation on dams, 18/36 on highways. 23/3 on pipelines, 40/3 and temporary works, 35/3 see also Planning consent

grid, 6/19-20 trigonometrical, 6/20-2 I

Levels, 6/12-15 automatic, 6/14 collimation error. 6/15 dumpy, 6/13 laser, 6/14-15 principle, 6/13 quick-set, in setting out. 34/3 tilting, 6/13

Licensing in plant operation. 36/15 Lifts in buildings, 21/22 Lighting

Levelling in vertical control, 6/18-19

of airports. 24/15 on chimneys, warning, 27/24 of interiors, 21/17-20

artificial, 21/19 daylight, 2 1/17-19 types of building, 21/19-20

of roads, 23/44 Lightning protection on chimneys, 27/24 Lime

for grouting under foundations, 17/9 for soil stabilization, 9/43

landforms, 8/24 for water pumping, 28/1 I

Limit states of structures, 21/32 aluminium, 14/10-1 I concrete, structural. 12/7-9 masonry, ISl4-5 steel, 13/25-26 temporary works, 35/3

Limestone

Liners, plastic, durability, 4/24 Linescanner. thermal infra-red. 7/16 LiqueFaction of soil and slope stability, 9/27 Liquefied petroleum gas in caverns, 32/19 Liquid limit determination, 9/30 Lloyd-Davies method

for runoff estimation, 23/26 for sewer design, 29/34

Llyn Brianne Dam. 18/1 I Load classification groups/number for

pavements, 24/ 19-2 I Loadings. 19/1-16

assessment. 19/3 bins. 19/5 bridges, 20/31-32

railway, 19/8-9 road. 19/5-8

Building Regulations, 21/26 of culverts for cooling water. 27/18 earthquake effects, 19/14-15 on excavations. 35/16-17

H,ydrodynamics. pipes. flow in, continued nozzles. 5/13 parallel pipes, 5/12 problems, graphs for, 5/11-12 siphons, 5/12-13 streamline/turbulent. 5/8 and valves. 5/1 I water hammer, 5/15 in water pipes, 28/6

sediment transport, 5/24 vortices, 5/24-5 waves. 5/25 weirs and notches, 5120-23

shapes, 5120-21 submerged, 5/21 time of discharge, 5/21-23

Hydrofracturing for rock stress measurement, 10/36

Hydrogeology. 10/4-5 maps, 8/30

Hydrographic surveys for dredging, 41/12 in site investigations, 11/14

Hydrographs. 30/14 Hydrostatics, 5/5-7

buoyancy 5/7 force on an area. 5/5-7

as conic section, 1/17 properties, 1/19

Hyperbolas

Ice and arctic offshore design, 44/12 loading on pylons. 27/3 I roads on, to offshore structures, 44/13

Igneous rocks. 8 / 6 9 classification, 8/8 composition, 8 / 6 4 physical properties, 8/8-9

Image ratioing for enhancement. 7/26 Inclinometers for rock monitoring, 10/35 Indentation testing of rock, 10/1 I Industry

building light, 21/20 effluent and sewage treatment. 29/12 pavements, 23/36. 23/4243 water consumption, 28/3-4

Inertia. moments of, 2/12-14 Influence lines in structural analysis. 3/19-22

for beams, 3/19-20 computers for, 3/22 Maxwell's reciprocal theorem in. 3/21 for model analysis, 3/21-2 Mueller-Breslau's principle in, 3/21 for statically indeterminate structures,

for trusses. plane. 3/20 Infra-red scanning. 7/16-17 Insect resistance of timber. 16/6

Insulation

3/20-21

termite resistant construction. 16/10

of power house walls, 27/1 I sound, 21/20 thermal. 21/17

of roofs. 21/31

for demolition, 43/3 in plant operation, 36/15-16

Integration. 1/23-27 of fractions. 1/26-27 by parts. 1/25-26 by substitution. 1/24 successive, 1/23-24 by transformation, 1/24-25

Insurance

Intermediate t&hnology. in sewage disposal. 29/25-26

International Commission on Large Dams

International Union of Railways (UIC)

Ion exchange of sewage effluent, 29/21 Iron

(ICOLD). 18/36

loading recommendations, I9/8, 19/9

cast, water pipes, 28/5 maritime use, 31/25 pipes, for sewers, 28/6 for steel, 13/4

lrribarren equation for sea forces, 31/17 Irrigation, 30/3-9

canals control structures, 22/8 design, 30/9

crop water requirements, 30/3-4 efficiency, 30/4-5 methods, 30/6-9

sprinkler, 30/7-9 sub-irrigation. 30/9 surface, 30/6-7 trickle, 30/9

rainfall, effective. 30/5 salinity/leaching requirement. 30/5 with sewage emuent. 29/20 soil moisture. 30/3

as arctic offshore structures, 44/12 construction by dredging. 41/1 I

Islands

ltaipu Dam. 18/20-22

Jack-up rigs, 44/3 Jacking

of pipes, 40/20 with slurry shields, 40/19 with steerable borers, 40/19-20 in tunnels, 40/22-23

for design, 10/15 stress measurement, 10/36

for rock testing

Janbu's method for slope analysis. 9/25 Janssen's theory for bin loading. 19/5 Jetties. 26/9-10 Johnson parabola for column strength,

Jointing. 8/10. 8/12 in concrete. 37/17

2/27-28

formwork for, 35/9 in pipelines, 40/3 reinforced. 12/19-20 roads. 37/23

igneous, 8/9 and mechanical properties, lO/20-23

of rock

Joosten grouting process, 9/41 Jump. hydraulic. in channel Row. 5/19,

22/3-2 I in stilling basins, 22/10, 22/12

Karst cycle of erosion, 8/24 Kinematic envelope, and railway clearances,

Kozeny's formula in soil permeability, 9/4 25/22

Lacey regime formulae, 30/14-15 Lagoons for sewage treatment, 29/20 Lame constants. 2/7 Lamellar pigments for steel, 4/26 Lamellar tearing in welded steel. 38/10 Lamination of steel plate, 38/10

see cr1.w Glued-laminated timber Land information systems (LIS). 6/28 Landform maps, 8/30

Index11 0

Loadings, eonfinued on falsework, 35/13 on formwork, 35/74 on masonry walls, 15/8-10 occupancy loads, 19/3-5 from paper storage, 21/32 of pipes in trenches, 40/5-10 on power houses, 27/8-9 resistance of buildings

horizontal, 21/35 vertical, 21/34-35

in rock, monitoring, 10/36 of scaffolding steel, 35/4 see olso under Wind

Local Authorities in road planning, 23/7 Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, and

water supply, 28/3 Location-time diagram. in project planning,

33/ I0 Locks, maritime, 26/15 Logarithms. 1/4 Lomes, for concrete. 37/1 I Lorry-mounted cranes, 37/12-13 Los Angeles test of rock abrasion, 10/8, 10/1 Lugeon test. for embankment dams, 18/32-3 Lunes. definition. I / I I

Macadam. 23/31 Machinery, foundations for, 17/26-27 Magma

and rock composition. 8/6-7 and rock form, 8/8-9

Magnesium in aluminium alloy, 14/67 Maintained load (ML) pile lest, 17/24 Management of projectsjcontracts, 33/1-18

appraisal. 33/11-13 evaluation, 33/12-I 3 risk/uncertainty, 33/12

cashflow, 33/7-8 commercial considerations. 33/67

cost estimating, 3YlO-l I requirements. 33/10-1 I techniques. 33/1 I

measurement/valuation. 33/15-16 bills of quantities, 33/15-16 changes to quantitieslwork. 33/l method related charges. 33/16 pricing/tendering policy, 33/6

decision making/control. 33/5 of design/construction. 33/5 objectives. 33/5 project stages. 33/3, 33/5 safety. 33/6

planning. 33/8-10 compiling, 33/8 programming, 33/10 requirements of, 33/8 resource scheduling, 33/8. 33/10

COll t rdCtS, 33/14-15

organization. 33 /34

problems, 33/3 projects, 33/16-18

guidelines for management. 3/17-18 Manganese in aluminium alloy. 14/7 Manning equation/formula

for canal design, 30/9 for pipe friction, 5/9-10

Mapping. topographic. with aerial photogrammetry. 7/11-12

flight planning, 7/11-12 triangulation, 7/12

general, 8/28-29 geological, 8/28-30 Ordnance Survey, 23/4

Maps

in site investigation. 11/16 special, 8/29-30

MARCH for road maintenance, 23/56 Marine structures, see Coastal/maritime

Marston method for pipe loading, 40/5 Masonry, load bearing. 15/1-17, 21/29

engineering

applications, 15/13-17 boundary walls, 15/14 bridges, 15/16-17 high-rise buildings. 15/13-14 low-rise buildings, 15/14 retaining walls, 15/14-16

cement for, 4/4 codes of practice. 15/34 durability in foundations, 17/30 history and recent revival. 15/3 limit state principles, 1 5 / 6 5 material properties, I5/3 reinforced

durability. 15/13 performance, 15/12-13 uses, 15/13 YS. prestressed. 15/12-13

stability, dimensional, 15/13 unreinforced, I5/1-I I

accidektal forces, I5/1 I failure in compression. 15/5-7 loading, 15/8-10 slenderness, I5/8 stability/robustness. I5/lO-l I

Mass movements. periglacial, 8/23 Masts, 13/17

Materials. information sources, 4/3

Plastics/rubbers; Steel

demolition, 43/8

see dso Brickwork; Concrete; Masonry;

Mathematics 1/1-27 see o h Statistics

Matrix algebra, 1/27 Maxwell's reciprocal theorem. 3/21 Mean. arithmetic. 1/29 Meanders. river, 8/25 Median, 1/29 Megget Dam. 18/9-1 I Meicende Dam. 18/20 Membrane structures. 21/42 Metamorphic rocks, 8/9-10 Meteorology

and airport location, 24/5 data recording and sea conditions, 31/23 see oLo Rainfall

for currents. maritime. 3 1/21 for pipe flow, 5/14-15

Microstrainers for sewage. 29/20 Microtunnelling, 40/1620

Meters

convergent/expansive techniques, 40/17. ,0/19 design, 40/16 drilling, directional. 40/20 jacking

with borers. 40/19-20 with slurry slides, 40/19

moling. impact, 40/20 ramming. 40/20 site investigation for. 40/1617. 40/21

MlDAS for urban traffic management, 23/49 Millscale on steel. removal of. 4/24 Mining subsidence, foundations and. 17/27-28 Minitunnel lining system. h0/22 Mixers for concrete, 37/5-7 Models

in coastal engineering. 31/17-19 in ground investigation. 11/19-20 in hydrodynamic analysis, 5/2627

ships. 5/26

in rock engineering design, 10/25-26, 10/27 in structural analysis, 3/21-22 terrain digital, 7/12-13 in traffic appraisal. 23/74

Modular optoelectronic multispectral scanner

Moh's scale of hardness. 10/1 1-12 Mohr's circle

(MOMS). 7/20

for rock. 10/19 for shear strength of soil, 9/4 of stress, 2/5 in stress/strain measurement, 2/1 I

drainage, 30/12 impact. 40/20

Moling

Moment distribution method in structural analysis. 3/16-19

field end moments, 3/ 16-1 7 with sway, 3/18 without sway, 3/17-18

Monel metal for maritime use, 31/26 Monitoring of deformation. 6/2O-26

computation processes. 6/23-26 deformation analysis, 6/26 network precision, 6/24-25 network reliability. 6/25-26

monitoring points, 6/23 reference points. 6/21-23 of rock movement. 10/35

Monocomparators. 7 / 7 4 Monte Carlo simuhlion in project evaluation,

33/ I3 Moon. and tides, 31/3 Moraine, 8/21 Morgenstern and Price's method for slope

Mortars analysis. 9/25-27

for concrete joints. 37/17 resin. 4/24

6/27 MOSS surveying/engineering design system.

for road layout. 23/16 Motor Vehicles Regulations. 36/15 Motorways

service areas. 23/46. 23/48 telephones/signals. 23/45

.see olso Highways

of buildings. 21/34

in masonry, IS/ I3 in timber, 16/4

traffic COUIlIS. 19/6

Movement

high-rise, 21/40, 21/42

Mueller-Breslau's principle in indeterminate

Multi-storey buildings water supply. 21/21 see ulso High-rise buildings

structure analysis. 3/21

Mussel growth in cooling water culverts. 27/19

Nailed timber joints, 16/9 National Motorway Communications Systems

(NMCS). 23/45 Navier equations in elastic analysis. 2/9 Needle valves, 22/30 Network analysis in project planning. 33/10 Networks. computers for. 1/37 Neves Dam, 18/27-29 New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM).

Nixon regime formulae. 30/15 Noise

from airportspaircraft. 24/3 barriers on roads. 23/46 from bucket dredgers. 41/3 control in buildings. 21/20

32/ I4

Index/ll

Noise. conrinucd from demolition, 43/10 in road scheme appraisal. 2311 1-12

Non-Newtonian fluids, 5 / 3 4 Notches, see Weirs and notches Nozzles and pipe flow, 5/13 .Nuclear reactors, 27/24-27

buildings for, 27/26-27 foundations, 27/25-26 pressure vessel, 27/25

Numerical methods in rock engineering design, 10/26

Oedometer test. 9/34 Offices

floor loading from filing,,21/32 lighting. 21/19

analysis. 44/14 arctic, 44/12-13 codes/regulations. 44/14-15 construction stages, 44/6-10

fabrication, 44 /64 factors affecting. 44/10 hook-up/commissioning. 44/9- 10 installation, 44/9 launching, 44/8-9 transporration. 44/9

Offshore construction. 44/1-17

lacilities, 44/13-14 inspection. 44/ 15-1 6 organization/management, 44/ I 5 protection, cathodic. 44/16 removal, 44/16-17 repairlmaintenance. 441 14- I6 structures, 44 /34

concrete. 44/10-12 fixed, 44/3 floating, 44/3. 44/6 jack-up rigs. 44/3 steel, 13/17-18

work schedule and costs. 44/14 see also Coastal/maritime engineering;

Diving Oil

resistance of plastics/rubbers, 4/ 19 storage in caverns, 32/19

Oolites for water pumping, 28/10 Optical distance measurement (ODM), 6/8-10

subtense bar, 6/9-10 tacheometry, 6/8-9

Ordnance Datum/bench marks. 6/19 Ordnance Survey

digital mapping, 6/26-27 maps, 23/4

Organic soils, and site investigation, I I / I I Orifices, hydrodynamics of, 5/19-20

rounded, 5/20 sharp-edged. 5/19 submerged, 5/20 time of dishcarge, 5/20

Orthophoto systems, 7/1 I OSCADY for uban traffic management. 23/49 Oscillations, bridge, and subjective reaction,

20/36-37 Osmosis, reverse

for desalination. 28/19 of sewage effluent, 29/21

Oxidation ponds, 29/19 Oxygen demand of sewage, 29/1 I Ozonation of sewage effluent, 29/20 Ozone resistance of plastics/rubbers, 4/19

Pad foundations, 17/54 definition, 17/4 design, structural 17/74

Painting of aluminium, 14/10 of steel. 4/24. 4/26 sec u1.so Corrosion protection

Pallets for cargoes. 26/4 Parabola

as conic section. 1/17 properties. 1/17-18

Parallax in photogrammetry, 714 Parallel axis theorem. 2/12 Parking in urban areas. 23/51

Particle size distribution, laboratory determination. 9/30

Partitions. interior, 21/31 Pavements

see also Car parks

aircraft. 24/16-21 composite, 24/18 construction. 24/16 design. UK. 24/19-21 flexible. 24/ I8 function/requirements. 24/16 overlays. 24/18-19 rigid, 24/16-18

in port areas, 26/15-16 for roads. 23/30-44

block paving. 23/43-44 cappinglsub-base. 23/31 design advice. 2Y30-31 in devloping countries. 23/58-59 flexible/flexible composite. 23/3 1-32.

industrial use. 23/36. 23/42-43 light use design, 23/36 rigid. 23/36

23/36

Pedestrians facilities for. 23/51 and road junctions, 23/21

in ground investigation, 11/17 split barrel sampler for. 9/34 standard. for settlement in granular soils,

Penman method for evapotranspiration, 30/3 Periglacial soils. 8/23-24 Permafrost, 8/23

Permanent International Association of

Penetration tests

9/15-16

and site investigation. I I / I I

Navigation Congresses (PIANC), 41/13

report on disposal. 41/42 Permanent International Association of Road

Permeability Congresses (PIARC), 23/4

estimation for drainage, 9/37 rock testing. for design, IOj13 of soils, 9 / 4 5

Perry-Robertson formula for column strength. 2/28

Personnel for plant maintenance. 36/14 for steel erecting. 39/9

of sewage, 29/1&15 in water treatment. 28/20. 28/21

pH control

Photoelastic stress measurements, 211 I Photogrammetry. 7/3-14

aerial, 7/1 1-13 digital terrain models, 7/12-13 monitoring deformation, 7/13 topographic mapping, 7/1I-I 2

laboratory applications, 7/14 monitoring of deformation. 7/13-14 slope/rock stability, 7/14 tunnel profiling, 7/14

close-range, 7/13-14

instrumentation. 7/5-1 I cameras. 7/5-7 single-photograph, 7 / 7 4 stereoscopic. 7/8-1 I

principles, 7/3-5 afld~ylicdl. 7/4-5 geometry of a photograph, 7 / 3 4 stereoscopy/parallax. 7/4

for rock movement monitoring, 10135 see a1.so Remote sensing

Photography, underwater, 4219 see ulso Photogrammetry; Remote sensing

PICADY for urban traffic management. 23/49 Piers for ship berthing. 26/9 Pieve di Cadore Dam, 18/24. 18/25-26 Piezometers in rock drillholes. 10/35 Pigments for concrete, 4/8 Piled foundations. 17/18-24

anchoring. 17/23

definitions, 17/10 displacement, 17/18

caps, 17/23-24

concrete. precastlprestressed. 17/19-21 drivenlcast-in-place. 17/18, 17/22 steel, 17/21 timber. 17/19

in fill, 17/27 ground beams. 17/24 raking piles, 17/23 replacement. 17/18-19

auger-injected. 17/23 concrete for. 17/23 percussion bored. 17/23 rotary bored, 17/22-23

testing. 17/24

bored contiguous. 17/26

for breakwaters, 31/33 capacity determination

groups of piles. 9/35 single piles, 9/35-36

on clay, 9/36-31 in channels, open, 22/10 displacement. durability of. 17/29-30 for excavation support. 17/12. 35/16, 35/18

frames, 40/13,40/14 for groundwater exclusion, 9/40 for maritime use. 31/25 for offshore structures, 44/9 for revetments. 30/19 on rock. 9/35 on sand/gravel. deep, 9/35-36 setting-out for. 34/8 in temporary works, 35/6 in water. forces on, 31/15 see a1.so Bulkheads. anchored

costs. 40/29

Pileslpiling

for groundwater exclusion, 9/40

Pipelines

appraisal. 40/29-30 construction, 40/30-3 1

joints, 40/3 maritime

outfall. 31/34 sea-bed, forces on, 3 I / I5

materials. 4013 railway crossing. 25/2 I rehabilitation. 40/25-29 for road drainage. 23/30 routing. 40/3 working in confined spaces, 40/23-25 see ulso Microtunnelling; Trenches see also under Tunnelling

Pipelines Act, 1967, 23/3 Pipes

flow in, see under Hydrodynamics

Index11 2

Pipes, continued laying, setting out for, 34/6 in road drainage, 23/27-28 Tor sewers. 28/6. 29/74 in trenches

loadings. @/5-10 properties. 40/3 protection, 40/15 strength, 40/10 testing. 40/15

design, 28/6 flow in, 28/6 materials. 28/54

for water transmission. 28 /44

see abo Hydraulic structures

factor of safety. flow net for, 9/29 in open channels, 22/10

Piping

Pitch paints, 4/26 Planning consent

for building, 21/1 I for roads, 23/7

compiling, 3318 programming, 33/10 remote sensing for. 7/27 requirements of. 33/8 resource scheduling, 33/8. 33/10

for building services. 21/14 central heating, 21/21 for concrete pavements, 23/36 for concrete. ready-mixed, 37/8-10

Planning of projects. 33/8-10

Plant. 36/1-17

semiimobile, 37/9 stationary, 37/8-9 truck mixers, 37/9-10

financial, 36/16-17 operational, 36/16

for demolition, 43/64 hire, 36/8-10

control, 36/16-17

vs. buy. 3619 industry. recent development, 36/3 the market, 36/9-10 philosophy. 36/8 rate calculation. 36/8-9

industrial, structural steel for, 13/16 insurance. 36/15-16 licensing, 36/15 maintenance. 36/i2-14

equipment for. 36/13-14 staff, 36/14 systems. 3611 2-13

calculation of optimum, 36/10-l I human errors, 36/12 reducing factors, 36/11-12

for rock excavation, l op3 rollers/compactors, 9/43 selection. 36/44

output/production, 36/1&12

factors in. 36/3 methods/procedures. 36/54 principles, 36/65

spares/stock control, 36/14-15 static. foundations for, 17/26-27 see also Dredging

definitions, 3/26-27 examples, 3/28-31

Plastic analysis

continuous beam, 3/29 pitched roof frame, 3lW-31 portal frame. 3/29-30 propped cantilevers. 3/28-29

Plastic design for stcel structures. 13/24 Plastic limit. determination in soils, 9/30

theorems/principles, 3/27-28

Plasticizers for concrete, 4/7 in thermoplastics, and bonding, 4/21

applications. 4/2 I compounding/procffsing. 4/20 definitions, 4/18-19 Fabrication. 4/20-21

contact moulding, 4/21 foamed/expanded. 4/2 I . 4/24 identification, 4/21 for maritime use. 31/26 properties

Plastics/rubbers, 4/18-24

mechanical, 4/19-20 ,

physical/chemical. 4/ 19 for sewer pipes, 28/6 for sheathing of basements, 17/11 for temporary works, 35/5

Plate bearing tests. 9/33 of rock. 10/13. 10/15

Plate tectonics. 8/4 Plywood

assemblies. I6/X for temporary works. 35 /65

Pneumatic construction. 21/42 Pneumatic tools for divers. 42/8-9 Poker vibrators. 37/19-20 Polders. 4 I /9-I 0 Pollution

ground investigation and contamination, 11/65. 11/12

from road drainage. control. 23/30 in sed. detection, 31/22 in sewage, 29/5

from storm runoff, 29/4 of water from sewage. 29/12 .see ob0 Noise

definition. 4/18 polypropylene sheets for scour protection.

22/15 polyurethane paints. 4/26 polyvinylchloride pipes

for maritime use. 31/26 for water. 2X/5-6

Population. statistical. 1/29 representations. 1/30

Pore presssure in dams

Polymers

concrete, 28/ I8 earth. 28/16

in soil, and effective stress, 9/3 Porosity of rock, laboratory testing, IO/8 Portal frames, 21/42 Portland cements. 4 / 3 4 Ports, 26/ I - I6

berths marginal, 26/7 roll-on roll-off. 26/1&12

dolphins. 26/10 durability/mainlenance, 26/16 rendering, 26/12-I 5

energy equation, 26/13-15 factor of safety, 26/15 structural considerations. 26/15 systems, attached/detached. 26/13

jetties, 26/9-10 loads, 26/12 locks, 26/ I5 navigation requirements. 26/67 pavements, 26/15-16 piers, 26/9 planning. 26 /34

cargo handling, 26/5 cargo types, 26/34 land area/access, 2615

other facilities. 26/54 vessels handled, 26 /65

Power transmission lines, 27/28-34 conductors, 27/29 design standards. 27/29 'galloping'. 19/4 sags/tensions. 27/29-3 I supports. 27/3 1-34

demolition, 43/8 steel. 13/17

towers see also Electricity supply; Transmission

Pozzolanic cement, 4/4

Prandtl equation, 5/8 Precast concrete. 12129-3 I. 37/3 1-32 Precedence diagrams in project planning,

33/10 Preloading

Pozzolans. 4/5

for deep improvement, 9/42 for foundations, shallow, 17/9

'Prepakt' grout. 9/41 Preservative treatment of timber, 16/6

Pressure-momentum theorem. 22/3 Pressure

for maritime use, 3 I I25

monitoring in rock, 10/36 uplift, flow net for, 9/29 see a l o Earth pressure

Prestressed concrete. 12/21-29 beams, 12/26-27 columns, 12/28 losses of prestress. 12/24-25 serviceabihly

prestress and, 12/23-24 requirements, 12/21-23

secondary reinforcement. 12/29 slabs. 12/27 stress limitations, 12/25 with tendons, 12/3 tendon/reinforcement requirements,

tension members, 12/28 I 2/28-29

Prestressing of masonry, I5/ 12- I3 Preweakening in demolition. 43/6 Primers for steel, 4/26 Principal component analysis for image

Probabilistic approach to hazard. 21/33 Probable maximum flood (PMF), 28/15 Profile dredgers. 41/6 Profiles in setting out. 34/14 Progressions. algebraic. I /4 Proof stress, 2/8 Props in temporary works. 35/6 Public consultation/enquiry for road schemes,

Public Utilities Street Works Act 1950. 23/34 Pulverized fuel ash, 4/5

Pumped storage in electricity generation,

Pumping

enhancement. 7/26

23/54

cement. 4/4

27/27-28

of concrete. 37/13-15

of dredged fill. 41/10-1 I river stations, 30/25-26 of sewage, 28/9-10 of water. 28/10-12

for cooling water. 27/17-18 river, 30/24-25 for sewage. 29/13

for offshore construction. 44/1 I

Pumps

Pusher arms, for demolition, 43/6-7 Pylons. see Transmission towers

Index11 3

Quadratic equations, I /3 QUADRO 2 traffic program. 23/10 Quality assurance in project management,

Quality control 33/54

of concrete, ready-mixed, 1/35, 37/10 in project management, 33/5 statistics in, 1/34-35

Racking resistance of timber frame, 16/10 Radar. side-looking airborne, 7/ 17-1 8 Radian. 1/6 Radio ranging, 31/20 Radioactive waste underground storage, I0/3 I Raft foundations. 17/7

definition, 17/9 buoyancy. I7/ I3

definition. 17/4 design, structural. 17/8-9 on fill, 17/27

Railways, 25/1-25 ballast, 25/4-5

track profile, 25/5 earthworks, 25 /34

cuttings, 25/3 embankments, 25/34 gradient/alignment, 2513 site investigation, 25/3

fastenings. 25/9-10 loading recommendations, 19/8, 19/9 rails, 25/10-12

research/development/collaboralion, 25/23 sleepers, 25/67

concrete, 25/7 steel, 25/6-7 timber, 25/6

structures. 25/20-23 bridges, 19/8-9. 25/2 1-22 clearances, 25/22 electrification, I3/ I7 inspection/maintenance, 25/22-23 refuges, 25/22 stations. 25/20-21

leads, 25/16

Failures, 25/11-12

switches/crossings, 25/15-16

track curved, 25/12-14 maintenance/renewal. 25/ 18-20 slab, 25/16-18 welded, 25/1.4-15

data sources, 23/26 effective, 30/5 formulae for flood flow, 30/13-14 in reservoir economics, 28/13-14

Rainfall

Ramming pipes, 40/20 Ranging

radio. 3 I /20 of waves in harbour basins, 31/12

Rankine formula for column strength, 2/27 Rapid Analysis Machine (RAM) for fresh

Rational Method, see Lloyd-Davies method Raymond step taper pile, 17/22 Ready-mixed concrete, 37/8-10

concrete, 4/ 17

advantages, 37/8 plant. 37/8-10

semi-mobile, 37/9 stationary, 37/8-9 truck mixers, 37/9-10

quality control. 1/35. 37/10 Reclamation works with dredgers, 41/9-1 I Regression in straight line fitting, 1/34

Reinforced concrete, 12/14-21 bar curtailment/anchorage. I2/2&2 I beams, 2/17, 12/14-17

design, 12/13-14 bond/anchorage, 12/19 columns, I21 I8 cover, 12/19 laps/joints, 12/19-20 reinforcement

limits, I2/2 I spacing, 12/19

retaining walls. cantilevered. 17/25 roads, 37/22-23

walls, 12/14. 12/18 Reinforced masonry

durability, 15/13 performance, 15/12-13

uses. 15/13

slabs, I2/ 17-1 8

YS. prestressed. 15/12-13

for boundary walls, 15/14 for retaining walls, 15/14-16

Reinforced soil, 9/41-42. 17/26 Remote sensing, 7/14-29

airborne systems, 7/15-18 infra-red scanning, thermal, 7/16-17 multispectral scanner. 7/16 photography, 7/15-16 radar, side-looking, 7/17-18

applications. 7/26-27 construction, 7/27 design, 7/27 maintenance, 7/27 preliminary planing/feasibility, 7/27 reconnaissance investigation, 7/26-27

aerial photography. 7/28-29 satellite, 7/27-28

digital image processing, 7/22-26 hardware. 7/23 software. 7/23-26

data sources

electromagnetic spectrum and, 7/14-15 satellite systems, 7/18-22

active systems. 7/22 passive systems, 7/18-22

system classification, 7/15 Remotely operated vehicles (ROV), 42/12 Replacement piles, see Bored piles Reservoirs

formation, 28/14-18 ancillary structure. 28/15 dams, see Dams and floods, 28/ I5

outlets, 22/25-26 intakes, 22/25-26 screens, 22/26 vortices, 22/26

pumped storage, 28/18 raised lakes, 28/18 schemes, 28/12-14

catchwaters, 28/14 development, 28/12-13 economics, yield/storage, 28/13-14 geology, 28/13

see olso Spillways Reservoirs Acts 1930/1975. 18/36 Residual soils, humid tropical, 8/17, 8/19-20 Resin mortars, 4/24 Resource

maps, 8/30 scheduling, in project planning, 33/10

Respiratory protection in demolition, 43/9 Retaining walls, 17/24-26

for basement foundations, 17/11 buttressed, 17/26 cantilevered, 17/25

contiguous bored piles, 17/26 counterfort, 17/25 gravity, 17/24-26 masonry for, 15/14-16 materials/stresses, 17/26 monitoring

by photogrammetry, 7/13-14 rock pressure. 10/36

reinforced earth, 17/26 riverside. 30/22 tied back, 17/26 see also Bulkheads, anchored; Earth

pressure Retarders for concrete, 4/8 Return periods in hydrology, 30/13 Revelments, 30/17-19

brushwood, 30/17-18 concrete/geotextiles, 30/19 gabions, 30/19 stone, 30/18-19

Reynolds number and head loss in conduits, 22/16 in wind loading, 19/1 I and wind oscillation, 19/13, 19/14 ,

Rib ratio (RR) for rock support. 10/17 Rip-rap for scour protection. 22/15

Rippers, rock. 10/33 Rivers

'

martime use, 31/17

alluvial, control structures. 22/74 alluvium deposition, 8/28 catchwater drains, 30/21 channels

clearance, 30/17 design, 30/16-17 realignment, 30/17 regime, 30/14-15 revetments/lining, 30/17-19

detention basins, 30/21 as drains. 30/12 erosion cycle, 8/24-25 hydrology, 30/13-14

flood flow, 30/!3-14 measurement, 30/13 statistics, 30/13

models, 5/26 pumping, 30/24-26 sediment transport, 30/15-16 Structures

bridges. 30/22 embankments, 30/19-20 flood walls, 30/21 gates, control, 30/23-24 outfalls, tidal, 30/24 retaining walls, 30/22 weirs, 30/22-23

washlands, 30/21

design, 14/14

bridges, loading, 19/54 depth of site investigation. 11 /11 excavation

Riveting of aluminium, 14/8

Roads

blasting, 10/33 mechanical, 10/33

of ice to offshore structures, 44/13 material selection for, 10/16 in tunnels, precast. 37/31 see also Highways

Robustness of buildings, 21/33 Building Regulations on, 12/13 masonry, l5/l0-l I

construction methods, lO/33-34 Rock

excavation, 10/32-33 support, 10/33-34

Index/l4

Rock, conrinued construction monitoring, 10/34-36

movement. 10/35 pressure/load, 10/36 stress measurement, 10/35-36 water pressure/flow, 10/35

description, systematic, 11/27, I1/30-31.

design methods, 10/23-32 11/32-33

computational. I0/26-28 empirical. 10/24 foundations, 10/31 models/analogue. 10/25-26 numerical, 1\0/25-26 slopes, lO/28-30 underground openings, 10/31-32

hydrogeology/void space, 10/4-5 joints/discontinuities, I0/20-23 for maritime works, 31/24 mass properties, 10/17-23

classification, 10/17-18. 32/18 deformability. 10/18

mechanics/engineering principles, 10 /34 scope, 10/3

pile capacity on. 9/35 stresses in. 10/5-6 . structure. 10/4

tests. 10/6-16 rating (RSR), 10/17

design tests, 10/13 field index, 10/12-13 laboratory index, 10/8-12 and selection of materials. 10/15-16

support. 10/34 . bolts, see Rockbolts Rockbolts, 10/33-34

friction-anchored, 10/34 fully-bonded, 10/33 grouting, 10/34 joint-anchored, 10/33-34 load monitoring, l0/36 for tunnel temporary support. 32/13

Rockfill. material selection for, 10/15 see also under Dams

Roll-on/roll-off berths, 26/10-12 vessels, 26/5

Rollcrete dams, 18/14. 18/16-17, 37/26-27 design concepts, 18/34-36

Rollers, 9/43 Rolling mills for steel, 13/67 Roofs, 2 I /30-3 I

pitched. frames for. 3/30-31 of power houses, 27/10-1 I

Rotating biological contractors (RBC),

Roundabouts. traffic, 23/50 Rubber$aints, chlorinated, 4/26

see also Plastics/rubbers Runoff

from roads, estimation, 23/26-27 storm, and pollution. 29/4

definitions. 24/23 drainage, 24/21-22 layout and operation, 24/9

29/ 17-1 8

Runways

standards, 24 /54

Safety in construction, 33/6 in demolition, 43/9-10 . on roads. fences/barrien, 23/46 in steel erection, 39/%'10 in trenching. 40/15-16 see also Factors of safety

Sainflou method for wave forces, 31/16 SI Vcnant's theory

for bars, uniform, 2/23 for beams

deflection, 2/21 shear stresses, 2/19

for non-uniform torsion, 2/24-25 Saline wedge in estuaries, 31/14 Salinity from irrigation, 30/5

Salt as aggregate contaminant. 4/7 Samples, statistical. 1/28-29

Sampling

see also Desalination

and population, 1/30

for digital terrain models, 7/13 of sewage, 29/1 I in site investigation. I l/l'7

split barrel sampler, 9/34 contaminated sites, 11/12

Sand filters, 29/19 Sand mastic, 3 I /26 Sand/gravel. pile capacity on, 9/35-36 Sandslones, for water pumping. 28/10,

Sandwicks, 9/39 Satellite remote sensing, 7/18-22

28/11

active satellite development. 7/22 Landsat, 7/18-20 modular optoelectronic multispectral

Systeme Probatoire d'Observation de la scanner (MOMS), 7/20

Terre (SPOT), 7/20-22 SATURN for urban traffic management,

Scaffolding 23/49

access, 35/15 prefabricated. 35/6 steel. 35/4 tower. 35/15

Scaling. see Models Scanners

multi-spectral, in remote sensing, 7/16 thermal infra-red. 7/16-17

Scend oscillaltion in harbour basins. 31/12 Schmidt rebound hammer,

for rock hardness, l O / l I indices for. 10/12

for rock strength. and jointing, 10/23 School lighting. 21/20 SCOOT for traffic signal control, 23/50 Scour

by open channels depth, 22/14-15 protection. 22/ I5

at river bridges, 30/22 Screens in reservoir outlets, 22/26 %abed surveying, 3 I /20-2 I

below seabed, 31/21

forces on. 31/16-17 overtopping modelling, 31/18 see ul.~o Coasval/maritime engineering

Secant formula for column strength, 2/28 Security

SeawallS. 3 I /26-28

airport. 24/15 of buildings, 21/27-28

Sedimentary rocks, 8 / 5 4 deposition environments, 8/6 in slraligraphy, 8 / 3 4 and weathering. 11/54

in harbours. 26/3 of sewage, 29/15

seabed/littoral. 31/12-14 beach sorting, 31/13 drift, littoral. 31/14

Sedimentation

Sediments

erosion/accretion. 3 1/13 modelling, 31/19 sources, 31/12 stability estimation, 31/23 transport, 3 I / I 2-1 3

transport. 5/24, 30/15 see also Alluvial soils; Alluvium

Seepage, see Flow nets Seismic surveys

refractive, 10/12 of seabed, 31/21

Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA), see Aqualung

Septic tanks, 29/16. 29/25-26 Services to buildings

accommodation, 21 / 13-14 consultations for. 21/1 I design, computers in, 21/14 disconnection/diversion in demolition.

43/3 Setting-out on site, 34/1-10

in buildings, 34/7-8 for excavation/grading. 34/54 for foundations, 34 /67 instruments in, 34/3 for marine structures, 34/9 principles, 34/3 survey/preparations. 34 /45 for.tall structures, 34/8-9 for trenching/pipelaying. 34/6 for tunnelling, 34/9-10 working procedures, 34/34

of foundations, 9/9-17 in clay soils, 9/9-15 depth corrections. 9/16-17 differential, and design, I7/4 in granular soils, 9/15-16

Settlement

monitoring, see under Deformation and pipe loading. 40/9 from tunnelling. 32/16 from water lowering, 9/38-39

Sewage, 29/65 flow, 29/4-5 pohl ion load, 29/5 in sea. detection, 31/22 sed discharge, 31/14-15 treatment. 29/11-26

advanced, 29/20-21 biological, 29/16-19 effluent disposal, 29/12-13 and industrial effluents, 29/12 intermediate technology. 29/25-26 preliminary, 29/13-15 primary, 29/15-16 sampling/analysis. 29/11-12 sewage characteristics. 29/1 I sludge. treatment, 29/21-24 tertiary. 29/19-20 treatability. 29/12

construction, 29/10-1 I definitions. 29/3 maintenance/renovation, 29/ I I

. pumping, 29/9-10 storm sewer design, 29/34

Sewers. 29/3-1 I

Modified Rational Method, 19/34 Wallingford procedure, 29/3

ancillary structures, 29/8 Colebrook-White formula. 29/5 materials, 29/67 parameters. 29/5 pipes, 29/6. 29/74

Shaft foundations, 17/17-18

Shafts. seawater invdke/outfa\l, 3 1/34

system design, 29/54

definition, 17/10

Shear of beams

axis. 2/21 prestressed concrete, 12/26-27 centre, and SI Venant's theory, 2/19-21

lag, in bridges, and concentrated load, 20/33 modulus, 2/7 strength

of beams, 12/15-16 of rocks, and jointing, 10/21-23 of slabs. 12/17 of soils, 9 / 3 4

strip, for rock monitoring, 10135 testing

of rock, direct, 10/13 of soils, 9/33-34

Shears, hydraulic, 43/7 Sheet piles

for breakwaters. 31/33 for excavation support. 17/12, 35/16

and water, 35/18 for groundwater exclusion, 9/40 for maritime use, 31/25 for revelments. 30/19

Sheeting, for excavation support. 35/16 Shield tunnelling, 32 /65

Shields bentonite. 32/6

in pipe jacking, 40/19 for trench support, 40/14

classification/description~26/4-5 in harbour, ranging, 31/12 interactions on passing, 26/6 models, 5/26 turning circles, 26/7 see also Harbours; Ports

coefficient of plasticity, lO/12

Ships

Shore scleroscope for rock hardness, 10/1 I

Shoring for demolition. 43/4 Shotcrete, 37/28-29

Shuttering, see Formwork SI units, 45 /34

Side-looking airborne radar (SLAR). 7/17-18 Signs

in tunnel temporary support, 32/13

conversion factors. 45/54

aircraft ground movement, 24/22 road, 23/44-45

Silica fume. condensed. 4/5 Silicon in aluminium alloy, 14/6 Sills, geological, 8/9 Silo loading, 19/5 Silt movement in estuaries

and dredging, 31/14 modelling, 31/IR

Simpson's rule for plane areas, 1/16 Siphon spillways, 22/23-24 Siphons in pipe flow, 5/12-13 Site appraisal for building, 21/9 Site investigation, 11/1-38

boreholelpit logs, 11/27, 11/34-37. 11/38 for dredging, 41/1 I examination of site, I1/4 littoral, 31/19 for pipelaying, 40/10 preliminary. I I/3 for railways, 25/3 rock description, systematic, 11/27,

soils 11/30-31, 11/32-33

classification. 11/27. 11/28, 11/29 description systematic, 11/16-27

for tunnels, 32/3 for microtunnelling, 40/16--17.40/21

see also Ground investigation; Setting-out on site

Skid resistance testing, 23/56 Skips for concrete

distribution. 37/13 placement underwater, 37/19

design, 12/13-14 continuous/two-way 12/14 flat, 12/14

Slabs, concrete, reinforced/prestressed

prestressed. 12/27 reinforced, 12/17-18

Slake durabilility testing of rock, lO/8 Slave valves, 22/20-32 Sleepers, 25/67

concrete, 25/7 steel, 25/67 timber. 25/6

Slipforming of concrete for offshore construction. 44/1 I for paving, 37/24-25 vertical, 35/12-13, 37/27-28

Slipways for offshore structures, 44/13 slope stability. 9/22-27

analysis, 9/23-27 circular slips, 9/24-25 method of slices, 9/23-24 non-circular slips, 9/25-27 short-term stability, 9/24

flow sides, 9/27 and photogrammetry, 7/14 protective/remedial measures, 9/27 of railway cuttings. 25/3

disposal, 29/24-25 gas. 29/23 treatment, 29/2 1-24

Sluice gates and channel flow, 5 / I7 models, 5/26

Sodium silicate grouts. 9/41 Soffits. formwork for. 35/11-12 Software, I/3S

Sludge

for Digital Image Processing. 7/23-26 for roads

bayout, 23/16 maintenance, 23/56

specific vs. general purpose, 1/38 for traffic

appraisal, 23/10 urban management, 23/49, 23/50

Soils alluvial

classification, 2/26-27 deposition, 8/28 and erosion cycle, 8/2425 river, 8/24-28

classification, 11/27 desert, 8/20 formation/origin, 8/16 glacial. 8/20-23 identification/description. I I /24-25

maps. 8/30 mechanics. 91i-45

systematic, 11/26-27

consolidation, 915 definitions/terms, 9/29 design and limit states. 9 / 6 7 effective stress. 913 oermeabilitv. 9 / 4 5

Index/l5

strength, 9/33-34 tropical, residual, 8/17, 8/19-20 see also Earth pressure; Foundations;

Reinforced soils; Seepage and flow nets; Slope stability; Stabilization of soils

Soldiers in temporary works, 35/6 Sonar equipment in seabed surveying,

3 1/20-2 I Sondes, 40/17 Spalling of concrete in fire, 12/33 Specific gravity of soil particles, 9/30 Spiles in tunnelling, 32/13 Spillways, 22/20-25

bellmouth/closed conduit, 22/22-23 channel, 22/21 chutes, 22/24-25 energy dissipation, 22/25 models, 5/26 outlets. low-level, 22/21-22 purposes, 22/20-21 siphon, 22/23-24 types, 22/20 weirs, 22/21

Split barrel sampler, 9/34 SPOT, 7/20-22 Spreadsheets, 1/37 Sprinkler irrigation, 30/7-9 Stabilization of soils, 9/43-44

limitations, 9/44 materials, 9/43 methods, 9/43-44

Staff, see Personnel Stairways in railway stations, 25/20 Standard deviation. 1/29-30

ratios, 1/33 Standard error, 1/30

in surveying, 6/4 a posteriori, in deformation computation,

6/26 Standardslcodes of practice

for airports, 24/54 aprons. 24/7 obstruction surfaces, 24/74 reference codes, 24/5 runways, 24/54 taxiways, 24/6

for aluminium design, 14/10 for bolting. 13/27 for building structure. 21/26 for column design, 2/28-29 for concrete

materials, 4/27-28 reinforcedjprestressed, I2/3, I2/4, I2/ I4

for conductors. 27/29 for demolition, 43/4 for drainage from buildings, 21/21 for fire in roofs, 21/31 for foundation loading, 17/3 for lifts/escalators, 2 1/22 for masonry, 15 /34 for office loadings, 19/4 for offshore construction, 44/14-15 for plastic materials, 4/27-28 for rails, 25/1 I for scaffolding, 35/15

for steels, structural tube loading, 35/4

materials. 13/11-12 Shapes, 13/12-13

for steelwork loading, 2718

shear strength.'9/34 moisture content, 30/3 periglacial, 8/2>24 problem types. and site investigation, I I / I I testing, laboratory, 9/29-35

structu-ral, I 3p -4 for timber, 16/3

chemical classification, 9/32 fmtenings, 16/8 compaction, 9/32-33 strength, l6/6 consolidation, 9/34-35 physical classification, 9/30-32

for water supply, 21/21 for welding, 13/27

Index/l6

Standing wave, 5/19, 31/6 in harbour basins, 31/12

Stations. railway. 25/20-21 Statistics, 1/28-35

in confidence limits, 1/30-32 definitions. 1/28-29 in deformation computation, 6/24-26 dispersion, 1/29-30 in experimentation, industrial 1/30-34 location, 1/29 means, comparison, 1/33 samples/population representation. 1/30 standard deviation ratios, 1/33 straight-line fitting, 1/34 for surveying errors, 6/4 tolerance and quality control, 1/34-35 variance analysis, 1/33-34

vs. aluminium, 14/4 for concrete reinforcing

Steel. 21/28-29

fire resistance, 12/6, I2/ 12, 12/28. 12/32-33, 21/28, 21/29

quality and salinity. 37/35 strength, 12/9

beams, 13/20 for cooling water culverts. 27/18-19 corrosion protection, 4/24. 4/26 lamination, 38/10 maritime use, 31/25

piles, 17/21-22

for prestressing tendons. 12/23-24 sleepers, 25/6-7 stainless, for masonry reinforcement, 15/13 for temporary works, 35 /34 tunnel linings, 40/21 for turbo-generator support, 27/13-14 for water pipes, 28/5 yielding, stresslstrain relationships, 2/8

cladding stiffening, 13/19 components, 13/19-24

stainless, 31/25-26

durability, 11/30

Steelwork, 13/1-29

CdhlkdtiOnS, 13/20 individual members, 13/20-24 loading assessment, 13/19-20 structural layout, 13/20

connections, 13/21-28 bolting. 13/27-28 welding, 13/21

corrosion protection. 13/26 design methods

elastic. 13/24-25 and engineering judgement, l3/l I limit slate, 13/25-26 plastic. 13/25

detail, 13/26-27 for electricity power house, 27/5, 27/6-10

construction, 27/9-10 design, 27/5. 27/8 erection, 27/10 foundations, 27/10 loadings. 27/8-9

erection. 39/1-10 frames, 34/7 management. 39/10 manpower/safety. 39/9-10 and partial completion, 39/8

the site, 39/3 stockyards. 39/8-9 temporary works, foundations, 39/6-7 tolerances, 39/S-6 transport of materials. 39/9 transport/assembly considerations. 39/6

pbdllt. 39/3-5

fatigue. l3/l0-l1

floors, profiled deck, 13/18-19 inspection during construction, 13/28

materials, economic considerations, 13/12 notch ductility, 13/9-10 standards, 13/34

\Odd bClOrS, pdrtkl. 13/25

mdlerkdk, 13/11-12 shapes, 13/12-13

steelmaking process, 13/47 continuous casting, I3/6 finishing, 13/67 ingots. 13/5-6 iron, 13/4 special castings, I3/6

tensile stress/strain and ductility, I3/8-9 types of structure, 13/13-19

bridges, l3/ l617, 13/22, 39/6-7 heavy industrial, 13/14-15 industrial plant. 13/16 institutional/commercial; 13/16 light industrial, 13/14 multi-storey, 13/15-16 other structures. 13/17-18 pressure vessels, 13/16

wind loading for multi-storey buildings, 13/19

Steinbrenner equation for settlement, 9/9, 9/1 I Stereoplotters

approximate, 7/8-9 rigorous, 719-1 I

instruments. 7/8-11 Stereoscopy in photogrammetry, 7/4

Stevenson formula for waves in harbours, 26/3 Stiffness method for structural analysis.

3/11-15 basis of, 3/1 I computerization of, 3/13-14 element stiffness. 3/11-12 finite element analysis, 3/14-15 and flexibility method, 3/1 I matrix assembly. 3/12-13 stiffness transformation, 3/13

in airport drainage, 21/22 in open channels, 22/10. 22/12 for spillways, 22/25

Stilling basins

Stock control of plant spares, 36/14-15 Stokes Law. 5/26

Stone columns, 9/42-43 in particle size distribution, 9/30, 9/32

Storage concrete. materials for, 37/3-4 of paper and floor loading, 21/32 of oil/liquified petroleum gas in caverns.

32/ I9 storms

frequency and road design, 23/26 resistant timber construction, 16/10-1 I runoff pollution. 29/4 sewer system, 29 /34

Strain in elasticity theory, 2/5-7 compatibility equations, 2/7 compo;lents. 2 / ~ displacements. 2/5 measurement, 2/10-1 I plant. 2/7 principal strains, 2/6-7 transformation, 2/6 uniform, 2/6 see also Stresslstrain relationships

and ground investigation, I1/16-17 principles of. 8/34

Stratigraphy

Streamline flow, 5/8 Strength of materials. 2/1-31

aluminium, 14/5

bar theory beams, 2/16-22, 12/26 columns, 2/25-29 cross-section geometry, 2/12-14 engineering theory of bending of beams

frameworks, stress/strain in, 2/29 and non-uniform torsion, 2/24-25 stress resultants, 2/15-16 theory of, 2/12-30 ties, 2/16 and uniform torque, 2/22-24

compressive, 4/9-1 I reinforced/prestressed, I2/9 tensile/flexural. 4/1 1-12 testing. 4/16

analysis of elastic body. 2/8-10 strain, 2/5-7 stress, internal, 2/3-5 stresslstrain relations, 2 / 1 4

limitations, 2/29-30

concrete

elasticity theory. 2/3-I I

pipes, 40/10 pkastics/rubbers. 4/20 reinforcing steel, 12/9 rocks

and jointing. 10/21-23 testing, 10/12, IO/l3, 10/19

laboratory testing. 9/33-34 soils, 9 / 3 4

Stress in bridges, 20/33-34 in falsework, 35/13-14 internal, in elasticity theory, 2/3-5 on an arbitrary surface, 2 / 3 4 components, 2/3 equilibrium equations, 2 / 4 5 plane stress, 2/5 principal stresses. 2/4 transformation. 2/4

measurement, 2/1 I measurement in rock, 10/35-36 Mohr’s circle, Y/4 resultants in bar theory, 2/15-16 in rock, IO/M in soil, effective, 9/3 strain relationships, 2 / 1 4 in temporary works, 35/3 timber grading, 16 /61 in tunnel design, 32/16-18 yield criteria, 2/8 see olso Stress/strain relationships

of aluminium, 2/8 in elasticity theory, 2 / 7 4 of rock masses, 10/18-19 of structural concrete, 12/10 of steel, l3/8 in plastic analysis, 3/27

definition, I7/4 design, structural. 11/74

Strouhal number in wind oscillation, 19/13 Structures, theory of, 3/1-31

Stress/strain relationships

Strip foundations, 17/6

concepts, 3/3 determinacy. static/kinematic, 3/4 dynamics, 3/23-26

definitions. 3/23 vibrations and degrees of frecdom.

3/23-26 flexibility method. 3 / 6 1 I

for beam analysis, 3/8-9 coefficients, 3 / 7 4 for frame analysis, 3/9-10 and stiffness method. 3/1 I for truss analysis, 3/10

Structures. theory of, flexibility method, continued

force-displacement relationships, 3/34 influence lines, 3/19-22

for beams, 3:19-20 computer in, 3/22 for indeterminate structures, 3/20-2 I Maxwell's reciprocal theorem in. 3/21 for model analysis, 3/21-22 Mueller-Breslau's principle in. 3/21 for trusses, plane, 3/20

moment distribution, 3/16-19 fixed end moments, 3/16-17 with sway, 3/18 without Sway, 3/17-28

plastic analysis, 3/26-3 I definitions, 3/26-27 examples, 3/28-3 I theorems. 3/27-28

basis of, 3/1 I computerization of, 3/13-14 element stiffness, 3/11-12 finite element analysis, 3/14-15 matrix assembly, 3/12-I 3 stiffness transformation, 3/13

tension coefficients, 3/54

stiffness method, 3/11-15

truss analysis, 3/44

Struts buckling loads, 2/27 Euler, 2/26 in temporary works, 35/6 see also Bars. theory of

Stud welding, 38/9-10 Subgrade for roads. 23/25 Submarines, see Submersibles Submerged arc welding, 38/3 Submersibles. 42/ 10-1 2

remotely controlled, 42/ I2 Subtense distance measurement, 6/9-10 Suction dredgers, 41/69 Sulby Dam, 18/9 Sulphate attack on concrete, 4/14, 17/30 Sulphate-resisting Portland cement, 4/4 Sun and tides. 3 I /3 Surds in trigonometry. 1/7 Surface tension, 5/4 Surge

in water pipes, 28/8 waves, 31/10-11

Surveying, 6/1-29 branches of, 6/3 computers in. 6/26-28

digital mappingjground modelling, 61 land information systems, 6/28

deformation monitoring. 6/21-26 computation processes, 6/23-26 monitoring points. 6/23 reference points. 6/21-23

for demolition. 43/3. 43/4 for dredging, hydrographic. 41/12 errors, 6/34 instrumentation, 6/4-15

distance measurement. 6/8-12 height measurement, 6/12-15 theodolite, 6/68

engineering

detail, 6/17-18

vertical control. 6/18-21

maritime, see under Coastal/maritime

methods

~ horizOIItdl control, 611 5-1 7

principles, 6/3 in site investigation. I1/4 see abo Setting-out on site

Suspension bridges, 20/17-20

Swelling of rock, 10/8 Systtme Probatoire d'observation de la Terre

(SPOT), 7/20-22

Taber abrasion test of rock, 10/1 I Tacheometer, electronic. 6/10 Tacheometry, 6/8-9

for detail surveys. 6/17-18 Tankers. 26/5 Tanks, demolition, 43/8

Tape measures, 6/8

Telecommunications in airports, 24/16 Telephones on motorways, 23/45 Television, underwater. 42/9 Tellurometer. 6/10, 6/1 I Temperature and runway length, 24/9 Temporary bench marks, 34/4 Tempordry works, 35/1-18

equipment. 35/54 excavations, 35/15-18

loads, 35/16-17 materials, 35/16 newer approaches, 35/17 and water, 35/18 widths of, 35/16

factors in, 35/3 falsework, 35/13-14 formwork, 35/6-13

fire/explosion risk, 43/10

in setting out, 34/34

for columns, 35/1 I concrete finish, 35/8 design considerations, 35/8 loadings. 35/74 philosophy of, 35/9-10 purpose. 35/67 release agents. 3518-9 slipforming, 35/12-13, 37/24-25,

for soffits. 35/11-12 for walls. 35/10

legal position, 35/3 materials, 35/3-5

ground condition, 35/5 minor, 35/5 steel. 35/34 stresses on, 35/3 timber, 35/45

pncast units. 35/14-'15 damage. 35/ I5 erection, 35/14-15 lifting/moving, 35/14

37/27-28.44/1 I

scaffolding '26-28 access, 35/15

prefabricated. 35/6 steel, 35/4 tower, 35/15

in tunnelling. 32/13-14 Tendons, stressing, 12/23-24

for prestressing, I2/3. 12/28-29 Tension structum, 21/42 Termite resistant timber, 16/10 Terrain evaluation by remote sensing, 7/26 Terzaghi's rock classification for tunnels,

Terzaghi's theory 10/17

in consolidation. 9/5 in foundation bearing capacity, 9/7

on permcability/fiker material. 9/37 for strutted excavations. 9/20

of concrete, 4/14-18

Terzaghi's rule

Testing

on aggregates, 4/16-17

entrained air. 4/17 analysis, 4/17-18

strength, 4/16 workability, 4/14, 4/16

of concrete structures, 12/31-32 of piles, 17/24 of pipes in trenches, 40/15 of roads

control/acceptance, 23/48 earthworks, 23/25

design tests. 10/13 field index, 10/12-13 laboralory index, lO/8-12 rock masses, 10/18-19 and selection of materials. 10/15-16

in site investigation, 11/17 engineering properties, 11/17-20

laboratory, 11/17, 11/23 model/prototype. 11/19, 11/20 in siru 11/17. 11/22

classification. 9/30-32 compaction, 9/32-33 consolidation. 9/34-35 laboratory, 9/29-35 strength. 9/33-34

of rock, 10/6-16

geophysical, 11/17

of soils

of steel. 13/9-10 structural, 21/33 underwater, non-destructive. 42/10

Thames Barrier, 22/10, 22/1 I Theodolites, 6/44

axes. 6/5 circle reading, 6/6 construction. 6/54 field procedure, 6/68

observations, 6/74 setting up. 6/7

in tacheometry. 6/8-9, 6/17-18 in setting out. 34/3

Thermal video frame scanner (TVFS), 7/16-17 Thermic cutting, 43/7. 44/16 Thermoplastics, 4/19 Thermoset, definition of, 4/19 Thrust boring, of tunnels. 32/11-12 Tides, 31/34

barrages. 22/10 coriolis force, 31/34 currents. 3l/3 and diving, 42/7, 42/8 measurement. 3 1/23 models, 31/18 prediction, 31/4 raising forces, 3 I /3-l0 variations. 3 I/3

Ties/connections in aluminium, 14/8-9, 14/14 forces in, 2/16 in temporary works, 35/6 see also Bolting

Till. gkdcidl. 8/21 Timber, 16/1-14. 21/29 as building finish, 21/30 construction

frame. 16/10 storm-resistant, l6/lO-l I termite-resistant, I6/ I0

from demolition for fuel, 43/9 design, 16/7

aids, 16/1 I fastenings, 16/8-10 floors, 15/34 glued-laminated assemblies, 16/7 for maritime works, 31/25 piles, I7/ I9

plywood/tempered hardboard, I6/8 durability, 17/29

Index/l8

Timber. conrinud properties, 16/34

durability, 16/5-6 fire resistance. 16/6 and moisture, 16/4 preservative treatment, 16/6 StrUCtUrd!. 16/34

sleepers, 25/6 stress grading. 16/67 for temporary works, 35/65

Topographic surveys. I1/4 Topsoil, 2 I /9 Torque

arbitrary cross-section, 2/22-24 circular cross-section, 2/22 uniform in a bar. 2/22-24

Torsion, non-uniform in a bar, 2/24-25 Towers

arctic offshore. 44/ I3 for electricity transmission lines, 27/31-33 offshore, guyed, 44/3 Scaffolds, 35/15 steel lattice, I3/ I7 in temporary works, heavy duty, 35/6 water, 28/9-10 see ulso Transmission towers

Town and Country Planning Act. 1971. 21/I I Traffic

appraisal for road schemes. 23/7-10 economic evaluation. 23/10 forecasts, 23/8-10 models. 23/7-8 preliminary. 23/7

noise calculation. 23/1 I signals. 23/2 I , 23/50 signs/markings. 23/44-45 speed. and road design. 23/12 in urban areas. 23/49 volume and road loading. 19/5-6

TRAFFICQ for urban traffic management,

Transfer structutes for vertical loads, 21/35 Transmission towers, 13/17, 27/31-34

23/49

demolition. 43/8 foundations. 27/32-34 loading, wind/ice, 27/31 setting out for, 34/7 see also Electricity supply

Transmittance. thermal, 21/17 Transport and Road Research Laboratory,

2314 method for runoff estimation, 23/27

TRANSYT for urban traffic management,

Trapezoidal rule for plane areas, 1/16 Tree damage 21/10 Tremie tube for undenvater concrete, 37/19 Trenches

23/49

backfilling/reinstatement. 40/15 battered, 40/ I2 ground movement, 40/1I-I2 groundwater control, 4011 2 pipes in

loadings. 40/5-10 properties, 40/3 protection, 40/15 strength, 40/10 testing, 40/15

safety. 40/15-16 selling-out for, 34/6 site investigation, 40/10 support, 35/16

systems, 40/12-15 underwater. 40/15 see ulso Pipes

angk/side relationship, 1/7-10 Triungles

properties of, I / I 1-12 Triangulation. 6/16 Triaxial strength

dissipative, for consolidation. 9/34-35 testing

of rock, 10/13 of soil, 9/33-34

Trickle irrigation. 30/9 Trigonometrical levelling. 6/20-21 Trigonometry

angles, 1/5-7 equation solutions, 1/10 functions. 115 hyperbolic. 1/12-13 inverse, 1/10 lines positive/negative. I / 5 spherical, 1/10-12 triangles, sidepangle relationships, 1/7-10

Trilateralion, 6/16 Tropical residual soils. 8/17. 8/19-20 Truss analysis

statically determinate. 3 / 6 6 flexibility method for. 3/10 plane, influence lines in, 3/20

Tsunami wave, 31/11 Traversing, 6/16 Tube valves, 22/30 Tunnelling, 32/1-20

aids, 32/14-15 compressed air, 32/14 dewatering. 32/15 freezing, 32/15 grouting, 32/14-15

linings, 37/27 precast roadways, 37/3 I

advance full facelhedding, 321 14 drilling/blasting. 10/33, 32/9 lining, 32/9-1 I plant, 10/33 spoil handling, 32/9 temporary support, 32/13-14 thrust boring. 32/11-12 waterproofing, 32/12

concrete in

construction. 32/9-14

costs. 32/3-4 design, 32/16-19

advancing understanding, 32/19 lining stiffness. 32/18-19 and rock mechanics. 10/31-32 stability indices, 32/18 stresses. 32/16-18

ground movements, 32/15-16 methods, 32 /47

bentonite shield, 32/6 history. 32/4 rock-tunnelling, 32/67 shield, 32 /65

ground movement. 40/23 headings, 40/21 linings, 40/2l-22 pipe jacking. 40/22-23 site investigation/design. 40/2 I

profihg, photogrammetric, 7/14 in rock

classification for, 10/17-18 water flow in, 22/16-17

route, 3213 seawater intake/outfall, 31/34 setting out for, 34/9-10 site investigation, 32/3 see nlro Flow; Hydraulic structures;

Turbines for.hydroslectric power, 27/27 Turbo-generator. foundations for, 17/27,

for pipelines. man-accessible, 40/20-23

Microtunnelling

27/ I 3-14

Ultimate tensile stress of mild steel. 2/8 Ultrasonic testing

of rails, 25/1 1-12 of welds, 38/10

Ultraviolet degradation of plastics/rubbers, 4/19 filtering in lighting. 21/20

Unconformities, 8 / 3 4 Underwater work

bolting gun, 42/10 concrete placing, 37/17-19. 42/9 cutting, 42/9. 44/16 grouting, 42/9

of aggregates, 37/18, 37/19 in clamps. 44/ I6

photography/television/drawing, 42/9 pipe laying, 40115 pneumatic tools. 42/8-9 testing. non-destructive. 42/10 welding, 42/9. 44/16

Uniaxial yield stress for mild steel, 218 Uniform elongation. 2/8 Universal Distinct Element Code (UDEC) for

Urban roads/traffic, 23/49-5 I capacity improvement, 23/49-50 and environment. 23/1 I hierarchy, 23/49 layout. 23/16 restrictions, 23/51 route guidance, 23/5&5I traffic management/assessment, 23/49 width/capacity, 23/12

rock modelling, 10/27

Vacuum drainage, 9/38 Valves, hydraulic, 22/29-32

in water distribution, 28/74 Vane test for soil strength, 9/33 Vapour pressure of water. 515 Variance, statistical, 1/29, 1/33-34 Varianceicovariance matrix. 6/26 Variation. coefficient of. 1/30 Vegetation for scour protection. 2211 Vehicle pressure on pipes, 40/10 Vehicles

for concrete distribution. 37/1&1 I truck mixers, 37/9-10

Motor Vehicles Regulations. 36/15 underwater, 42/10-12

Venturi flow meter, 5/14 Venturi flume for channel flow, 5/19 Vertical drains. 9/39 Vibration

analysis multi-degrees of freedom, 3/25-26 one degree of freedom, 3/23-25

forced/free, definitions. 3/23 ground treatment under foundations, 1719 and machinery foundation, 17/27

turbo-generators, 27/13-14 Vibrators

for concrete, 37/19-20 vibrocompaction, 9/42

Video frame scanner, thermal. 7/16-17 Viscosity, 5/3 Volclay panels for waterproofing. 17/12 Vortices

hydrodynamics of, 5/24-25 in reservoir outlets, 22/26

Vulcanism, 8/16

Walings. 35/6 Wallclimber lift, 21/22 Wallingford Methods

for runoff estimation, 23/27 for sewer design, 29/3

for basement foundations, 17/1 I boundary. masonry for, 15/14 concrete

Walls

formwork for, 35/10 plain, 12/18-19 prestressed, 12/14 reinforcement behaviour, 12/6 reinforced, 12/14. 12/18

curtain walling, 21/30 flood, 30/21 internal, finishes, 21/30 positioning for load, 21/34 of power houses, 27/1 I shear, in tall buildings, 21/39 sound reduction YS. density. 2l/20-21 see ulso Diaphragm walls; Earth pressure;

Partitions, interior; Retaining walls; Seawalls '

Water in concrete, ratio, 4/8 ground investigations over, I I/20-2l, 11/26

sampling, 11/16 hammer, 28/8 jet cutting, in demolition, 43/74 pollution from sewage, 29/12 properties of, physical, 5/3-5 in rock. laboratory testing, 10/8 storage for concrete production, 37/4

methods, 37/19 supplies, 28/1-23

to buildings. 21/21 consumption/demand. 28/34 desalinalion, 28/18-19 flow measurement, 28/8-9 organization/management, 28/3 reservoir formation, 28/14-18 reservoir schemes, 28/12-14 reservoirs, service, 28/9-10 transmission/distribution, 28/44 treatment. 28/ 19-22 underground, 28/10-12

Underwater ,work Water Acts 1973, 28/3 Waterproofing of tunnels. 32/12. Waves, 31/4-10

arctic, 44/12

see ulso Diving; Services to buildings;

coordinate system, 31/4 decay, 31/10 and depth, 31/45 diffraction. 3 1/10 energy, 31/7

finite amplitude theory, 31/8 fluid/velocity pressure, 3 I / 5 forces, 31/15-17 . on cylinders, 31/15

forecasting. 3 I / I0 generation. 31/8-10

in harbours, 26/3. 31/12 hydrodynamics of. 5/25 measurement. 3 1/22-23 and offshore foundations. 44/12 reflection coetticient. 31/7 refraction, 31/10 and sediments in basins, 31/12-13 set-up, 31/11-12 solitary, 31/8 standing, 5/19, 31/6

in harbours, 31/12 superposition, 31/54 sur'ge, 31/10-11 trains, 31/6-7 transformation, 31/7

dissipation, 3 I /7-8

on Se'awdlk/breakwdterS, 31/16-17

in shallow water, 31/9-10

Wedthering of rocks. 8/5. 8/17 Weatherproofing, adjacent to demolition, 43/4 Weirs, 22/>7

and channel flow, 5/17-18 control, gated, 22/7 crump, for flow measurement, 28/8-9 equation of flow, 22/5 measuring, 22/6-7 models, 5/26 and notches, hydrodynamics of, 5/20-23 overtlow, in dams, 28/15 river, 30/22-23

in spillways, 22/21 types, 22/5-6

Weisbach's triangle for tunnels, 34/9 Welding, 38/1-1 I

in road drainage, 23/27

of aluminium. 14/8-9 softening, 14/12-13 in structural design, 14/14

of concrete reinforcement, 12/20 defects, 38/5-7 details, 38/65 distortion, 38/74

Indexll9

fitness for purpose, 38/1 I fracture toughness, 38/10-1 I girders, plate/box, 38/8-9 of offshore structures, 44/7

failure, 44/8 of plastics/rubbers, 4/20-2 I procesh, 38/3-4 of rails, 25/14 of steel structures, 13/27

stresses from, and ductility, I3/9 stud, 38/9-10 testing, 38/10 underwater, 42/9, 44/16

Wells in drainage, 9/38 see ulso Boreholes

Wimbleball Dam, 18/23 Wind

accessibility and design, 13/26-27

loading, 19/9-14 on bridges, 20/37. 20/38 on buildings, 21/33-34. 21/37-38 on cooling towers, 27/20 on transmission towers, 27/31 force/pressure coefficients, 19/11-13 on formwork. 35/8 and meteorological data, 19/9-11 oscillations, wind excited, 19/13-14, on steelwork for power houses, 27/8-9 on tall buildings, 13/19. 13/25, 21/40.

2 1 /47 resistance

of timber construction, 16/10-1 I of masonry walls, 15/9

and runway operation, 24/9 and water-level set-up, 31/11-12 in wave generation, 31/8-9

Wire-rope pulling demo1,ition. 43/6 Word processing, 1/37 World Association of Dredging Organizations

(WODA), 41/13

Yield criteria, 2/8

Zinc in aluminium alloy, 14/7 coatings for steel, 4/24

iIlI I1 E RWOR 111

This fourth edition of Civil Engineer's Reference lEkook has been completely rewritten and updated. It provides a concise and comprehensive survey of the fundamentals, theory and current practice in the many branches of civil engineering, giving state- of-the-art information and practical guidance for both student and practising civil engineers.

After an examination of fundamental theories as applied to civil engineering, authoritative coverage is included o n design practice for certain materials and specific structures and applications, and a particular feature is the incorporation of chapters on construction and site practice, including contract management and control.

Contents: Mathematics and statistics Strength of materials Theory of structures Materials Hydraulics Engineering surveying Photogrammetry and remote sensing Geology for engineers Soil mechanics Rock mechanics Site investigation 0 Reinforced and prestressed concrete design Practical steelwork design Aluminium and aluminium alloys Load bearing masonry Timber design Foundations design Dams and embankments Loadings Bridges Buildings Hydraulic structures Highways Airports Railways Ports and Harbours Electrical power supply Water supplies Sewerage and sewage treatment Land drainage irrigation and river maintenance Coastal and maritime engineering Tunnels and tunnelling Contract management and control Sett ing ou t on site Temporary works Selection and operating of plant and equipment Concrete construction Welded structure fabrication Steelwork erection Buried pipeline and sewer construction Dredging Underwater working Demolition Offshore construction.

Covcr photograph hy pcrniis\ion tit' Thc I m q c k ink