Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt Nobel prize winner, Nobel prize winner, physical culturalist,physical culturalist,naval historian, essayist,naval historian, essayist,biographer, paleontol-biographer, paleontol-igist, taxidermist, ornith-igist, taxidermist, ornith-ologist, field naturalist, ologist, field naturalist, conservationist, big game conservationist, big game hunter, editor, critic, rancher, orator, hunter, editor, critic, rancher, orator, colonel of cavalry. . .colonel of cavalry. . .

He brought to the office of He brought to the office of President a broadPresident a broadconception of its powers andconception of its powers andinvested the presidency invested the presidency with something of its modernwith something of its modernstatus, as the center of status, as the center of national political lifenational political life

A conservative, but also a reformer A conservative, but also a reformer

Roosevelt: Roosevelt: Born into wealth Born into wealth

Frail as child (asthma)Frail as child (asthma)

Drove himself physically and Drove himself physically and intellectually intellectually

Roosevelt: Roosevelt:

After wife’s and After wife’s and mother’s mother’s death on the same day, death on the same day, he became a rancher in he became a rancher in the Dakota Badlands the Dakota Badlands

Served in New York State Served in New York State Assembly and displayed an Assembly and displayed an energy seldom seen in “that energy seldom seen in “that lethargic body.” lethargic body.”

Roosevelt: Roosevelt: Became the police Became the police Commissioner of New Commissioner of New York City—a York City—a ““flamboyant battler flamboyant battler against crime and vice” against crime and vice”

Vigorously campaigned forVigorously campaigned forthe election of William the election of William McKinleyMcKinley

. . . made outstanding war plans . . . made outstanding war plans including the plan that Admiral Dewey including the plan that Admiral Dewey used in routing the Spanish fleet in the used in routing the Spanish fleet in the Philippines in the early days of the Philippines in the early days of the Spanish American War Spanish American War

Then left that position Then left that position to serve as an officer to serve as an officer in the Army volunteers in the Army volunteers

New York Republican New York Republican political machines political machines found too difficult to found too difficult to controlcontrol

““Boss” Platt hatched a Boss” Platt hatched a scheme to “kick upstairs”scheme to “kick upstairs”

Nominated as vice presidential Nominated as vice presidential candidate for William McKinley’s candidate for William McKinley’s second term second term

Elected Governor of Elected Governor of New York in 1900 New York in 1900

President McKinley. . . President McKinley. . . . . .assassinated 6 . . .assassinated 6 months months into his second term into his second term

At age 42, Roosevelt At age 42, Roosevelt becomes the 26becomes the 26thth President President of the United Statesof the United States

Youngest president (John Youngest president (John F. Kennedy was youngest F. Kennedy was youngest person elected president) person elected president)

As president:As president:Boxed with professionals (blinded Boxed with professionals (blinded in one eye)in one eye)Galloped 100 miles on horseback Galloped 100 miles on horseback to show it could be done to show it could be done Spared a bear cub on a hunting trip;Spared a bear cub on a hunting trip; toy company therefore toy company therefore named the teddy bear after named the teddy bear after him him

Roosevelt’s leadership Roosevelt’s leadership and publicity campaigns and publicity campaigns helped create the helped create the modern presidency, modern presidency, making him a model by making him a model by which all which all future future presidents presidents would be would be measuredmeasured

Used dynamic Used dynamic personality personality and popularity to and popularity to advanceadvancehis programs his programs National welfare: felt National welfare: felt government should government should control whenever states control whenever states proved incapable of proved incapable of dealing with problemsdealing with problems—not a —not a traditional Republican view—traditional Republican view—but but change should be cautious and change should be cautious and moderatemoderate

Policy of the square Policy of the square deal: if big business deal: if big business victimized workers, victimized workers, he would see to it he would see to it that that common people common people were were helpedhelped

His study of history His study of history convinced him thatconvinced him that U. S. required a strong Federal govt.U. S. required a strong Federal govt.that was the mediator of the public that was the mediator of the public good with president at the center good with president at the center

Heart of his policy: Heart of his policy: desire to win for desire to win for federal federal government the power government the power to investigate the to investigate the activities of activities of corporationscorporationsand publicize the and publicize the results results

He believed pressure of He believed pressure of educated public opinioneducated public opinionwould alone eliminate most corporate would alone eliminate most corporate abuses and gov. should legislate abuses and gov. should legislate solutions to remaining problems solutions to remaining problems

Trust-busting Trust-busting Did not believe all trusts Did not believe all trusts were harmfulwere harmful

Sought to curb trusts when Sought to curb trusts when their actions hurt public their actions hurt public trust trust

Belief: only big business could ensure Belief: only big business could ensure national greatness national greatness

Trust-busting Trust-busting Roosevelt AdministrationRoosevelt Administration filed 44 antitrust suits filed 44 antitrust suits

Won many, broke up Won many, broke up some trusts, but did not some trusts, but did not slow merger movement slow merger movement

Strengthened the Interstate Strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission and found Commerce Commission and found success trying to regulate railroads success trying to regulate railroads

1902 Coal Strike: 1902 Coal Strike: 140,000 PA miners struck 140,000 PA miners struck and demanded 20% raise & and demanded 20% raise & 9-hour day9-hour day

Management refused to even meet Management refused to even meet with the strikerswith the strikers

Roosevelt solved by calling both Roosevelt solved by calling both sides to talk at the White House—andsides to talk at the White House—and threatened Federal take-over of mines threatened Federal take-over of mines

1902 Coal Strike: 1902 Coal Strike:

Both sides finally agreed to submit Both sides finally agreed to submit differences to an differences to an arbitration arbitration commission as a mediatorcommission as a mediator

1903—commission settlement: 1903—commission settlement: 10% pay raise; 9 hour workday 10% pay raise; 9 hour workday

no closed shop (closed shop no closed shop (closed shop means all workers must belong means all workers must belong to the union)to the union)

1902 Coal Strike: 1902 Coal Strike:

Roosevelt’s actions set new principles: Roosevelt’s actions set new principles: Federal government expected to Federal government expected to intervene when a strike threatened intervene when a strike threatened the public welfare the public welfare

Disputes can be settled in an orderly Disputes can be settled in an orderly way with the help of experts way with the help of experts

Regulating Railroads Regulating Railroads

Elkins Act of 1903—rebates (special Elkins Act of 1903—rebates (special discounts) to shippers illegaldiscounts) to shippers illegal

Hepburn Act of 1906—strictly limitedHepburn Act of 1906—strictly limited free railroad passes free railroad passes (form of bribery)(form of bribery)

Also gave ICC power to set Also gave ICC power to set maximum shipping rates, maximum shipping rates, subject subject to court approval to court approval

Public Health Laws Public Health Laws 1906: Pure Food and 1906: Pure Food and Drug Act, halted the Drug Act, halted the sale of contaminated sale of contaminated foods and medicines foods and medicines and called for truth and called for truth in labeling. in labeling.

Progressive belief: if given accurate Progressive belief: if given accurate information, people would act wisely.information, people would act wisely.

, , Roosevelt appointed a Roosevelt appointed a commissioncommission to investigateto investigate meat packing meat packing industry industry

Roosevelt pushed for the Roosevelt pushed for the Meat Inspection Act of 1906Meat Inspection Act of 1906

After reading After reading The Jungle The Jungle by Upton Sinclair by Upton Sinclair

Public Health Public Health Laws Laws Meat Inspection ActMeat Inspection Act——dictated strict dictated strict cleanli-cleanli-ness requirements ness requirements for for meatpackers andmeatpackers and began program of began program of Federal meat Federal meat inspectioninspectionMeat Act & Hepburn Act: Meat Act & Hepburn Act: progressive principle of progressive principle of government regulation.government regulation.

Conservation Conservation First president to pay First president to pay attention to natural attention to natural resourcesresources

Said forest and water Said forest and water problems were vital problems were vital national concerns national concerns

Attacked environmental problems with Attacked environmental problems with great zeal; great zeal; banned Christmas Tree at banned Christmas Tree at White House in 1902 White House in 1902

Conservation Conservation

Naturalist John Muir. . . Naturalist John Muir. . . . . . persuaded Roosevelt . . . persuaded Roosevelt to set aside 148 million to set aside 148 million acres of forest reservesacres of forest reserves,, during a Yosemite NP during a Yosemite NP camping trip in 1903camping trip in 1903

Roosevelt also set asideRoosevelt also set aside 1.5 million 1.5 million acres for acres for water power siteswater power sites and 80 and 80 million acres for million acres for U. S. Geological U. S. Geological SurveySurvey to explore for minerals to explore for minerals

Conservation Conservation 1905: Roosevelt named 1905: Roosevelt named professional conservationistprofessional conservationist Gifford Pinchot the head of Gifford Pinchot the head of the U. S. Forest Servicethe U. S. Forest Service

Pinchot persuaded Roosevelt Pinchot persuaded Roosevelt to to keep large tracts of federal land keep large tracts of federal land exempt exempt from private salefrom private sale to conserve forest to conserve forest and grazing landsand grazing lands

Roosevelt also funded large-scaleRoosevelt also funded large-scaleirrigation projects and dams in West irrigation projects and dams in West

The Panic of 1907 The Panic of 1907

U. S. industrial production had outrun theU. S. industrial production had outrun thecapacity of either domestic or foreign capacity of either domestic or foreign markets to absorb it markets to absorb it (producing too much)(producing too much)

Once again, Once again, banking system and stock banking system and stock market—pathetic inadequaciesmarket—pathetic inadequacies

Irresponsible speculation and rampant Irresponsible speculation and rampant financial mismanagementfinancial mismanagement

The Panic of 1907 The Panic of 1907

Roosevelt Roosevelt reassured business leaders reassured business leaders that he wouldthat he would not interfere with recovery not interfere with recovery efforts efforts

J. P. Morgan helped J. P. Morgan helped construct a pool of assetsconstruct a pool of assets of several important New of several important New York banksYork banks to prop up to prop up shaky financial institutionsshaky financial institutions

The panic subsidedThe panic subsided

Like many progressives,Like many progressives,Roosevelt’s reforms did Roosevelt’s reforms did not include civil rights not include civil rights for African Americansfor African Americans

He did, however, support He did, however, support a few individual Blacks a few individual Blacks

Hosted Hosted Booker T. Washington at the Booker T. Washington at the White House for dinnerWhite House for dinner & appointed & appointed some Blacks to federal jobs some Blacks to federal jobs

W. E. B. Du Bois & others W. E. B. Du Bois & others upset by Roosevelt’supset by Roosevelt’sindifference to civil rightsindifference to civil rights

In In 19091909, several African , several African Americans and some Americans and some White reformers met in New York and White reformers met in New York and founded the National Association for founded the National Association for The Advancement of Colored People The Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)(NAACP)

WhenWhen Roosevelt Roosevelt won re-won re-election in 1904, heelection in 1904, he pledged pledged not to run not to run for another termfor another term in 1908. in 1908.

Personally selected Personally selected his own successor: his own successor: Secretary of War,Secretary of War, William H. Taft William H. Taft

Democrats ran, for the Democrats ran, for the third time, William third time, William Jennings Bryan Jennings Bryan

In Roosevelt’s shadow: In Roosevelt’s shadow:

““When I am addressedWhen I am addressed as ‘Mr. President,’ I as ‘Mr. President,’ I turn around to see turn around to see whether (Roosevelt is)whether (Roosevelt is) not at my elbow.”not at my elbow.”

As president, he As president, he pursued a cautious pursued a cautious agendaagenda

Taft broke up 90 trusts in 4 years;Taft broke up 90 trusts in 4 years; Roosevelt broke up 44 in 7 ½ yrsRoosevelt broke up 44 in 7 ½ yrs..

Campaigned on a Campaigned on a platform of lowering platform of lowering tariffstariffs

House passed the House passed the Payne-Aldrich Tariff;Payne-Aldrich Tariff;but Senate conservativebut Senate conservativeRepublicans eliminated most cuts.Republicans eliminated most cuts.Taft signed anyway, angering Taft signed anyway, angering progressive Republicans. progressive Republicans.

Conservation Conservation Taft angered conservationists by Taft angered conservationists by appointing Richard A. Ballinger appointing Richard A. Ballinger as Secretary of the Interior as Secretary of the Interior Seattle lawyer who disapproved Seattle lawyer who disapproved of conservationist control of of conservationist control of western lands western lands

Removed 1 million acres of forest Removed 1 million acres of forest and mining lands from reserved list and mining lands from reserved list and approved for sale to developersand approved for sale to developers

After Gifford Pinchot had an After Gifford Pinchot had an argument with Ballinger, Taft argument with Ballinger, Taft fired Pinchot as head of U. S. fired Pinchot as head of U. S. Forest Service—further angering Forest Service—further angering conservationists.conservationists.

Taft’s actions seemedTaft’s actions seemed to favor big business to favor big business interests over those interests over those of conservationists of conservationists and the land. and the land.

Conservation Conservation

Taft’s cautious nature Taft’s cautious nature made it impossible formade it impossible for him to hold the two him to hold the two wings of the GOP wings of the GOP (Grand Old Party)(Grand Old Party) together.together.

ProgressivesProgressives (change)(change)

Conservatives Conservatives (no change)(no change)

GOP began to tear apart GOP began to tear apart

1910,1910, Roosevelt Roosevelt returned from a returned from a hunting safari in Africa andhunting safari in Africa and said that said that the Republican Party needed new the Republican Party needed new leadership. leadership.

1912, Roosevelt decided to challenge 1912, Roosevelt decided to challenge the the incumbent Taft, incumbent Taft, his old friend,his old friend, for the for the Republican nominationRepublican nomination

Roosevelt’s policies as he Roosevelt’s policies as he re-entered politics re-entered politics

Graduated income taxGraduated income taxGraduated inheritance tax Graduated inheritance tax Worker’s compensation Worker’s compensation for industrial accidentsfor industrial accidentsRegulation of the labor of Regulation of the labor of women and childrenwomen and childrenTariff revisionTariff revisionFirmer regulation of corporationsFirmer regulation of corporations

The result of the rift in the The result of the rift in the Republican Party and Taft’s Republican Party and Taft’s inability to repair it was theinability to repair it was the loss of the House of loss of the House of Representatives to the Representatives to the Democrats in 1910Democrats in 1910—first—firstDemocratic control in 18 Democratic control in 18 years.years.

Mid-term electionsMid-term elections

Similar to stunning Democratic Similar to stunning Democratic loss in 1994 mid-term electionsloss in 1994 mid-term elections

1911, Roosevelt begins to 1911, Roosevelt begins to aspire to another run for aspire to another run for President President

1911 Anti-trust decision by 1911 Anti-trust decision by Taft AdministrationTaft AdministrationOctober 1911 suit against October 1911 suit against U. S. Steel challenging U. S. Steel challenging policies personally policies personally approved by Roosevelt approved by Roosevelt Reluctant to run because LaFollette had Reluctant to run because LaFollette had been working for nomination been working for nomination

1911, Roosevelt begins to 1911, Roosevelt begins to aspire to another run for aspire to another run for President President

February, 1912: LaFollette February, 1912: LaFollette suffers a nervous breakdown suffers a nervous breakdown

LaFollette’s supportersLaFollette’s supporters turned to Roosevelt turned to Roosevelt Roosevelt declared Roosevelt declared candidacy candidacy

June 1912: Taft supporters (party June 1912: Taft supporters (party bosses) will not seat Roosevelt bosses) will not seat Roosevelt supporters;supporters;Taft nominated on first ballot Taft nominated on first ballot Roosevelt’s supporters form Roosevelt’s supporters form a a new, third party: the new, third party: the ProgressiveProgressiveParty Party

Nominate Roosevelt for President Nominate Roosevelt for President

Roosevelt wins overwhelming victories Roosevelt wins overwhelming victories over Taft in 13 primary elections over Taft in 13 primary elections

Bull Moose platform:Bull Moose platform:•Direct election of senators Direct election of senators •Initiative, referendum & recall Initiative, referendum & recall in all states in all states

•Women’s suffrage Women’s suffrage •National workmen’s compensationNational workmen’s compensation

•Eight-hour workdayEight-hour workday•Minimum wage for Minimum wage for womenwomen•Federal law against child labor Federal law against child labor

Democrats nominatedDemocrats nominated Woodrow Wilson Woodrow Wilson of of New Jersey New Jersey

Taft and Roosevelt Taft and Roosevelt turned to calling turned to calling each other names each other names while Wilson stayed while Wilson stayed above it all above it all

Campaigned for Campaigned for “New “New Freedom” Freedom”

Fourth candidate: Fourth candidate: Socialist Eugene V. DebsSocialist Eugene V. Debs

Results similar to those Results similar to those of 1992 of 1992

•Originally from the South Originally from the South •Grandson, son, nephew Grandson, son, nephew ofof Presbyterian ministers Presbyterian ministers •Strict moral upbringing Strict moral upbringing •Graduate of College of Graduate of College of New Jersey (now Princeton New Jersey (now Princeton Univ.)Univ.)•Returned to Princeton as a political Returned to Princeton as a political

science professor science professor •Named Princeton president 1902—Named Princeton president 1902— national praise for campus reforms national praise for campus reforms

Thomas Woodrow Wilson Thomas Woodrow Wilson

New JerseyNew Jersey political political machine tapped Wilsonmachine tapped Wilson to run for to run for governorgovernor in in 19101910

Elected, but declared himself Elected, but declared himself independent of machine afterward independent of machine afterward

Progressive programs as governor:Progressive programs as governor:Direct primary Direct primary Workmen’s Compensation Workmen’s Compensation Regulation of public utilitiesRegulation of public utilities and railroads and railroads

Elected president in Elected president in 19121912—moved to —moved to enact laws based onenact laws based on his program of his program of “ “New Freedom”New Freedom”

Attack on the triple Attack on the triple wall of privilege: wall of privilege: Trusts, Tariffs, High Trusts, Tariffs, High Finance Finance

View of role of the View of role of the government different government different from that of Roosevelt. from that of Roosevelt.

Instead of regulating Instead of regulating trusts, government trusts, government should break them up.should break them up.

Government should not Government should not get larger; business should shrink get larger; business should shrink

Main focus: Main focus: attack large attack large concentrations of power toconcentrations of power to give give more freedom to average citizens. more freedom to average citizens.

Concentrated powers of Executive branch Concentrated powers of Executive branch in his own hands in his own hands Delegated real authority only to those Delegated real authority only to those whom he considered loyal beyond whom he considered loyal beyond questionquestionMost powerful figure in hisMost powerful figure in his administration: Colonel administration: Colonel Edward M. House Edward M. House

Democratic majorities in Democratic majorities in both houses of Congress both houses of Congress

Significantly lowered Significantly lowered tariffs tariffs To replace those To replace those revenues. . .revenues. . .

Pushed through thePushed through the Sixteenth AmendmentSixteenth Amendment(ratified in 1913),(ratified in 1913),which legalized awhich legalized a graduated income tax.graduated income tax.

Taxed higher incomes at a Taxed higher incomes at a higher rate than lower incomes.higher rate than lower incomes.

Created a national budget surplus Created a national budget surplus

Financial Reform Financial Reform

Pushed through thePushed through the Federal Reserve Act Federal Reserve Act of 1913 of 1913 Divided U. S. into 12 Divided U. S. into 12 districtsdistricts

All national banks in a given All national banks in a given district affiliated with their district affiliated with their district’s Federal Reserve bank district’s Federal Reserve bank

Established the Federal Established the Federal Reserve Reserve System; System; today controls U. S. today controls U. S. finance finance

Federal Trade Act of 1914Federal Trade Act of 1914

Set up a 5-member Set up a 5-member “ “watchdog” agency watchdog” agency called the Federal Trade called the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Commission (FTC) with with the power to investigate the power to investigate possible violations of possible violations of laws regulating business and tolaws regulating business and to put a stop to unfair business put a stop to unfair business competition competition and business and business practices.practices.

Clayton Antitrust Act Clayton Antitrust Act

19141914Strengthened Sherman Strengthened Sherman Antitrust Act of 1896 Antitrust Act of 1896

Declared certain Declared certain business practices business practices illegal:illegal:

Corporations could no longer Corporations could no longer acquire stock of another acquire stock of another corporation if so doing would corporation if so doing would create a monopoly create a monopoly

Clayton Antitrust Act Clayton Antitrust Act

Officers of companies Officers of companies who violated the law who violated the law could be prosecutedcould be prosecuted

Labor unions and farm Labor unions and farm organizations could organizations could exist and would no exist and would no longer be subject to antitrust lawslonger be subject to antitrust laws

Strikes, peaceful picketing, Strikes, peaceful picketing, boycotts, & collecting strike boycotts, & collecting strike benefits became legal.benefits became legal.

Clayton Antitrust Act Clayton Antitrust Act Samuel Gompers:Samuel Gompers:

The ClaytonThe ClaytonAct was a Act was a Magna CartaMagna Cartafor labor.for labor.

Enhanced relationship between Enhanced relationship between organized labor and Democratic organized labor and Democratic Party Party

Early 1913, Early 1913, summoned summoned Congress to special Congress to special session to deliver asession to deliver a ““State of the Union”State of the Union”Address.Address.

Set a precedent Set a precedent continued to continued to this day this day

Presided over the Presided over the passage of thepassage of the Nineteenth Amendment Nineteenth Amendment by Congress in 1919 by Congress in 1919 and its ratificationand its ratification in in AugustAugust 1920, but had 1920, but had refused to support the refused to support the concept of women’s concept of women’s suffrage himself suffrage himself

Wilson’s Progressive Wilson’s Progressive Shortcomings:Shortcomings:

Opposed a federal child Opposed a federal child labor lawlabor law as as unconstitutional unconstitutional

Placed segregationists Placed segregationists in charge of federal agencies, in charge of federal agencies, expanding segregation in the expanding segregation in the federal government, military andfederal government, military and in Washington, D. C.in Washington, D. C.

Wilson’s Progressive Wilson’s Progressive Shortcomings:Shortcomings:

Placed white Placed white SouthernersSouthernersin his cabinet, thereby in his cabinet, thereby extending segregation extending segregation

Opposed federal anti-lynching laws Opposed federal anti-lynching laws arguing that such crimes fellarguing that such crimes fellwithin states’ jurisdictions.within states’ jurisdictions.

Roosevelt: Roosevelt: strong progressive in strong progressive in domestic, or national affairs. . .domestic, or national affairs. . .

. . . but. . . but equally equally well-known for his well-known for his strong efforts in international strong efforts in international affairsaffairs

Continued McKinley’sContinued McKinley’sthrust toward making thrust toward making the U. S. a world the U. S. a world power.power.

Significant contribution Significant contribution

China China

Europeans & Europeans & Japanese carving upJapanese carving upMany in U. S. feared Many in U. S. feared the U. S. would be the U. S. would be cut out cut out

John HayJohn Hay: “Asking only the open : “Asking only the open door for ourselves, we are ready door for ourselves, we are ready to accord the open door to to accord the open door to others.”others.”

Open Door Notes Open Door Notes Each nation with a sphere of Each nation with a sphere of influence in China: respect the influence in China: respect the Rights and privileges of other Rights and privileges of other Nations in its sphereNations in its sphereChinese officials: continue to collect Chinese officials: continue to collect tariffs in all spheres tariffs in all spheres (existing tariff (existing tariff favored the U. S.)favored the U. S.)No discrimination in levying port No discrimination in levying port dues and railroad ratesdues and railroad ratesRoosevelt: vital for maintaining U. S. trade Roosevelt: vital for maintaining U. S. trade in the Pacific region and for preventing in the Pacific region and for preventing any single nation from establishing any single nation from establishing dominance there dominance there

Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)After a year of fighting, Japanese After a year of fighting, Japanese won overwhelmingly at sea and won overwhelmingly at sea and on land. on land. War causing huge economic drain War causing huge economic drain on Japanese.on Japanese.Japanese asked Roosevelt to Japanese asked Roosevelt to mediate the conflict. mediate the conflict. Aboard shipAboard ship, Portsmouth, NH, , Portsmouth, NH, 1905 1905 Got both sides to give and take Got both sides to give and take Nobel Peace Prize, 1906Nobel Peace Prize, 1906

San Francisco—1906, segregated San Francisco—1906, segregated Asian students into separate schools Asian students into separate schools

Anti-American riots in Japan Anti-American riots in Japan

Roosevelt intervenedRoosevelt intervened

1907-08—Gentlemen’s 1907-08—Gentlemen’s Agreement: San Francisco Agreement: San Francisco stopped segregation;stopped segregation; Japan limited emigration Japan limited emigration to U. S.to U. S.

Great White Fleet Great White Fleet

16 white battleships—Roosevelt sent 16 white battleships—Roosevelt sent on a world tour--1907.on a world tour--1907.

Demonstrated U. S. naval power—world Demonstrated U. S. naval power—world class navy class navy

Great White Fleet Great White Fleet

Warmly received Warmly received by Japanese by Japanese

Eventually, the Americans & Japanese,Eventually, the Americans & Japanese,through diplomatic relations, pledgedthrough diplomatic relations, pledgedto respect each other’s possessions &to respect each other’s possessions &interests in East Asia & the Pacific.interests in East Asia & the Pacific.

Prompted the Japanese to increase Prompted the Japanese to increase the the size of their fleet size of their fleet

Roosevelt Corollary Roosevelt Corollary Many South American Many South American nations in debt to banks nations in debt to banks in Europe.in Europe.

Roosevelt feared EuropeanRoosevelt feared European nations would intervene nations would intervene if if SA nations defaulted.SA nations defaulted.

Roosevelt determined to make U. S. Roosevelt determined to make U. S. predominant power in Caribbean and predominant power in Caribbean and Central America Central America

Roosevelt Corollary Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine—Big Stick Policy Doctrine—Big Stick Policy

Speak softly and Speak softly and carry a big stick!carry a big stick!

Warned European Warned European nations to stay out of nations to stay out of Western Hemisphere—Western Hemisphere—U. S. would exercise U. S. would exercise ““international police international police power” if necessary.power” if necessary.

Panama Canal Panama Canal When Roosevelt When Roosevelt became President,became President,U. S. had already U. S. had already achieved 3 of achieved 3 of Mahan’s Mahan’s recommendations.recommendations.

Modern navy Modern navy Bases in Caribbean Bases in Caribbean Bases in Hawaii Bases in Hawaii

Roosevelt: goal to accomplish the 4Roosevelt: goal to accomplish the 4thth recommendation—canal in Central recommendation—canal in Central America America

Panama Canal Panama Canal

Engineers found two possible routes.Engineers found two possible routes.

NicaraguaNicaragua

Fewer obstaclesFewer obstacles

Would cross Lake NicaraguaWould cross Lake Nicaragua

Panama (Colombia)Panama (Colombia)Shorter Shorter

Mountains, swamps, jungle Mountains, swamps, jungle

Panama Canal Panama Canal

Philippe Bunau-Varilla Philippe Bunau-Varilla

Chief engineer of project Chief engineer of project

Investor in New Panama Canal Investor in New Panama Canal Company Company

Sent all U. S. senators a Nicaraguan Sent all U. S. senators a Nicaraguan stamp showing an erupting volcano stamp showing an erupting volcano

Convinced Senate to approve Convinced Senate to approve building a canal through Panama building a canal through Panama

supported by 11 U. S. warships.supported by 11 U. S. warships.

Panama Canal Panama Canal

Panama owned by Colombia Panama owned by Colombia

Roosevelt tried to get Colombia to Roosevelt tried to get Colombia to sell Panama to U. S.sell Panama to U. S.

Colombia refused Colombia refused

Bunau-Varilla helped organize a Bunau-Varilla helped organize a Panamanian rebellion. . .Panamanian rebellion. . .

Panama Canal Panama Canal

U. S. negotiated treaty with Colombia U. S. negotiated treaty with Colombia

Panamanian independence Panamanian independence

U. S. control of 10-mile-wide U. S. control of 10-mile-wide canal zonecanal zone

U. S. began U. S. began construction in 1904construction in 1904

1921—U. S. paid 1921—U. S. paid Colombia $25 millionColombia $25 million

Panama Canal Panama Canal

Workers fought diseases like yellow Workers fought diseases like yellow fever and bubonic plague fever and bubonic plague

More than 5,600 workers died from More than 5,600 workers died from disease. disease.

Total cost to the U. S.: $380 millionTotal cost to the U. S.: $380 millionThe process of how the U. S. got the The process of how the U. S. got the land from Colombia caused ill willland from Colombia caused ill will between South American countries between South American countries and the U. S. for many years.and the U. S. for many years.

Dollar Diplomacy Dollar Diplomacy Example of U. S. police power: Example of U. S. police power: Taft Taft sent Marines to Nicaraguasent Marines to Nicaragua in 1911 in 1911 to protect U. S. to protect U. S. banking interestsbanking interests..

Some Marine units stayed in Some Marine units stayed in NicaraguaNicaragua until 1933.until 1933.

Wilson: little interest or Wilson: little interest or experience in diplomacy experience in diplomacy U. S. in Dominican Republic U. S. in Dominican Republic since 1905 since 1905

1915: landed Marines in 1915: landed Marines in Haiti to quell a revolution Haiti to quell a revolution

Wilson’ Missionary Diplomacy Wilson’ Missionary Diplomacy U. S.--moral responsibility U. S.--moral responsibility to deny recognition to any to deny recognition to any South American government South American government it considered oppressive, it considered oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to undemocratic, or hostile to U. S. interests.U. S. interests.

Policy pressured other Western Policy pressured other Western Hemisphere nations to establish Hemisphere nations to establish democratic governments.democratic governments.

Wilson’ Missionary Diplomacy Wilson’ Missionary Diplomacy

First test of policy: Mexico First test of policy: Mexico Mexican Revolution 1911Mexican Revolution 1911Dictator Porfirio Diaz overthrown by Dictator Porfirio Diaz overthrown by peasants and workers 1910 peasants and workers 1910

Francisco Madero president 1911Francisco Madero president 19111913—General Victoriano Huerta—1913—General Victoriano Huerta— took over government; executedtook over government; executed MaderoMaderoWilson refused to recognize Wilson refused to recognize

Wilson’ Missionary Diplomacy Wilson’ Missionary Diplomacy

Small incident in April 1914 brought Small incident in April 1914 brought U. S. and Mexico close to war.U. S. and Mexico close to war.

Marines invaded Vera Cruz—200 Marines invaded Vera Cruz—200 Mexicans diedMexicans died

Situation Situation calmed when calmed when Huerta Huerta overthrownoverthrownin 1915in 1915

Wilson’ Missionary Diplomacy Wilson’ Missionary Diplomacy

Huerta overthrown by VenustianoHuerta overthrown by Venustiano Carranza Carranza

Emiliano Zapata Emiliano Zapata and Francisco and Francisco ““Pancho” Pancho” Villa rebelled Villa rebelled against against CarranzaCarranza

Wilson recognized Carranza govt. Wilson recognized Carranza govt.

Wilson’ Missionary Diplomacy Wilson’ Missionary Diplomacy

Villa angry over Wilson’s Villa angry over Wilson’s Recognition of Carranza’s Recognition of Carranza’s governmentgovernment

Villa threatened Villa threatened reprisals against U. S.reprisals against U. S.

January 1916—Villa kidnapped U. S. January 1916—Villa kidnapped U. S. miners in Mexico & executed themminers in Mexico & executed themMarch 1916—Villa raided Columbus, March 1916—Villa raided Columbus, N.M. & killed 17 Americans.N.M. & killed 17 Americans.

Wilson’ Missionary Diplomacy Wilson’ Missionary Diplomacy Wilson sent an expeditionary force Wilson sent an expeditionary force of 15,000 soldiers under General of 15,000 soldiers under General John J. Pershing John J. Pershing

Pershing never caught Pershing never caught VillaVilla U. S. withdrew force U. S. withdrew force 1917, to prepare for 1917, to prepare for entry into World War Ientry into World War I

Pershing’s operations Pershing’s operations angered many Mexicansangered many Mexicans

U. S. intervention in Mexican affairs U. S. intervention in Mexican affairs represented American imperialist represented American imperialist attitudes in the early 20attitudes in the early 20thth century. century.

Americans believed their politicalAmericans believed their politicaland economic institutions were and economic institutions were superiorsuperior and tried to extend them and tried to extend them to other nations—even by military to other nations—even by military force.force.

Unlike Europeans and Japanese, few Unlike Europeans and Japanese, few Americans wanted to annex territory.Americans wanted to annex territory.