Themes in Anglo-Scottish Relations:

1. Scottish Expansionism:desire to hold:-Northumberland,Cumberland, Westmorland, Lancaster etc.

As well as Huntingdonand Tynedale

Themes in Anglo-Scottish Relations

2. Vague, ill-defined English superiority over Scottish monarchy and kingdom.

3. Jurisdictional dispute between English and Scottish churches - i. coronation/unction ii. Archbishop of St Andrews iii. Church taxes

4. Factors which help maintain peace:cross-border landholding; shared culture and values; marriages.

Malcolm III (1058-93)

- 1072 attacks Norham but forced to give personal submissionto William the Conqueror

- 1093 killed attacking northern England.

General Trends:-

1. English military superiority.

2. Personal Monarchy - opportunism of one king when theother dies or has domestic problems...

David I (1124-53)

Born 1085; brought up at Normancourt of England; brother-in-law ofHenry I, who made him a Justiciar,sheriff and earl of Northumbria and Huntingdon.

1107 used threat of Norman invasion of Scotland toforce brother Alexander I to givehim the Lothians...

David I (1124-53)

- 1135 Henry I dies and King Stephen takes English throne.David I seizes northern Englandcounties…

- 1138 David loses battle of Standard

- 1140 David helps enemies of Stephen, including France, in hope of securingNorthumberland

- 1153 David dies at Carlisle

Malcolm IV (1153-65), ‘the Maiden’

- 1156 - has to give up all English lands except Huntingdon and Tynedale toHenry II

- gives personal submission to Henry II

- 1160 serves Henry II in France

Treaty of Falaise, 8 December 1174

- William I loses lands he holds in England

- magnate hostages and Scottish southern castles to Henry II

- Scottish church to be subject to Archbishop of York as ‘customary’

- William and all heirs to do homage to Henry II ‘for Scotland and all his other lands’

- Magnates and prelates of Scotland also to do homage to English king.

See Duncan, The Making of the Kingdom, chapter 9.

Quitclaim of Canterbury, 5 December 1189

- Richard I releases William I of Scotland “and his heirs for ever”from 1174 treaty

- William to be restored to English lands held by Malcolm IV

- William to pay 10,000 merks (£6,666) to Richard I.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Papal Bull Cum Universi, 13 March 1192Scotland a ‘special daughter’ of Rome.

Relations c. 1190-1220

William continues to press forinfluence in northern England…

1200 - John forces him to pay 15,000 m and to give daughters’ hands

Alexander II, 1214-

1215-7 Scots’ aggression1217 - Alex. Gives up claims

1220 - plan to wed Henry III’s sister

1237 - near war as Huntingdon lost

Treaty of York, 25 September 1237

- Alexander II renounced claims to northern English lands

- gave up any claim to recover 15,000 merks which William I paid toJohn I in return for royal marriage promises in 1209.

- Left with Tynedale (worth £200 p.a.)

Alexander III (1249-86) and Henry III (1216-72) - See A. Young

August 1244 Anglo-Scottish peace reaffirmed - Prince Alexander to wed Henry III’s daughter, Margaret.

1251 - marriage of Alexander and Margaret - Canterbury parliament where Alexander refuses to give

homage to Henry for Scotland, not just for his English lands.

1251-60 - rival Scottish noble groups appeal to Henry III to give thempower in Scotland during Alexander’s minority.

Lands of Scottish kingsin England before 1286.

13th century:9 of 13 Scottish earls hadlands in England

7 of 22 English earls had lands in Scotland

- Noble Intermarriage

- Anglo-Norman culture

Alexander III (1249-86) and Henry III (1216-72) - See A. Young

August 1244 Anglo-Scottish peace reaffirmed - Prince Alexander to wed Henry III’s daughter, Margaret.

1251 - marriage of Alexander and Margaret - Canterbury parliament where Alexander refuses to give

homage to Henry for Scotland, not just for his English lands.

1251-60 - rival Scottish noble groups appeal to Henry III to give thempower in Scotland during Alexander’s minority.

Edward I of England(1272-1307)

October 1278 Westminster Parliament

English version:-‘I, Alexander, become the liege man of the Lord Edward,

King of England, against all men.’

Scottish version:-Alexander III: ‘I become your man for the lands which I hold of you

in the realm of England, for which I owe you homage, saving my realm.’

Bishop of Norwich: ‘Be that saved to the king of England if he have a right to your homage for that kingdom.’

Alexander III: ‘No-one has a right to homage for my kingdom save God alone, and I hold it only of God.’

See Barrow, Kingship and Unity, P. 156 or Duncan, P. 589.

‘Much Good may come to pass’

Jan-Feb 1284 - last of Alexander III’s children dies; Maid of Norway named as heir

April 1284 - Edward I’s first son, Edward born

Alexander III’s letter to Edward I - hint of possible marriage of Prince Edward to Maid?

1285 - Alexander = Yolande of Dreux

19 March 1286.