THEME-RHEME ANALYSIS OF THE JAKARTA POST HEADLINES …

THEME-RHEME ANALYSIS OF THE JAKARTA POST

HEADLINES ON COVID-19 ISSUE

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

ANGELIN TANDI KALOTONG

Student Number: 174214016

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA

YOGYAKARTA

2021

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ii



AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

ANGELIN TANDI KALOTONG

Student Number: 174214016

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS

UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA

YOGYAKARTA

2021


iii


iv


v

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been

previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that,

to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material

previously written by any other person except where due reference is made in the

text of the undergraduate thesis.

January 17, 2021

Angelin Tandi Kalotong


vi

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH

UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma

Nama : Angelin Tandi Kalotong

Nomor Mahasiswa : 174214016

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan

Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul



beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan

kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,

mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan

data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau

media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya

maupun memberikan royalty kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya

sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta

Pada tanggal 17 Januari 2021

Yang menyatakan,



vii

DREAM, BELIEVE, AND MAKE IT HAPPEN

-Agnez Mo-


viii

I dedicated this to you for your endless supports


ix

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my gratitude to Jesus Christ. I believe that His

help makes me able to finish my undergraduate thesis at the right time. I thank

Him for blessing me and sending good people around me. My gratitude also goes

to my thesis advisor Arina Isti’anah, S.Pd., M.Hum., for her endless guide and

support to do this research. I also thank my co-advisor Simon Arsa Manggala,

S.S., M.Hum., for her advice to make this thesis better.

This thesis would not be finished without the endless support of my

beloved parents, Papa Lukas and Mama Eli. I thank them for giving me spiritual,

physical, and mental supports. Huge gratitude goes to my lovely friends: Riris,

Dea, Selena, Reisya, Yael, Fifa, and Dyah. Thanks for being with me and coloring

my life since high school. Also, thanks to Mas Iki for being my support system

and always accompany me during my sadness and happiness.

Last but not least, I thank everyone, whose name cannot be mentioned one

by one, and for my college friends. Thank you for the never-ending supports in

finishing this undergraduate thesis. May luck always with us.



x

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE .................................................................................................................... ii

APPROVAL PAGE ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

ACCEPTANCE PAGE ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY .................................................................... v

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ILMIAH ........... vi

MOTTO PAGE ................................................................................................... vii

DEDICATION PAGE ........................................................................................ viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................. ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................... x

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................ xii

LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................. xiii

ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... xvii

ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................ xviii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 1

A. Background of the Study .............................................................................. 1

B. Problem Formulation ................................................................................... 7

C. Objectives of the Study ................................................................................ 7

D. Definition of Term ....................................................................................... 7

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE .................................................... 9

A. Review of Related Studies ........................................................................... 9

B. Review of Related Theories ....................................................................... 13

1. Critical Discourse Analysis .................................................................... 13

2. Systemic Functional Linguistics ............................................................ 15

3. Theme and Rheme .................................................................................. 17

4. Headlines ................................................................................................ 21

C. Theoretical Framework ................................................................................. 22

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY .................................................................. 24

A. Object of the Study..................................................................................... 24

B. Approach of the Study ............................................................................... 25

C. Method of the Study ................................................................................... 25

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULT AND DISCUSSION ........................... 30

A. Themes and Rheme Used in The Jakarta Post Newspaper ....................... 30

a. Actor as the Participant .......................................................................... 32

b. Verbiage as the Participant ..................................................................... 38

c. Sayer as the Participant of the Headlines ............................................... 41

d. Senser as the Participant ......................................................................... 44

e. Carrier as the Participant ........................................................................ 46

f. Goal as the Participant ............................................................................ 47

B. Representation Revealed of COVID-19 Issue ........................................... 50

1. The Number of COVID-19 cases in Indonesia ...................................... 50

2. Government’s Responsibility/Action to Deal with this Pandemic ......... 56

3. The Victim of COVID-19 ...................................................................... 61


xi

4. The Decline in Economic, Educational, and Health Aspects ................. 65

5. The Impact and Views of the Society on COVID-19............................. 68

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION .......................................................................... 72

REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 75

APPENDICES ..................................................................................................... 78

Appendix 1: Actor as the participant of Theme ................................................ 78

Appendix 2: Verbiage as the participant of Theme ........................................... 84

Appendix 3: Sayer as the participant of Theme ................................................ 89

Appendix 4: Senser as the participant of Theme ............................................... 92

Appendix 5: Carrier as the participant of Theme .............................................. 64

Appendix 6: Goal as the participant of Theme .................................................. 95

Appendix 7: List of Headlines from The Jakarta Post ..................................... 96


xii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

CDA : Critical Discourse Analysis

SFL : Systemic Functional Linguistic

TJP : The Jakarta Post


xiii

LIST OF TABLE

No. Table Page

1. Table 1. Participant of Theme on The Jakarta Post headlines 31

2. Table 2. Theme-Rheme analysis H.1. 32




















xiv

























xv




47. Table 47. Representations of Theme on The Jakarta Post headlines 50





















xvi








xvii

ABSTRACT

KALOTONG, ANGELIN TANDI. (2020). Theme-Rheme Analysis of The

Jakarta Post Headlines on Covid-19 Issue. Yogyakarta: Department of English

Letters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

COVID-19 has impacted worldwide attention since it is a serious

disease. It has become a daily topic for Indonesia’s newspapers. Media has an

important role in giving information and awareness about this issue. The media

uses interesting headlines to attract readers’ interest. A headline can be an

indicator of whether a topic is important or not. The media has the power to raise

an issue and the media also has a policy in determining headlines. A headline

consists of a Theme and a Rheme. Thus, this study focuses on analyzing the

Theme which the starting point of the message and Rheme which consists of the

additional information of the message. The Theme and Rheme of the headlines

are used to reveal the representation of media in seeing the COVID-19 issue in

Indonesia.

There are two objectives to this study. The first objective is to identify

how the Theme and Rheme used in The Jakarta Post newspaper. The second

objective is to figure out how the use of Theme-Rheme reveals the representation

of COVID-19 issue in Indonesia.

Critical Discourse Analysis is the approach of this study. Media in

discourse contributes to how the structures of sentences as the critical study of

media and critical study of a text. Therefore, it is the applicable approach in this

study. In data collection, the researcher chose headlines from The Jakarta Post

newspaper published in September 2020. 108 headlines are collected and the

headlines suit the criteria about COVID-19 issue.

According to the analysis, there is only one type of Theme, which is a

Topical Theme. In the Theme, The Jakarta Post uses 6 types of participants which

are Actor, Verbiage, Sayer, Senser, Carrier, and Goal. The dominant participants

on the headline are Actor with total of 36 headlines. Following by participant

Verbiage with 33 headlines. There are 16 headlines use participant Sayer, 11

headlines use participant Senser, 8 headlines use participant Carrier, and 4

headline use Goal as the participant. In a conclusion, the Theme and Rheme of the

headline reveal that The Jakarta Post gives awareness to the public about

COVID-19. The Jakarta Post shows the number of COVID-19 cases to the public

also the government’s responsibility or action to deal with this pandemic. Then,

the media shows the victim of COVID-19 and the decline in economic,

educational, and health aspects due to COVID-19. Lastly, the media shows the

impact and views of society on COVID-19.

Keywords: COVID-19, headlines, representation


xviii

ABSTRAK

KALOTONG, ANGELIN TANDI. (2020). Theme-Rheme Analysis of The

Jakarta Post Headlines on Covid-19 Issue. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra

Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

COVID-19 telah memengaruhi perhatian dunia karena merupakan

penyakit yang serius. Masalah ini telah menjadi topik harian di surat kabar

Indonesia. Media memiliki peran penting dalam memberikan informasi dan

kesadaran tentang masalah ini. Media menggunakan berita utama yang menarik

untuk menarik minat pembaca. Judul berita bisa menjadi indikator apakah suatu

topik penting atau tidak. Media memiliki kekuatan untuk mengangkat suatu isu

dan media juga memiliki kebijakan dalam menentukan berita utama. Berita utama

terdiri dari sebuah Tema dan Rema. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini berfokus pada

analisis tema yang merupakan awalan dari sebuah pesan dan rema yang berisi

informasi tambahan dari sebuah pesan. Tema dan rema dalam berita utama

digunakan untuk mengungkapkan representasi media dalam melihat isu COVID-

19 di Indonesia.

Ada dua tujuan dalam penelitian ini. Tujuan pertama adalah

mengidentifikasi bagaimana tema dan rema digunakan dalam surat kabar The

Jakarta Post. Tujuan kedua untuk mengetahui bagaimana penggunaan tema dan

rema mengungkapkan representasi isu COVID-19 di Indonesia.

Analisis wacana kritis adalah pendekatan dalam penelitian ini. Media

dalam wacana memberikan kontribusi bagaimana struktur kalimat sebagai kajian kritis

media dan kajian kritis suatu teks. Oleh karena itu, pendekatan ini merupakan

pendekatan yang dapat diterapkan dalam penelitian ini. Dalam pengumpulan data,

peneliti memilih berita utama dari surat kabar The Jakarta Post yang diterbitkan

pada bulan September 2020. Terkumpul sebanyak 108 berita utama yang sesuai

dengan kriteria yaitu tentang isu COVID-19.

Berdasarkan hasil analisis, hanya ada satu jenis tema yaitu tema topikal.

Berdasarkan temanya, The Jakarta Post menggunakan 6 tipe partisipan yaitu

pelaku, perkataan, pembicara, pengindera, penyandang, dan tujuan. Partisipan

yang mendominasi pada judul adalah partisipan pelaku dengan total 36 berita

utama. Disusul oleh partisipan perkataan dengan 33 judul. Ada 16 judul

menggunakan partisipan pembicara, 11 judul menggunakan partisipan pengindera,

8 judul menggunakan partisipan penyandang, dan 4 judul menggunakan tujuan

sebagai partisipan. Sebagai kesimpulan, tema dan rema dari berita utama

mengungkapkan bahwa The Jakarta Post memberikan kesadaran kepada

masyarakat tentang COVID-19. The Jakarta Post menunjukkan jumlah kasus

COVID-19 ke masyarakat serta tanggung jawab atau tindakan pemerintah untuk

menangani pandemi ini. Kemudian, media menunjukkan korban COVID-19 dan

penurunan pada aspek ekonomi, pendidikan, dan kesehatan akibat COVID-19.

Terakhir, media menunjukkan dampak dan pandangan masyarakat terhadap

COVID-19.

Kata kunci: COVID-19, headlines, representation


1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

The world has been hit by a coronavirus. At the beginning of 2020, the

World Health Organization(WHO) respond to a cluster of atypical pneumonia in

China. After many people were infected, the WHO reported that Chinese

authorities have discovered that the pandemic is caused by a novel coronavirus.

WHO announced that the disease caused by the novel coronavirus is named as

COVID-19. Globally, 27,236,916 people are infected and 891,031 people died

(WHO, 2020). This virus has become a global pandemic.

COVID-19 has also affected Indonesia. The case of COVID-19 in

Indonesia reaches to 200,035 cases (retrieved from covid19.go.id on November

2020). It was confirmed to have spread to Indonesia on 2 March 2020 (Susilo, C,

Ceva, & Widayat, 2020). Lately, COVID-19 has become a daily topic for

Indonesia’s citizens. Various media such as social, electronic, and print media are

seen using COVID-19 as their topic.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the public needed the role of the

media to provide information about the development of the COVID-19 virus.

Media has an important role in giving information and collecting awareness to the

society towards COVID-19 issues. It is stated that

Mass media has terribly important role in the socialization process of

public policy. Media has to competently set an agenda for a particular

issue so that it is considered important to public. Problems may emerge

when mass media think that not all policies are important and worth to

report (Permatasari, 2013).


https://www.who.int/china/news/detail/09-01-2020-who-statement-regarding-cluster-of-pneumonia-cases-in-wuhan-china

https://twitter.com/WHO/status/1227248333871173632?s=20

2

Mass media influences people about what is going on in society. The role of mass

media is to give ideas and information on certain issues in order to make people

know exactly about the events that happen in society.

In reading a newspaper, readers usually focus on the headline first

before they decided to read the newspaper. A news headline represents how a

topic is important. The headline in a newspaper is a representation of the media

itself in seeing the importance of an event or not. News headlines also greatly

influence readers' interest. According to (Wandik et al., 2017), the news headline

can be an important thing to attract the reader and an indicator of assessment on

the topics considered as important.

From the explanation above, mass media have the power to raise an

event and give emphasis on certain issues. The press company has a policy for

determining the headline (Wandik et al., 2017). Related to that, media represents

the society, especially The Jakarta Post(TJP) in reporting and informing COVID-

19 issues. TJP plays an important role that supports the government to give

transparency about the information and awareness toward COVID-19 issues. It is

stated that

As a media, The Jakarta Post has an ideology and authorization in

producing the news especially the news headline. The Jakarta Post has

its own authorization in reproduce the experiences and react fairly the

representation of world into a piece of newspaper text based on the

interpretation of existence, whether it is something or someone

(Adinihaqi, 2017, p. 5)

Mass media has the authorization in producing the news headline and even the

whole article about something that happened in society.


3

From the paragraph above, it is concluded that TJP has its ideology in

producing the news headline. Ideology is “a set of beliefs that inform and guide

decisions” (Bolin, 2018, p. 62). It is also added that

Ideology is an elaborate story told about the ideal conduct of some

aspect of human affairs. As I see it, its power lies in its truth value,

wich is determinded by the number and natur of its subcription base as

much as by some notion of ‘explanatory force’. In short, the truh of an

ideology is determined by the number subscribing to it (Locke, 2004).

Ideology is interpreted as an idea that becomes a basis for the behavior of an

individual or a group. It is also added by Pawito (2014), ideology in mass media

examines the content or text of the media, observing how the tendency of the

mass media to publish things that have been, are, and will happen to individuals or

groups. The ideology of the newspaper is explained explicitly by the

representation of the newspaper in raising an issue. The newspapers’

representation can serve the ideology of the newspaper in determining the context

in which individuals or groups react to an issue.

According to the previous paragraph, this paragraph presents how the

press company determines the headline. There is something to tell to the readers

behind the headline. For most people, a full sentence of a headline is common.

However, a headline will look different when someone is familiar with the press

or in writing journalists. They will take a deep assessment of the news presented

through the theme of the headline. The Theme and Rheme on The Jakarta Post on

the COVID-19 issue are interpreted using CDA (Critical Discourse Analysis.

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is used to analyze a text on different

topics (Mardhyarini & Ariyanti, 2016). It is also supported that

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is discourse analytical research that

primarily studies the way social-power abuse and inequality are


4

enacted, reproduced, legitimated, and resisted by text and talk in the

social and political context (Van Dijk, 2015, p. 466).

With discourse analysis, the context of a text can be analyzed. The messages

behind a text can also be known for its purpose and objectives. According to

(Kharbach, n.d., p. 92), critical discourse analysis is “a theoretical and analytical

framework with huge analytical potential particularly in the real of the social

sciences”. With the existence of critical discourse analysis, a text or language that

is in the social environment can be interpreted through various perspectives.

Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) is used to analyze the context in

a text or language (Halliday, 2004). SFL and CDA have a frequent interest in the

relation between language and society. SFL interprets language as the meaning of

the linguistic system that contributes to the making of meaning. Moreover, CDA

uses SFL as a media for analyzing text and discourse. While other linguistic

models are useful for CDA, Systemic Functional Linguistics is of particular

concern to CDA, mainly because of its focus on language use, its informative and

social functions (Almurashi, 2016).

Written language offers a wide variety of grammatical tools to mediate

an author’s intended message. In newspapers, events that happen outside are

expressed through the linguistic choices that reporters and editorialists make and

reconstructed as text through discourse. This reconstruction involves linguistic

choices at many turns and levels in the unfolding of the discourse (McCabe &

Heilman, 2007).

This study focuses on the textual function to figure out how the choice

of words in the newspaper headline expresses the messages. In Halliday (2004),

the textual function of the clause is that of constructing a message and the Theme-


5

Rheme structure is the basic form of the organization of the clause as a message.

It also added that in the organization of discourse, then, an important concern is

which participant, process or circumstance will be chosen as the ideational point

of departure for the message (McCabe & Heilman, 2007). In order to reveal the

newspaper context, Theme-Rheme analysis is the linguistic tool in headline

analysis.

A Theme is “the element that serves as the point of departure of the

message which locates and orients the clause within its context” (Halliday, 2004,

p. 89). Theme guides the readers to understand the interpretation of a message.

Following Halliday’s definitions of Theme, some other distinctions are made,

which could be helpful for discourse analysis. A Theme can be distinguished as

marked or unmarked. In a declarative clause, a Theme would be a marked one if it

is anything besides the Subject. If a Theme is a subject, then it is unmarked

(Darani & Mansouri, 2015). The part in which Theme developed is called as

Rheme. A Rheme is a part of the clause following the Theme and the structure is

expressed by the order – the Theme is put in the first part of the clause (Halliday,

2004, p.89). Thus, Theme and Rheme are related because Theme serves as the

starting point of the clause, while Rheme provides the additional prominence

information.

According to Halliday (2004), Theme is classified into three types;

Textual Theme, Interpersonal Theme, and Topical Theme. It also stated that the

guiding principle of thematic structure is that the Theme contains one, and only

one, of these experiential elements. This means that the Theme of a clause ends

with the first constituent that is either participant, circumstance, or process.


6

Studies about Theme and Rheme have been exercised by scholars. A

study by Darani & Mansouri (2015), finds that thematic structure plays a similar

role in English and Persia short story. From Isti’anah (2018), CDA is used in

analyzing the Theme to figure out media(Myanmar and Bangladesh newspaper)

ideological perspectives in presenting news, Rohingya. Another study from

Sinaga (2019), Theme and Rheme show the local context of it and its relation to

the broader context of The Jakarta Post newspaper. Tuan (2020) also uses

thematic analysis in revealing the message in Indonesian and Singaporean

newspaper headlines of forest fires in Indonesia. This study is similar to those four

studies. SFL and CDA help to figure out the message behind newspaper

headlines. The difference is that this study uses SFL and CDA in analyzing theme

and rheme in order to figure out the ideology of The Jakarta Post newspaper on

COVID-19 issues.

This study aims to analyze Theme and Rheme used in the headline as

well as how Theme and Rheme reveal the representation of COVID-19 issue

using Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). In revealing the representation of the

headlines, the writer analyzes the type of theme as well as the participant of the

theme. The data is taken from The Jakarta Post newspaper at the National News

column on the September edition.

The Jakarta Post is only Indonesia’s daily newspaper written in

English. It has several news columns to facilitate the readers in reading the

newspaper easily. Since the beginning of the COVID-19 virus entering Indonesia,

TJP has always provided information and awareness about this virus. From early


7

September 2020, the writer found 30 headlines. The headlines are about COVID-

19 Issue.

B. Problem Formulation

The research questions of this study are formulated as below:

1. How are Theme and Rheme used in The Jakarta Post headlines on COVID-

19 issue?

2. How does the use of Theme and Rheme reveal the representation of COVID-

19 issue?

C. Objectives of the Study

There are two objectives to this study. The first objective is to identify

how are Theme and Rheme used on COVID-19 issue published in The Jakarta

Post. By identifying the Theme and Rheme on the headlines, it determines the

type of the Theme and the participant. The result is related to the second objective

of this study that is to figure out how the use of Theme-Rheme reveals the

representation of COVID-19 issue. The analysis of this study is to use Critical

Discourse Analysis(CDA).

D. Definition of Term

This part covers the definition of terms used in this study to avoid

misunderstanding on certain terms. There are three terms used, namely theme,

headlines, and ideology.


8

Theme is located in the first clause and functions as a subject that has a

message. Theme is a starting point to express what is the context or message is

going to say. According to Halliday (2004, p. 86), Theme is “a textual system

operating within the clause, while the system of tense is a logical system operating

within the verbal group”. A clause is divided into two parts; Theme and Rheme.

Rheme is the part of the clause which adds more information. Theme

always puts on the first of the clause and accompanies by Rheme as the rest of the

clause. The use of Rheme in a clause is to add new ideas or information following

the Theme. In other words, Rheme provides additional prominence news

supporting the idea of Theme (Halliday, 2004).

Headlines is the heading of the article located at the top of the

newspaper or magazine as a title. Headlines are always written in short and serve

prominence topics that are going to discuss. According to Wandik et al (2017),

headlines are often an indicator of important topics. In short, headlines are where

the content of the news will be displayed. The use of the headlines is to make

people interested and curious about the content of the news article. Besides that,

interesting news which is used as the main topic will be posted on the front page

of the newspaper (Wandik et al., 2017)

Representation is the element that determines meaning in terms of the

relation to the social group in the process of expressing an idea or message.

Indeed, groups occupy different social positions and determine the perspective

from which individuals view and think about an object. In short, representation is

the selection results in a variety of possibilities. The one representing and the

representation are ideological (Corbetta, Cavazza, & Roccato, 2009).


9

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter focuses on the review from the previous studies which is

beneficial to this study. There are three parts discussed in this chapter. The first

part is the review of related studies which review the previous studies related to

this study. Second, a review of related theories which review the theories or

definition related to this study. The last part is a theoretical framework that

explains how the theories are used and contribute to solving the problem in this

study.

A. Review of Related Studies

In order to support this study, the writer selected several studies related

to this study. The writer chooses three journal articles and one undergraduate

thesis. In this study, the writer reviewed four previous studies related to this study.

The first study is “Theme in English and Persian Short Stories: A

Systemic Functional Linguistics Perspective”, which was conducted by Darani &

Mansouri (2015). In their study, they analyze the thematic structures utilized in

English and Persian short stories. In both short stories, Darani and Mansouri

found three types of themes, which are Topical Theme, Interpersonal Theme, and

Textual Theme. In the English short story, Topical Theme was the highest

(58,4%) and the Interpersonal Theme was the lowest (5,6%). The same with the

English short story, the Persian short story the Topical Theme was also the highest

(55,4%) and Interpersonal Theme is the lowest (18,1%). In conclusion, the high


10

frequency of Topical Theme in both short stories indicates that Topical Theme

plays an influential role in the thematic structure of English and Persian short

story.

Similar to Darani & Mansouri’s study, this study also analyzes the

thematic structure. Nevertheless, there are two differences between these studies.

The first difference is the object of the present study is The Jakarta Post news

headline on the COVID-19 issue, while the previous study is two short stories

from English and Persia. The second difference is that the present study analyzes

the Theme and Rheme as well as analyzes the representations of COVID-19 in

The Jakarta Post news headline. Whereas, the previous study focuses on the use

of Themes in both short stories.

The second study that the writer reviewed is “Rohingya in Media:

Critical Discourse Analysis of Myanmar and Bangladesh Newspaper Headlines”,

which was conducted by Isti’anah (2018). The approach of her study is using

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) in revealing the meaning of the headlines. She

also compares how each newspaper presents the Rohingya issue from the starting

point presented in the headlines. The study aims to found out how Myanmar and

Bangladesh media choose the Theme in their headlines about the Rohingya case.

The study found that Myanmar’s headlines prove that the media’s ideological

perspective is to show the results of the Myanmar government’s deeds to

Rohingya. The headlines prove that the media is still under the government’s

control. On the other hand, Bangladesh media intentionally uses Theme in order


11

to uncover that a lot of Rohingyans have to fight for their freedom (Isti’anah,

2018).

Similar to the previous study, this present study also applies Critical

Discourse Analysis (CDA) as an approach. This study also identifies the meaning

of newspaper headlines and the representation of newspapers on certain issues.

However, the object of the previous study is two newspapers from two different

countries, which are Myanmar and Bangladesh on the Rohingya crisis. While the

object of this present study is The Jakarta Post headlines on COVID-19. The

other difference is that the present study examines the Theme and Rheme as well

as the meaning and the representation of the newspaper.

The third study is “Theme-Rheme Analysis on The Jakarta Post

Newspaper: Interpolations, Preposed Attributive, and Reported Clause”, which

was conducted by Sinaga (2019). This study aims to investigate the use of

Interpolations in Theme, Preposed Attributive, and Theme in Reported Clause.

This study is analyzing Theme and Rheme in a clause found in the newspaper.

This study found that the most appear Theme is the Topical Theme. Then the

other theme found in the clauses is Interpersonal Theme and Textual Theme.

Topical Theme can be seen in the use of “I”, “My two daughters”, “the process”,

and “the threads”. For Interpersonal Theme which is the interaction between

writer and readers. It can be seen from the seventh clause with “can”. This word is

the finite verbal operator which is part of the Interpersonal Theme. Then, Textual

Theme must be related to any kind of conjunction to combine two clauses into a

sentence. The Textual Theme found on the clause is “and”. Besides, the use of


12

Interpolations in Theme, Preposed Attributive, and Theme in Reposted Clause

also was found.

Similar to the previous study, this present study also examines the use

of Theme and Rheme. Nonetheless, there are some differences between the

previous study and this present study. The object of the previous study was taken

from the editorial in The Jakarta Post newspaper May 12nd 2019 edition then

segmented into clauses. While the object of the present study is The Jakarta Post

headline on COVID-19 issue. The present study aimed to figure out the meaning

and the representation of the newspapers through the use of Theme and Rheme on

the headlines. Besides, the previous study only examines the type of Theme found

in the clauses.

The fourth study is “Theme Analysis to Reveal Messages in Indonesia

and Singaporean Newspaper Headline of Forest Fires in Indonesia”, which was

conducted by Tuan (2020). This study analyzes how themes are used in revealing

messages of forest fires in Indonesia through the newspaper headline of two

newspapers from different countries, which are Indonesian and Singaporean

newspapers. This study found that all of the 64 headlines are Topical Theme.

There are 7 types of participants of Theme use in both newspapers, which are

Actor, Verbiage, Senser, Sayer, Goal, and Carrier.

Similar to the previous study, this present study also analyzes how the

use of Themes reveals the message on newspaper headlines. Regardless, the

difference lies in the object of the study. The object of the previous study is the

headline of two newspapers from two different countries, which are Indonesian


13

and Singaporean newspapers. Whereas, the object of the present study is a

newspaper which explains certain issues. The present study uses The Jakarta Post

news headline on COVID-19 issue.

According to those four studies which were exercised by scholars, this

present study has similarities with those study. This study identifies the Theme

and Rheme found in the object of the study in order to figure out the meaning of

the Theme. Similar to Isti’anah and Tuan’s studies, this present study also

analyzes the Theme and Rheme on the newspaper headlines. The approach of this

present study also uses CDA in revealing the meaning of the Theme. However,

this present study only analyzes one newspaper on certain issues. This present

study aims to discover the representation of newspapers on COVID-19 issues in

Indonesia by identifying the use of Theme and Rheme on the news headline of

The Jakarta Post.

B. Review of Related Theories

This part mentions and explains the relevant theories that are applied in

this study. The theories chosen are the theories that are close to the problem of

this study. The theories are Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), Systemic

Functional Linguistics (SFL), Theme and Rheme, headlines.

1. Critical Discourse Analysis

According to Van Dijk (2015), Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is

discourse analytical research that primarily studies the way social-power used in

the social context. This is also why CDA may be characterized as a social


14

movement of discourse analysis. The social-power is called as the control of the

groups if the groups are able to control the acts or the minds of the member of

other groups. The media can be the example of the analysis of discourse and

power (Van Dijk, 2015).

CDA is not a specific research direction since it does not have a

theoretical analysis. This is very different from the analysis of the news in the

press media. The perspectives provided are common and general aims of the

CDA. Most types of CDA will ask questions about how certain discourse

structures are used in social domination. Critical analysis of media discourse has a

central place in CDA in the study of critical communication. The CDA's approach

to media studies does not just investigate the social and communicative context of

news and other press or broadcast genres. In critical media studies, CDA is linked

with a systematic analysis of the discourse structure of the media (Van Dijk,

2015).

This is also added by Kharbach, discourse is “a context-dependent

concept that is used in everyday communication yet is hard to define” (Kharbach,

n.d., p. 86). Critical discourse analysis approaches the analysis of social

phenomena from a critical perspective. It is concerned with analyzing the opaque

as well as the transparent structural relations of power manifested in the form of

language. CDA analyzes discourse to reveal the structure, strategy, or other

properties of the text. The writer, speaker, or even the reader have their

characteristics in using language. It is different from one and the other. They have

the option of choosing the language and how they interpret the language based on

their perspective.


15

CDA practitioners analyze discourse in order to uncover the verbal

interaction or communicative events. Discourse analysis simply follows to

produce other interpretations of meaning in social life areas. There are multiple

constructs of meaning and interpretations of social phenomena. Therefore, CDA is

used in order to clear up the unequal power relations and expose ideologies. CDA

goes beyond the working of language, which is what discourse analysis does to a

critical engagement with social phenomena (Kharbach, n.d.).

According to Sajjad (2013), Critical Discourse Analysis(CDA) is a

concern not only with social practices but also social structures. The use of

discourse analysis is to reveal the power or ideology of social or political context

(Vandijk as cited in Sajjad, 2013). Discourse analysis is used to analyze text

which cannot stand alone as a text but has a link and the relation with the social

phenomenon. CDA has been applied for a comprehensive analysis of a written or

spoken text. CDA has provided good media for a detailed analysis (Sajjad, 2013).

2. Systemic Functional Linguistics

Systemic Functional Linguistics(SFL) is a theory that was developed by

Halliday. SFL interprets how language makes meaning in context. According to

Heine et al (2015), SFL defines language as potential meaning in which all strata

of the linguistic system contribute to the creation of meaning. The semantic

system provides the resources to enact and interpret it as a linguistic meaning and

the phonological system realizes meaning by sounding words that make that

meaning happen. So from the SFL perspective, the study of grammar cannot be

done independently of the study of meaning; and the interpretation of meaning as

interpreted by grammar in a particular text is itself informed by the cultural


16

situation in which these meanings are produced between grammar and context.

The study of grammar in SFL is different from traditional grammar. Functional

grammar focuses on how a language is formed and has a meaning, while

traditional grammar concerns with the pattern of the word in creating a sentence.

According to Martin et al. (2010), SFL is a theory intended for

deployment. It is used for a huge variety of tasks and describing languages in

functional terms. Halliday’s purpose was not to orient the grammar to any single

defined area of application but to provide a general grammar for text analysis and

interpretation. The systematic analysis is important to text analysis in that “it

shows what a speaker chooses to mean in a given text against the background of

what speakers can mean” (Martin et al., 2010, p. 3).

SFL provides a social semiotic theory of meaning-making, learning,

and social change. SFL has expanded into a theory that informs many branches of

applied linguistics, including critical discourse analysis. as a functional meaning-

making SFL reflect and construct the situational and cultural contexts in which

semiotic systems are used and evolve. SFL maintains that language and other

meaning-making systems cannot be understood without an analysis of the

immediate context. According to Halliday, there are three SFL’s metafunctions

which are ideational, interpersonal, and textual metafunctions. It shows how these

metafunctions are realized through the use of field, tenor, and mode resources

with specific reference to the teaching and learning of disciplinary discourses in

multilingual contexts (Gebhard & Accurso, n.d.).

Halliday’s metafunction concept in SFL is that language has a function

in making sense of human experience and acting out the social relationship. The


17

language provides a theory of human experience dedicated to the function.

Whenever language is used, there is always something else going on. Language is

always enacting personal and social relationships with other people (Halliday,

2004). To explain Halliday’s theory of metafunction, there is three SFL’s

metafunction which is, the ideational, interpersonal, and textual metafunction.

Halliday’s theory states that

The ideational metafunction constructs ideas and experiences; the

interpersonal metafunction enacts social roles and power dynamics; and

the textual metafunction manages the flow of information to make

extended discourse coherent and cohesive. Applied (Gebhard &

Accurso, n.d., p. 1029).

This study focuses on the use of textual metafunction. The textual metafunction

deals with the thematic in the clause (Martin et al., 2010). The textual

metafunction manages the flow of the extended text. In SFL terms, this referred to

constructing cohesive Themes or Rheme patterns (Gebhard & Accurso, n.d.).

3. Theme and Rheme

The textual metafunction of the language has a Theme as the system. It

is concerned with the organization of information within individual clauses and

the organization of the larger text. The system of Theme organizes the clause to

show its local context is in relation to the general context of the text it serves in.

Every clause is organized as a message. It is concerned with the current point of

departure in relation to what has come before so that it is clear where the clause is

located in the text (Martin et al., 2010).

Theme is the element that serves as the starting point of the message. It

is located and oriented the clause with its context. Theme as the starting point of


18

the message guide the addressee in developing an interpretation of the message.

By making the interpretation, it enables the addressee to process the message

(Halliday, 2004). Theme as a starting point is also stated by Martin et al. (2010).

The remaining message of the clause is what is presented in the background of the

local context. It is where the clause moves after the starting point of the message.

The remaining message of the clause is called Rheme. Rheme adds more

information in the clause. Theme always puts on the first of the clause and

accompanies by Rheme as the rest of the clause. The use of Rheme in a clause is

to add new ideas or information following the Theme (Halliday, 2004).

Theme is realized by the initial position in the clause and Rheme is

realized by a non-initial position (Martin et al., 2010). According to Halliday

(2004), The part in which the Theme is developed is called as Rheme. A clause

consists of Theme companies by a Rheme but the Theme is put first. Rheme

typically contains another kind of prominence as news. Theme is divided by

unmarked and marked Theme. The unmarked Theme coincides with the first

constituent of each mood structure. While the marked Theme is when any other

element of structure is brought to the initial position (Downing, 1991).

From the previous paragraph, it is known that Theme is the starting

point of the message and provides the local context for the information in the

remaining clause. “The clause can be contextualized in terms of all three

metafunctional perspectives. The Theme of a clause can thus have textual,

interpersonal and ideational Theme” (Martin et al., 2010, p. 22). However, the

ideational Theme is known as a topical Theme.


19

i. Textual Theme

Textual Theme constitutes the first stage of the Theme. It gives

thematic prominence to textual elements with a linking function (Martin et al.,

2010). Gebhard and Accurso also state that textual Theme is used to give specific

relationships between clauses and longer stretches of discourse. It typically

includes the conjunction such as and, so, but, like, and cuz (Gebhard & Accurso,

n.d.).

Conjunctive adjunct serves as the element of the textual theme. These

are adverbial groups or prepositional phrases that relate the clause to the

preceding text. Conjunctive adjuncts are often called ‘discourse Adjuncts’ but the

conjunctions set up a grammatical relationship with another clause, which may be

either preceding or following, the relationship established by conjunctive

Adjuncts, while semantically cohesive, is not a structural one (Halliday, 2004).

There is also a continuative adjunct which is one of a small set of words

that signal a move in the discourse: a response, in dialogue, or a new move to the

next point if the same speaker is continuing. For example, The other one is a

conjunction which is a word or group that either links or binds the clause in which

it occurs structurally to another clause. Semantically, it sets up a relationship of

expansion or projection (Halliday, 2004).

ii. Interpersonal Theme

According to Martin et al., Interpersonal Theme includes one or more

of the finite realized by an auxiliary verb, a WH-element, a vocative identifying

the addressee in the exchange, and an adjunct realized by an adverb (Martin et al.,


20

2010). Gebhard & Accurso add that interpersonal Theme begins the sentences

with expressions that focus on the speaker or the writer’s feeling and judgment

(Gebhard & Accurso, n.d.).

The elements serve as the category of Interpersonal Theme are

vocative, modal/comment adjunct, and a finite verbal operator (Halliday, 2004, p.

108). Vocative typically a personal name which is used to address. Next, in the

modal or comment adjunct, the element is used to express the speaker or writer’s

judgment on or attitude to the content of the message. The example of modal

adjunct in the Theme is represented as the word ‘probably’, ‘sometimes’,

‘always’, and ‘never’. Then, the finite verbal operator is the small set of finite

auxiliary verbs construing primary tense or modality; they are the unmarked

Theme of yes/no interrogatives.

iii. Topical Theme

Topical Theme can be recognized as the first element in the clause that

expresses the representational meaning. It is also said that it might be a participant

taking the role of the process (Martin et al., 2010). In Halliday (2004), Topical

Theme is the theme that contains human experimental elements. The experimental

elements mean that the Theme of a clause ends with the first constituent that is

either participant, circumstance, or process (Halliday, 2004, p. 105). The

component of the elements is the process itself, the participant of the process, and

any circumstantial factors such as time, manner, or cause. The participant taking

the role in the process, as in:

Ah Q took off his tattered linen jacket.

George Bernard Shaw was born in Dublin.


21

The house was gloomy and uninviting.

For the circumstance, it is giving information about time, place, manner, and so

on. The example are listed below:

In the past, Ah Q had just cursed under his breath, inaudibly.

In 1876, Shaw joined his mother and sister in London.

On the upper floor of such premises, a tall person cannot stand erect.

Then, the process are for example:

‘Stand up to speak!’ shouted all the men in the long coats.

Says Mr Smith: ‘It’s too early to draw any conclusions yet.’

Above is the explanantion as well as the example of the Topical Theme which has

the components of the element such as participant, circumstance, and process

(Martin et al., 2010, p. 24).

4. Headlines

Headlines refer to the head or the title of text located in the top center of

the news article or magazine. Headlines are always written in short and serve

prominence topics that are going to discuss. According to Wandik et al (2017),

headlines are often an indicator of important topics. Thus, the content of the news

will be displayed in the headlines. The use of the headlines is to make people

interested and curious about the content of the news article. Besides that,

interesting news that is used as the main topic will be posted on the front page of

the newspaper (Wandik et al., 2017).

Sajjad (2013) states that news headlines are an important part of the

newspaper which provide a quick mode of information to someone who cannot read

the detail of the whole news. In addition, Metila (2013) adds that headlines could

be analyzed for the framing of involved subject groups. Headlines are important

tools as newspapers that produce knowledge and ideologies, creating public


22

consensus, and sometimes challenging dominant discourses by maintaining their

independence and autonomous agency (Metila, 2013, p. 71).

Dor(2003) states that the criteria of a great headline should be as short

as possible, interesting, and concept with high value. The shorter headline is,

makes the headline easier to be read. The choice of names and concepts in the

headlines impacted the contextual effects to the readers. Sometimes, the media

choose the names for the headline which someone can directly notice. Choosing

the right name in the headline brings a positive impact on the media in order to get

the reader’s attention (Dor, 2003).

C. Theoretical Framework

In order to answer the research problems, such as how are Theme and

Rheme used on COVID-19 issue published in The Jakarta Post newspaper and

how Theme-Rheme used to reveal the representation of COVID-19, the researcher

applies two theories that help in analyzing The Jakarta Post newspaper headlines

about COVID-19 issue as well as the representation in this study. The first theory

is Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and the second theory is Systemic

Functional Linguistics (SFL). These theories become the foundation in identifying

the Theme-Rheme of the headlines.

Further, the theory of Theme in Halliday (2004) is used to identify the

Theme in the headlines. The use of SFL as the theory focusing on the textual

function to analyze the Theme and the type of participants in the headlines. It

categorized the type of Theme used in The Jakarta Post news headlines as well as

identify the uses of participants. The textual function is used to categorize the type


23

of Theme and the participants used in the headlines. By identifying the Theme of

the headlines, the participants of the headlines will also be known and easily

analyzed.

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is used to analyze discourse in order

to uncover the verbal interaction or communicative events of social phenomena

from a critical perspective and simply follows to produce other interpretations of

meaning in social life areas. CDA is used to analyze the representation of

COVID-19 by looking at the interaction or content in the headlines in the event of

social phenomena. After categorized the type of the Theme and the participants

are identified, then the representation can be taken from the use of Theme and

participant in The Jakarta Post newspaper headline related to COVID-19 issue in

Indonesia by looking at the content of each headline.


24

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter focuses on the methodology to conduct this study. This

chapter is divided into three parts. The first part is the object of the study that

examines the data of this study. The second part is the approach of the study

applied to analyze the data of this study. The last part is the method of the study.

The method of the study is divided into two parts which are data collection and

data analysis.

A. Object of the Study

The object of the study focused on the newspaper headlines on COVID-

19 issue. COVID-19 was a disease caused by the novel coronavirus. The impact of

this virus is not only in Indonesia but it spreads globally and has become a global

pandemic. Therefore, the newspaper consistently reported the COVID-19 issue. To

limit the analysis, this study aimed to figure out the representation of COVID-19

issue in Indonesia which occurs in The Jakarta Post newspaper headlines. The

Jakarta Post is one of Indonesia’s newspapers that use English contains national

and international news.

The researcher chose 108 headlines from The Jakarta Post newspaper

as the data taken from The Jakarta Post official website

(www.thejakartapost.com). The chosen headlines were published in September

2020. The headlines are in the form of clauses. The researcher selected the data

related to COVID-19 issue in Indonesia. Then, the researcher focused on the first


25

part of the clause from each headline to identify the Theme of the headlines which

will then be known as the participant of the headlines.

B. Approach of the Study

This study focuses on identifying the Theme-Rheme and the

representation of COVID-19 on The Jakarta Post newspaper headlines. Thus,

Critical Discourse Analysis(CDA) is important to this study. Critical Discourse

Analysis(CDA) performs as an approach to figure out the meaning in the

headlines. In Halliday’s term, to analyze the Theme is by organized the clauses as

a message by having a distinct status assigned to one part of the Theme. Then, it

combines with the Rheme so that the two parts together constitute a message. This

study focuses on the textual function to figure out how the choice of words in the

newspaper headline expresses the messages. In Halliday (2004), it is stated that

the textual function of the clause is constructing a message and the Theme-Rheme

structure is the basic form of the organization of the clause as a message. One of

the popular uses in Critical Discourse Analysis as research is media discourse

which investigates the use of contexts in social and communication aspects. Due

to that, this research is using this approach in order to reveal the contexts of the

newspaper’s headlines.

C. Method of the Study

In order to conduct this study, the researcher follows two procedures,

which are data collection and data analysis. This part explained how the data is

being collected and analyzed. The first procedure talked about how the researcher


26

collected the data, which is The Jakarta Post newspaper headlines. The second

procedure described how the researcher analyzed the data. The process of the

procedures are as follows:

1. Data Collection

The method applied in this study is qualitative since the research

questions involving textual data. In this study, the researcher used a sample study

as the data collection. The data was taken from The Jakarta Post newspaper on

COVID-19 issue in September 2020. This method aimed to examine the Theme

and Rheme as well as the representation of COVID-19 in The Jakarta Post

newspaper by identifying the Theme used in the headlines and the participant of

the headlines. The qualitative method is a procedure of research in which the

collected data is textual, not numerical. In his procedure, the data will not be

created by the statistic procedure (Sinaga, 2019). It usually uses the description

that is also not easy done by the statistical procedure. Due to that, this research is

not only limited to collecting and arranging the data but also analyzing the

meaning represented in the data (Sinaga, 2019, p. 33).

In conducting this study, purposive sampling was beneficial to collect

the data. The writer purposely determined the targeted population, which were the

newspaper headlines on The Jakarta Post on COVID-19 issue. Purposive

sampling is the deliberate choice of the participant due to the qualities of the

participant. It does not need a set number of participants. The researcher decides

what needs to be known to provide the information by knowledge or experience

(Etikan, 2016). The research was done by following several steps of purposive

sampling, which are provided below.


27

In the first step, the researcher access the official website of The

Jakarta Post newspaper (www.thejakartapost.com), the researcher open the

national news column. After that, the researcher chose the headlines related to

COVID-19 issues published in September 2020. From the newspaper, the

researcher gets 108 headlines that qualified the criteria for this study. The way the

researcher uses to find out that the headline is related to COVID-19 is by looking

at the keywords in the headlines. Several keywords indicate that the headline is

related to COVID-19. These keywords are COVID-19, coronavirus, PSBB,

vaccine, and pandemic. Then, the researcher made a table list of the headlines

along with the title and the link of the news.

2. Data Analysis

There were six steps in order to analyze the Theme-Rheme data on The

Jakarta Post newspaper headlines. In the first step, the researcher identified all

headlines in The Jakarta Post newspaper using the keywords related to COVID-

19 issue. In this step, the researcher will get the headlines related to COVID-19

issue in Indonesia that will be categorized its Theme on the next step. The second

step was categorizing the Theme of the headlines using the theory of SFL,

whether the headline is Textual, Interpersonal, or Topical Theme. After

categorized the Theme, in the third step, then the researcher was categorizing the

participants of each headline into six: Actor, Verbiage, Senser, Sayer, Goal, and

Carrier using the SFL theory as well. After categorizing the data, the researcher

provides the code for each headline. After that, the researcher analyzed the

representation of each headline using CDA theory. As the last step, the researcher


http://www.thejakartapost.com/

28

concluded the representation of the COVID-19 issue in Indonesia through The

Jakarta Post newspaper.

In order to answer the first problem, the data were analyzed using the

SFL theory to determine the Theme of the headline as mentioned in the second

step. The theory was also applicable to divide the participants used in the

headlines: Actor, Verbiage, Senser, Sayer, Goal, and Carrier. Furthermore, to

identify the representation or the message in the headlines as stated in the second

problem formulation, the researcher attempted to analyze the content of the

message in the headlines by using CDA theory by looking at the content of each

headline. Before the researcher started to analyzing, the headlines have been

coded as “H” following by the number represented as the order in which the

researcher took the headlines from the newspaper. For example, H.1. meant The

Jakarta Post headlines data number one.

After the researcher codes all the headlines as it is mentioned in the

fourth step, the researcher started to analyzes the headlines. First of all, the

researcher identified the first part of the headline which is the starting point of the

headline to find out the Theme of each headline. Then, the Theme of the headlines

was analyzed and categorized into three types which are textual, interpersonal,

and topical Theme (Halliday, 2004). After the Theme of the headlines has been

analyzed and categorized, the researcher analyzed the participant that stands in

each of the headlines. Then, the Rheme of the headline is identified by analyzing

the remaining information of the headline located after the Theme of the headline.

The analysis was the order to answer the first problem formulation of this study.


29

After answering the first problem, the researcher reveals the

representation of the headlines based on the Theme and Participant of the

headlines. For example, H.74. Indonesia reports a higher COVID-19 death rate

among children than United States. From this headline, the word “Indonesia”

stands as the Theme of the headline. The Theme is categorized as Topical Theme.

The function of the Theme on the headline is a participant that is categorized as an

Actor. From the headline, the news showing that a government represented by the

word “Indonesia”, gives information to the readers about the death rate among

children in the United State and Indonesia. The media focuses on revealing the

death rate due to COVID-19. The representation analysis of the headline above is

the order to answer the second problem of this study. In revealing the headline,

the researcher focus on the context of the headline. Then, the researcher relates it

to an event that occurred in society related to the context.


30

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS RESULT AND DISCUSSION

This chapter provides a discussion and analysis of the findings. There

are two parts that will be discussed in this chapter by the researcher. The first part

identifies the Theme and the participant of The Jakarta Post newspaper headlines

on COVID-19 issue. After the discussion, the second part analyzes the

representation of COVID-19 in Indonesia through the headlines.

A. Theme and Rheme Used in The Jakarta Post Newspaper

In this part, the researcher analyzes the Themes used in The Jakarta

Post newspaper. The form of the headlines are clauses that have two parts; Theme

and Rheme. In this study, the researcher found that all of the headlines from The

Jakarta Post is categorized into Topical Theme. A Topical Theme is a Theme that

refers to a theme that contains human experimental elements. The experimental

elements mean that the Theme of a clause ends with the first constituent that is

either participant, circumstance, or process (Halliday, 2004). The Theme of the

headlines is also categorized based on the participants of the Theme. For the

participants, the researcher found six types which are Actor, Verbiage, Sayer,

Senser, Carrier, and Goal. Participant Actor concerns with the one who performs

the action. Verbiage shows the content of the speech. Participant Sayer deals with

verbal process and participant Senser deals with the mental process. Participant

Carrier marked with the omitted verb. The last is participant Goal that is a

participant impacted by a doing.


31

In the table below, the researcher provides the information of the

participants found on The Jakarta Post newspaper headlines.

Table 1. Participant of Theme on The Jakarta Post headlines

In table 1 above, the table shows that there are six types of participants

in The Jakarta Post newspaper headlines. The most dominant participant found in

the headlines is Actor. From the table, the other participant that has a large

number is Verbiage with thirty-three headlines in total. The table shows that

sixteen headlines used Sayer and eleven headlines used Senser as the participant.

Participant Carrier found eight in the headlines. Last, the researcher found four

headlines that used Goal as the participant. Those participants found in The

Jakarta Post newspaper headlines will be discussed according to the type of

participant. Then, the Rheme of the headline was also analyzed along with the

Theme analysis. As discussed previously, the Rheme of the headline carries

prominent information about the headline. Therefore, the analysis of the Rheme is

along with the analysis of the Theme.

Participants Occurrence

Actor 36

Verbiage 33

Sayer 16

Senser 11

Carrier 8

Goal 4

Total 108


32

a. Actor as the Participant

There are 36 headlines found in The Jakarta Post that used Actor as the

participant of the Theme. The headlines employ the Actor and Verbiage as the

dominating participant. The Actor is the one doing the material deed or the

constituents who perform the action. According to Halliday, Actor is “construed

as bringing about the unfolding of the Process through time” (Halliday, 2004, p.

334). The Actor is the doer of the action of something that sometimes causes an

effect. The headlines below show that the Actor is the participant of the headlines.

H.1. Patients crowd hospitals as Indonesia loses 183 'priceless' medical workers

Table 2. Theme-Rheme Analysis H.1.

Patients crowd hospitals as Indonesia loses 183 'priceless' medical workers

Theme Rheme

In the headline, the Theme is represented by the word “Patients”. The

word has the function as a participant in the clause. The verb representing that the

Theme of the headline is Actor is represented in the word “crowd”. The Actor as a

participant means that the participant is doing something (Halliday, 2004). The

rest of the headline which “crowd hospitals as Indonesia loses 183 'priceless'

medical workers” is called a Rheme.

H.2. Scientists extend volunteer registration for COVID-19 vaccine trial


Scientists extend volunteer registration for COVID-19 vaccine trial

Theme Rheme

The headline that is marked as a Theme is showed by the word

“Scientists”. The Theme stands as a participant as the Actor or the doer. The

action in this headline is represented by the verb “extend” in the clause “extend


33

volunteer registration for COVID-19 vaccine trial” which is categorized as the

Rheme of the headline. The following headlines show that the government is the

Actor of the headline.

H.3. Indonesia hits highest daily increase in COVID-19 cases, deaths

Table 4. Them-Rheme analysis H.3.

Indonesia hits highest daily increase in COVID-19 cases, deaths

Theme Rheme

H.12. Indonesia to provide more self-isolation centers for asymptomatic, mild

COVID-19 cases


Indonesia to provide more self-isolation centers for asymptomatic, mild

COVID-19 cases

Theme Rheme

H.33. Indonesia surpasses 200,000 COVID-19 cases

Table 6. Theme-Rheme analysis H.33.

Indonesia surpasses 200,000 COVID-19 cases

Theme Rheme

The three headlines above are showed the similarity of the Theme that

is the word “Indonesia”. The word “Indonesia” is represented by the participant of

the Actor. “Indonesia” is representing the government as the doer of the action.

From the headlines, the participant Actor is acting as a doer for the verb doing

which are hits, to provide, and surpasses. The following clause after the Theme is

called the Rheme of the headlines.

H.6. Jokowi forms national team to accelerate vaccine development


Jokowi forms national team to accelerate vaccine development


34

Theme Rheme

H.31. Jokowi gives committee two weeks to draft COVID-19 vaccination plan


Jokowi gives committee two weeks to draft COVID-19 vaccination plan

Theme Rheme

The headlines above have a similar Theme that is “Jokowi”. The Actor

is represented by the word “Jokowi”. “Jokowi” is representing the government as

the president of the Republic of Indonesia as the doer of the action. From the

headlines, the participant Actor is acting as a doer for the verb doing which are

forms and gives.

H.10. IDI urges better protection for medical workers as five more doctors die of

COVID-19


IDI urges better protection for medical workers as five more doctors

die of COVID-19

Theme Rheme

The word “IDI” is represented by the Actor of the headline. The Actor

of the headline is considered as the Theme. However, the rest of the clause is

considered as the Rheme of the headline. The participant Actor is proved by the

verb doing “urges”.

H.14. North Sumatra to restrict access to Nias Island following surge in COVID-

19 cases


North Sumatra to restrict access to Nias Island following surge in COVID-

19 cases

Theme Rheme


35

The Theme of the headline is shown by the word “North Sumatra”

which is also represented as the Actor of the headline. The Actor of the headline is

doing the action of restricting access to Nias Island. The rest of the clause which

“to restrict access to Nias Island following the surge in COVID-19 cases” is the

Rheme of the headline.

H.15. Govt will not provide additional social aid for COVID-19 hot spot

provinces


Govt will not provide additional social aid for COVID-19 hot spot

provinces

Theme Rheme

H.22. Govt tightens rules on Bali visitors as COVID-19 cases rise


Govt tightens rules on Bali visitors as COVID-19 cases rise

Theme Rheme

H.26. Govt to periodically test medical workers fighting COVID-19


Govt to periodically test medical workers fighting COVID-19

Theme Rheme

The headlines above have the same Theme which is represented by the

word “Govt”. The rest of the clause after the Theme is considered as the Rheme of

the headline. The word stands for the word “government” and it is shortened to

the “govt”. The government is the Actor of the headlines which takes the action of

doing something. The Action of doing is represented by the verb doing will not

provide, tightens, and periodically test.


36

H.16. Authorities net thousands of people violating health protocols in

nationwide operation


Authorities net thousands of people violating health protocols in nationwide

operation

Theme Rheme

The headline above shows that the Theme is represented by the word

“authorities”. The remaining clause of the headline is called the Rheme. The

participant of the Theme is Actor which is indicated by the verb doing “net”. The

Actor can be represented as the government, task force, or organization that has

the right to give order to people.

H.18. Health Ministry distributes incentives to resident doctors involved in

COVID-19 care


Health Ministry distributes incentives to resident doctors involved in

COVID-19 care

Theme Rheme

H.21. Ministry to provide three-star hotels for COVID-19 patient quarantine


Ministry to provide three-star hotels for COVID-19 patient quarantine

Theme Rheme

The headlines above show that the Ministry is the Theme of the

headlines. The Theme of the headline also stands as the Actor. The participant

Actor is showed by the verb “distributes” and “to provide” that the action is done

by the Ministry.

H.28. Indonesia's coronavirus cases hit record high three days in a row


37


Indonesia's coronavirus cases hit record high three days in a row

Theme Rheme

“Indonesia’s coronavirus cases” is the Theme of the headline. The

participant taken for the headline is Actor. The rest of the clause is the Rheme of

the headline which is “hit record high three days in a row”.

H.29. Top Indonesian doctor quits COVID-19 task force


Top Indonesian doctor quits COVID-19 task force

Theme Rheme

The Theme of the headline is represented by the clause “The Indonesian

doctor”. The participant of the Theme is the Actor showed by the verb doing

“quits”. The rest of the clause is the Rheme of the headline. The Actor doing the

action of leaving the COVID-19 task force.

H.32. West Java extends PSBB in Bodebek to October 27


West Java extends PSBB in Bodebek to October 27

Theme Rheme

The headline above has “West Java” as the Theme of the headline. The

participant of the headline is Actor that is represented by the word “extends”. The

Rheme of the headline is “extends PSBB in Bodebek to October 27”. West Java

represents the government is doing the action of extending the PSBB in

Bodetabek to October 27.

Below is the last headline that uses the Actor as the participant of the

headline.


38

H.36. Indonesia sees record single-day case spike of 4,168


Indonesia sees record single-day case spike of 4,168

Theme Rheme

The headline above shows that the Theme of the headline is

“Indonesia”. The participant used for the Theme is the Actor showed by the verb

“sees”. The rest of the clause is the Rheme of the headline which is “sees record

single-day case spike of 4,168”.

b. Verbiage as the Participant

In this study, the researcher found 33 headlines that used Verbiage as

the participant. Besides Actor as the participant, Verbiage is one of the dominant

participants found in The Jakarta Post newspaper headlines. According to

Halliday (2004), Verbiage Verbiage shows the content of the speech. It may be

what is said or maybe the name of the saying. Verbiage provides the content of a

saying or the name of the saying may also be construed as a participant labeled.

He also added that Verbiage is “the function that corresponds to what is said,

representing it as a class of thing rather than as a report or quote” (Halliday, 2004,

p. 306). The headlines below show that Verbiage is the participant of the

headlines.

H.38. Indonesia's 'Merah Putih' vaccine candidate to be ready for production

mid 2021: Jokowi


Indonesia's 'Merah Putih' vaccine candidate to be ready for

production mid 2021

Jokowi

Theme Rheme


39

H.46. Jakarta’s partial lockdown plan requires caution, calculation: Jokowi


Jakarta’s partial lockdown plan requires caution, calculation Jokowi

Theme Rheme

The three headlines above-used participant Verbiage as the starting

point of the message. Verbiage is when the content of a message, in this case, is

written in the headline, is delivered or said by someone. In the three headlines

above, the content of the headlines is said by Jokowi who has represented the

government in saying something related to COVID-19. In H.38., Jokowi says that

the production of Indonesia’s ‘Merah Putih’ vaccine candidate to be ready in the

middle of 2021. Next, in H.46., Jokowi says that the plan of Jakarta’s partial

lockdown requires caution and calculation in all aspects of society.

H.53. Diabetes biggest comorbid factor in COVID-19 deaths: Task force


Diabetes biggest comorbid factor in COVID-19 deaths Task force

Theme Rheme

H.59. Indonesian health system might collapse soon: COVID-19 task force


Indonesian health system might collapse soon COVID-19 task force

Theme Rheme

The headlines above have the same participant of saying the content of

the headline which is the Task Force. The Theme of the headlines indicates the

content or the message of the headline. H.53. shows that the content is about the

Task Force said that the biggest factor of COVID-19 death is because of diabetes.


40

The people who become the victim of COVID-19 mostly have diabetes on their

health records. In H.59. the Task Force states that due to the high case of COVID-

19, the Indonesian health system might collapse soon.

H.42. Urgent response needed as pandemic slows progress on SDGs: Experts


Urgent response needed as pandemic slows progress on SDGs Experts

Theme Rheme

H.68. Use antigen tests for screening but with caution: Experts


Use antigen tests for screening but with caution Experts

Theme Rheme

The headlines above show that Verbiage is the participant for both

headlines. The Theme which also stands as the content of the headlines is said by

the experts. For H.42., the experts urge the government to respond to matters

related to this pandemic. This is because this pandemic is slowing the progress of

the SDGs. This slow progress greatly affects the level of the Indonesian economy.

Then, in H.68. the experts appeal to agencies that will carry out antigen tests for

screening to be careful. This is because only people have a high risk of

contracting COVID-19 (Gugus Tugas, 2020).

H.43. COVID-19: Concerns mount as medical workers suffer pandemic burnout


COVID-19 Concerns mount as medical workers suffer pandemic burnout

Theme Rheme

H.57. COVID-19: Indonesia logs record single-day infection spike of 4,176


41


COVID-19: Indonesia logs record single-day infection spike of 4,176

Theme Rheme

The headlines above show that the participant in the headlines is

Verbiage. Those headlines have the same Theme that is “COVID-19” which also

relates to the Rheme of each headline. The Theme of the headlines is representing

the case of COVID-19 in Indonesia. COVID-19 is the topic of the headlines

above. Each headline has different content or meaning even though the topic of

the headlines is the same.

H.64. Indonesia’s real virus death toll may be 3 times reported figure:

Epidemiologist


Indonesia’s real virus death toll may be 3 times

reported figure

Epidemiologist

Theme Rheme

The Theme of the headline above is ‘Indonesia’s real virus death toll

maybe 3 times reported figure”. Then, the Rheme of the headline is

“Epidemiologist” which also stands as the sayer of the content of the headline.

c. Sayer as the Participant of the Headlines

Previously, the researcher found Actor and Verbiage as the participant

of the headlines. In this study, the researcher also found 16 headlines that used

Sayer as the participant. Sayer is verbal clauses represent the processes of

‘saying’. This category includes not only the different modes of saying but also

semiotic processes that are not necessarily verbal. It can be a human or human-

like speaker, of course; but it can also be any other symbol source (Martin et al.,


42

2010). Halliday also added that Sayer might more appropriately be called

‘symbolic’ processes and more constrained than in English, essentially being

confined to speakers and writers (Halliday, 2004).

According to Martin et al. (2010), Sayer represents the process of

‘saying’ (asking, commanding, offering, stating, saying, telling, informing,

querying, demanding, threatening, suggesting, and so on). The process of saying

can be done by a human or human-like speaker, but it can also be another

symbolic source. The Theme in the first datum is used Sayer as a participant.

Sayer means that something is said by someone. The headlines below show that

the participant of the Theme is Sayer.

H.73. MUI advises Muslims to pray at home as Indonesia sees increasing

COVID-19 cases


MUI advises Muslims to pray at home as Indonesia sees increasing

COVID-19 cases

Theme Rheme

The Actor of the headline is represented by the word “MUI”. The word

also stands as the Theme of the headline. The rest of the clause is called the

Theme of the headline. The Actor on the headline is doing an action which is

advising all Muslims to pray at home due to the increasing COVID-19 cases in

Indonesia.

H.76. Health Ministry says COVID-19 bed capacity still ‘sufficient’ nationwide


Health Ministry says COVID-19 bed capacity still ‘sufficient’

nationwide

Theme Rheme


43

H.77. Jokowi mourns medical workers who have fallen to COVID-19


Jokowi mourns medical workers who have fallen to COVID-19

Theme Rheme

H.83. West Java asks central govt for PCR kits to boost testing


West Java asks central govt for PCR kits to boost testing

Theme Rheme

The headline above shows that the Theme is represented by the

government by the Theme of the headlines. The Theme is represented by the word

Health Ministry, Jokowi, and West Java. The rest of the clause is the Rheme of the

headlines. The process of saying is represented by the word “says”, “mourns”, and

“asks”. The verbs on the headlines indicate the process of saying.

H.78. ICW calls for increased transparency in COVID-19-related procurement

amid irregularities


ICW calls for increased transparency in COVID-19 related

procurement amid irregularities

Theme Rheme

In the headline above, the Sayer is represented by the word “ICW”

which also stands as the Theme of the headline. The process of saying in the

headline is “calls” and the remaining clause “for increased transparency in

COVID-19-related procurement amid irregularities” is classified as a Rheme of

the headline.


44

H.82. NU, Muhammadiyah call for postponement of regional elections over

COVID-19 concerns


NU,

Muhammadiyah

call for postponement of regional elections over COVID-

19 concerns

Theme Rheme

The Theme of the headline above is “NU, Muhammadiyah”. The

Theme also stands as the sayer of the headline. The rest of the clause is the Rheme

of the headline which is “call for postponement of regional elections over

COVID-19 concerns”. The process of saying is said by NU and Muhammadiyah.

Moreover, the verbal process of the headline is represented by the verb “call”.

d. Senser as the Participant

In this study, the researcher found another participant of the Theme.

There are 11 headlines that used Senser as the participant. From the previous

participant, Sayer deals with the verbal process which is the process of saying.

However, Senser deals with the mental processes that use feelings in the process.

Senser is the conscious being that is feeling, thinking, or seeing. This participant

is endowed with consciousness. The nominal groups which denote non-conscious

entities have to be construed metaphorically as ‘personified’ (Martin et al., 2010).

The headline below shows that the participant in the headlines is Senser.

H.92. Berau Regent H. Muharram dies after testing positive for COVID-19


Berau Regent H. Muharram dies after testing positive for COVID-19

Theme Rheme


45

The headline above has the mental process on the participant of the

headline. The process is represented by the word “dies”. The Rheme is “dies after

testing positive for COVID-19”. The word “dies” is the effect due to COVID-19.

H. Muharram who is the Berau Regent is testing positive for COVID-19 and

shortly after the test, he dies.

H.88. Former deputy foreign minister Dino Patti Djalal tests positive for

COVID-19


Former deputy foreign minister Dino Patti

Djalal

tests positive for COVID-19

Theme Rheme

H.89. KPU chairman Arief Budiman tests positive for COVID-19


KPU chairman Arief Budiman tests positive for COVID-19

Theme Rheme

The headlines above have a similarity in the process with the mental

process. The process is represented by the clause “tests positive”. For H.88. and

H.89., the Rheme of the headline is the same that is “test positive for COVID-19”.

The starting point of the headlines is called the Theme.

The headline below is the last headline that used Senser as the

participant.

H.96. West Sulawesi COVID-19 nurses reportedly dismissed without pay


West Sulawesi COVID-19 nurses reportedly dismissed without pay

Theme Rheme


46

The headline shows that the Theme is “West Sulawesi COVID-19

nurses” and the Rheme is “reportedly dismissed without pay”. The mental process

of the participant is represented by the word “reportedly”.

e. Carrier as the Participant

The researcher found 8 headlines that use Carrier as the Participant.

Carrier deals with the relational clause. The participant Carrier is equivalent to

Senser. The participant Carrier commonly has the Attributive clauses (Halliday,

2004). The participant Carrier belongs to a circumstance of Means that construed

on the model. “The attributive clause is realized by a nominal group and the

circumstantial relation is expressed by the lexical verb in the verbal group serving

as Process” (Halliday, 2004, p. 291). The headlines below show that Carrier is the

participant of the headlines.

H.97. Factory workers in Bekasi required to report daily activities to stem

COVID-19 risk


Factory workers in

Bekasi

required to report daily activities to stem COVID-

19 risk

Theme Rheme

The first part of the clause stands as the Theme of the headline. The

participant taken for the Theme is Carrier. The verb which indicates the relational

process is missing. The verb that qualified to the Theme is the verb “are”. The

remaining clause in the headline is called the Rheme.

H.98. 20 COVID-19 patients linked to 'Soto Lamongan' cluster in Yogyakarta


47


20 COVID-19 patients linked to 'soto Lamongan' cluster in Yogyakarta

Theme Rheme

“20 COVID-19 patients” is the Theme of the headline. The remaining

clause after the Theme is called the Rheme. The participant Carrier is represented

by the verb which is missing in the headline. The verb that fits with the Theme is

the verb “are”.

H.99. Indonesian Military deployed for coronavirus fight


Indonesian Military deployed for coronavirus fight

Theme Rheme

The Theme of the headline is “Indonesia Military” and the rest of the

clause is the Rheme of the headline. The participant of the headline is Carrier. The

verb that indicated the relational process in the headline is omitted. The verb “is”

fits with the headline.

f. Goal as the Participant

This is the last participant that will be analyzed in this research. The

participant Goal appears only in 4 headlines. According to Martin et al. (2010),

the Goal is either brought into existence by the doing or it exists before the doing

impacted in some way. The Goal can be probed with do to/with. Also, the

participant Goal can often be accompanied by a representation of the result of the

impact, such as a new location, a new possessor, or a new quality. It also added

that the Goal is “a participant impacted by a doing (the one done to/with)” (Martin

et al., 2010, p. 103). Goal is the participant which is impacted by the performance


48

of the process by the Actor. The headlines below show that the participant of the

Theme is Goal.

H.105. COVID-19 protocol violators in Probolinggo made to sit in hearse with

casket


COVID-19 protocol violators in

Probolinggo

made to sit in hearse with

casket

Theme Rheme

The Theme of the headline is “COVID-19 protocol violators” which

also stands as the Goal. The rest of the clause is the Rheme of the headline. The

“made to sit in hearse with casket” is the impact of violating the COVID-19

protocol.

H.106. Zumba class organizer in East Lombok fined for neglecting COVID-19

protocol


Zumba class organizer in

East Lombok

fined for neglecting COVID-19 protocol

Theme Rheme

The headline above shows that the Theme is “Zumba class organizer”.

Then, the Rheme of the headline is “in East Lombok fined for neglecting COVID-

19 protocol”. The headline is almost the same as the previous headline. The

Rheme of the headline shows that it is the impact of neglecting the COVID-19

protocol done by the Zumba class organizer in East Lombok.

H.107. Police's plan to involve gangs to uphold COVID-19 health protocols

causes concern


49


Police's plan to involve gangs to uphold COVID-19 health protocols causes

concern

Theme Rheme

The Theme of the headline above is “Police’s plan” and the Rheme is

“to involve gangs to uphold COVID-19 health protocols causes concern”. The

headline is about public concerns because of the police plans that will involve

gangs to uphold COVID-19 health protocols.

H.108. Low-income patients will get COVID-19 vaccines for free, govt says


Low-income patients will get COVID-19 vaccines for free, govt says

Theme Rheme

The headline above shows that the Theme of the headline is “Low-

income patients”. The Rheme of the headline is “will get COVID-19 vaccines for

free, govt says”. The Goal is for low-income patients that will get a free COVID-

19 vaccine.

From the headlines that have been analyzed above, the government

mostly form as the Theme of the headline. The word Indonesia, Jokowi, Govt,

Nadiem, Erick Tohir, etc represents the government. Due to that, the media makes

the government more dominant. In the Rheme of the headlines, matters regarding

COVID-19 dominate. Most of the issues regarding COVID-19 are in Rheme's

position. Issue related to the number of COVID-19 cases, the role of the

government, the impact of COVID-19 on society is also contained in the Rheme

of the headline. All issues regarding COVID-19 are in the social scope. According

to that, society dominates Rheme’s position.


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B. The Representation of CVOID-19 Issue Revealed by Theme and Rheme

Analysis

In revealing the representation of COVID-19 issue, the power, more

specifically the social power of institution is the most critical work in discourse

analysis. Van Dijk (2015, p. 469) defines social power in terms of control.

However, groups or institutions have power if they are able to control the acts and

minds of the member or the other groups. The media is one of the example of the

relation between discourse and power. Media discourse contributes to how the

structures of sentences as the critical study of media (Van Dijk, 2015). Thus, this

study shows how the power of The Jakarta Post newspaper contributes the society

in revealing the representation of COVID-19.

In this part, the researcher reveals the representation of COVID-19

issue from the use of Theme and Rheme on the headlines. Analyzing the Theme

help the researcher to find out the content or the message of the headlines. The

participant of the Theme also helps to figure out who is doing and talking about

certain topics. The choice of words in the headline describes what is being

conveyed.

In the table below, the researcher provides the representations of

COVID-19 along with the participants found in the headlines.

Table 47. Representations of Theme on The Jakarta Post headlines

No. Representation of

COVID-19

Types of

Participants

Total

Headlines

1. The Number of COVID-19

cases in Indonesia

Actor 6

Verbiage 2

Sayer 2

2. Government’s

Responsibility/Action to Deal

with this Pandemic

Actor 22

Verbiage 9

Sayer 9


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1. The Number of COVID-19 cases in Indonesia

From the analysis of the Theme and Rheme of the headlines, the

researcher found out that The Jakarta Post showing the increase in the number of

COVID-19 cases in Indonesia. In order to gain awareness to the readers, The

Jakarta Post has the power to show that the number of COVID-19 cases in

Indonesia is continuing. The Themes that show the increasing number of COVID-

19 cases is represented by the participant such as Actor, Verbiage, and Sayer. The

increasing number of COVID-19 cases in Indonesia is dominant in the Rheme

position.

There are 10 headlines in total that focused on showing the increasing

number of COVID-19 cases in Indonesia. The example of Themes that indicates

the cases of COVID-19 in Indonesia is written below.

The participant Actor revealed the increasing number of COVID-19

cases in Indonesia.

Carrier 5

Goal 4

3.

The Victim of COVID-19

Actor 3

Verbiage 8

Sayer 1

Senser 11

Carrier 1

4. The Decline in Economic,

Educational, and Health

Aspects

Actor 2

Verbiage 12

Sayer 4

5.

The Impact and Views of the

Society on COVID-19

Actor 3

Verbiage 2

Carrier 2

TOTAL 108


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H. 25. Indonesia records daily high of 4,465 new cases


Indonesia records daily high of 4,465 new cases

Theme Rheme

H. 33. Indonesia surpasses 200,000 COVID-19 cases



Theme Rheme

The Theme in the headlines above showed that the participant of the

headlines is Actor. From the headlines, the participants are represented by the

word “Indonesia”. The choice of using the word “Indonesia” shows that the media

wants to show the increasing number of COVID-19 cases overall in Indonesia.

The word is used by the media to represent the rate of increase in COVID-19 that

has occurred throughout Indonesia. The word related to the Rheme of the headline

is to show that COVID-19 cases in all regions in Indonesia have increased by the

number stated in the headline. The media also provides the exact number of

COVID-19 cases to give awareness to the public that COVID-19 in Indonesia

keeps increasing day by day. The researcher found out that The Jakarta Post

always uses the word “Indonesia” in all of the headlines when informing the

number of COVID-19 cases in Indonesia.

In H.25., the media gives the information that Indonesia records

4,465 new daily cases. By showing the increase in the number of COVID-19

cases to the public, it is hoped that the public can always be aware of COVID-19.

This is because the number of cases of COVID-19 continues to increase every

day. Then, for H.33. it is the same with H.25. that the headline shows the


53

increasing number of COVID-19 in Indonesia. From the example of the headlines

above, the media provides very clear information about the increased number of

COVID-19 cases in Indonesia. With this, the media also hopes for awareness from

the public that COVID-19 is very serious and dangerous, as evidenced by the

increase in the number of COVID-19 cases in Indonesia. H.25. was published on

September 23rd and H.33. was published on September 8th. From the two

headlines, it is clear that previously on H.33. COVID-19 cases in Indonesia have

reached 200,000 cases. However, on H.25. COVID-19 cases increased to 4,465

cases and is a new record for daily cases increase.

The headline with participant Verbiage is shown below.

H.45. Indonesia records another record-high daily virus count: 3,861 cases


Indonesia records another record-high daily virus count 3,861 cases

Theme Rheme

The headline above shows that the participant of the Theme is

Verbiage. “Indonesia records another record-high daily virus count” is the Theme

and “3,861 cases” is the Rheme of the headline. The headline is about the record

of COVID-19 cases that hit another record-high daily virus with the total cases is

3,861 people tested positive for COVID-19. In relation with the previous

headlines, in H.45. that was published on September 10th, shows that COVID-19

continues to increase even though Indonesia already surpasses 200,000 cases of

COVID-19



COVID-19 Indonesia logs record single-day infection spike of 4,176


54

Theme Rheme

The Theme of the headline is “COVID-19” which also relates to the

Rheme of each headline. The Theme of the headlines is representing the case of

COVID-19 in Indonesia the content is still about COVID-19 but this content is

said by the government that is represented by the word “Indonesia”. The

government reports that the rate of increase in COVID-19 infections jumped

drastically in one day as many as 4,176 new cases. This headline was published

on 21st September that the case of COVID-19 increase by 4,176 cases. This

headline relates to H.25. published on September 23rd that almost every day the

increase in COVID-19 cases is increasing, even exceeding the record increase in

COVID-19 cases on the previous day.

The headlines above show that the media uses COVID-19 as the topic

of the headline. The media also gives information about the number of increasing

COVID-19 cases in Indonesia through the context of the headline. The use of

participant Verbiage in the headline is to gain the readers’ attention to the

increasing number of COVID-19 in Indonesia. The choice of the word for the

headline also impacts the readers’ attention especially in H.48. with the choice

word “another”. The word shows that there is another increasing number of

COVID-19 cases and in the headline, the COVID-19 cases in Indonesia have

recorded a new record in the increase in the number of COVID-19 cases.

The last participant that shows the increasing number of COVID-29 in

Indonesia in the headlines is Sayer, displayed below.


55

H.75. Indonesia confirms nearly 4,000 new COVID-19 cases, another daily

record


Indonesia confirms nearly 4,000 new COVID-19 cases another daily record

Theme Rheme

The Theme of the headline is shown by the word “Indonesia”. The

Theme is represented by the government as the sayer of the headline. The Rheme

of the headline is “confirms nearly 4,000 new COVID-19 cases, another daily

record”. The process of saying the headline is represented by the verb “confirms”.

The headline is about the government, which is represented by the word

“Indonesia”, confirms another daily record of new COVID-19 cases that the

increasing number of the cases is nearly 4,000 cases. The same as the previous

headlines, this headline was published on September 16th show that the

increasing number of COVID-19 continues to increase in Indonesia.

The media uses the participant sayer to make readers believe that the

content in the headline is spoken by parties related to the topic. In this case, it is

the government that provides information about the increase in the number of

COVID-19 cases in Indonesia. In the headlines, the number of COVID-19 cases is

written in the Rheme of the headlines. The relationship between the Theme

"Indonesia" and the Rheme that shows the increase in the number of COVID-19

cases is that the government wants to show that the number of COVID-19 cases is

increasing throughout Indonesia. Therefore, the word "Indonesia" which stands as

the Theme of the headline acts as a "victim" of COVID-19 as indicated by the

increase in COVID-19 cases.


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2. Government’s Responsibility/Action to Deal with this Pandemic

The Jakarta Post shows the government’s responsibility or action to

deal with this pandemic by reported how the government gives their effort in

handling COVID-19 cases in Indonesia. From the analysis, the researcher found

that the headlines show the government’s responsibility or action to deal with this

pandemic. The responsibility or the action of the government is represented in the

Theme that uses Actor, Verbiage, Sayer, Carrier, and Goal as the participant.

The participant Actor shows the responsibility, displayed below.




Theme Rheme

The Theme of the headline is “Jokowi”. The Theme is represented by

the participant of Actor. “Jokowi” is representing the government as the president

of the Republic of Indonesia as the doer of the action. The following clause after

the Theme is called the Rheme of the headlines. For H.8., the government which

is represented by Jokowi makes a national team to accelerate the production of

COVID-19 vaccine. This headline was published the same with H.33. which is on

September 8th. It relates to this headline because the number of COVID-19 at that

time is 200,000 cases. According to that, in this headline, Jokowi represents the

government to forms a national team to accelerate vaccine development as the

action because the number of COVID-19 in Indonesia continues to increase.

The media chose to use the word "Jokowi" as a form of representation

of the government as head of state. The policies of the government during this


57

pandemic are in the public spotlight. Thus the media using "Jokowi" as the Actor

of the headline is to provide information that the government, represented by

Jokowi, is responsible and is trying to do everything to handle the COVID-19

case. One of the cases is by forming a team to accelerate the production of the

COVID-19 vaccine.


19 cases


North Sumatra to restrict access to Nias Island following surge in COVID-

19 cases

Theme Rheme

The Theme of the headline is shown by the word “North Sumatra”

which is also represented as the Actor of the headline. The Actor of the headline is

doing the action of restricting access to Nias Island. North Sumatra is represented

as the regional government. The government restricted access to Nias Island due

to the increase of COVID-19 cases. The rest of the clause which “to restrict access

to Nias Island following the surge in COVID-19 cases” is the Rheme of the

headline.

The policy of the North Sumatra regional government is the focus of

the media in delivering headlines. The responsibility and efforts made by the local

government are to limit visitor access to and from Nias Island due to the increase

in the number of COVID-19 cases. According to this, The Jakarta Post shows how

the government is taking action or effort to reduce the increase in COVID-19

cases. The headline was published on September 15th which is the number of


58

COVID-19 cases in Indonesia is high. According to that, the North Sumatra

government restrict access to Nias Island.

The headline that uses Verbiage as the participant, is shown below.

H.38. Indonesia's 'Merah Putih' vaccine candidate to be ready for production

mid 2021: Jokowi


Indonesia's 'Merah Putih' vaccine candidate to be ready for

production mid 2021

Jokowi

Theme Rheme

The headline above-used participant Verbiage as the starting point of

the message. The content of the headline is said by Jokowi who has represented

the government in saying something related to COVID-19. Jokowi says that the

production of Indonesia’s ‘Merah Putih’ vaccine candidate to be ready in the

middle of 2021. The headline published on September 1st is the government's

plan to produce vaccines as a form of government responsibility during this

pandemic. This headline then relates to H.6. where Jokowi, who represents the

government, will accelerate the production of vaccines, responding to the high

number of increases in the COVID-19 virus.

The media focused on Jokowi's words, which represented the

government that a vaccine called "Merah-Putih" would be ready for production in

the middle of 2021. The media highlighted this headline to attract readers that the

government has and is doing things related to handling COVID-19. It can be said

that the government is responsible for society, one of the things is that the

government is targeting that by mid-2021 a COVID-19 vaccine will be ready to

be produced.


59

The last headline that used Verbiage as the participant, displayed

below.

H.67. COVID-19: Health Ministry forms team to probe doctor deaths


COVID-19: Health Ministry forms team to probe doctor deaths

Theme Rheme

The Theme of the headline is “COVID-19” which also relates to the

Rheme of each headline. The Theme of the headlines is representing the case of

COVID-19 in Indonesia. COVID-19 is the topic of the headlines above. The

headline is about the Health Ministry, representing the government, saying or

giving the information. The headline is about the government will form a team to

probe doctor deaths who have fallen due to COVID-19 during their duties. This

headline was published on September 29th as a response to the Task Force’s

statement in H.62, published on September 23rd, that there is no plan to redefine

COVID-19 death.

In this headline, the focus of the media is on the government's

responsibility to investigate and examine doctors' deaths. Moreover, the media is

showing the public that the death of doctors is not only a common thing but also

has to be examined especially in this pandemic. The media uses this to get readers'

attention to believe that the government is doing a lot about COVID-19.

The participant Sayer on the headline is shown below.

H.80. Jokowi asks for 'bureaucratic flexibility' in dealing with pandemic


Jokowi asks for 'bureaucratic flexibility' in dealing with pandemic

Theme Rheme


60

The Theme of the headline above is “Jokowi” and the remaining clause

is called the Rheme of the headline. The process of saying is represented by the

verb “asks” that is said by Jokowi. The content of the headline above is about

Jokowi who is representing the government asked all parties related to the

handling of COVID-19 to exercise 'bureaucratic flexibility' in dealing with this

pandemic. The headline was published on September 8th as the response of H.78,

which was published on September 2nd, about the irregularities that occurred

during this pandemic.

The same as the previous headline, the media seems to highlight

“Jokowi” as the president of Indonesia. The media focuses on responsibility or

action done by the government. Moreover, the media wants to show the public

that the government, represented by Jokowi, is making efforts to deal with this

pandemic.

Down below is the participant Carrier found in the headline.

H.103. Stretched thin, Indonesia deploys medical interns to COVID-19 front

lines


Stretched thin,

Indonesia

deploys medical interns to COVID-19 front lines

Theme Rheme

“Stretched thin, Indonesia” is the Theme that also stands as the Carrier

of the headline above. The Theme of the headlines is connected to the Rheme

“deploys medical interns to COVID-19”. In the headline, the media tries to focus

on decisions made by the government that will involve interns to take part in

dealing with COVID-19. This is related to several headlines that show that many


61

doctors have fallen to handle this case. This headline was published on September

20th shows that government deploys medical interns to COVID-19 front lines. It

relates to H.1., H.10, H.43, etc that many medical suffer from COVID-19.

The last participant showed the government’s responsibility or action is

Goal, it displayed below.




Theme Rheme

The headline above shows that the Theme of the headline is “Low-

income patients”. The Rheme of the headline is “will get COVID-19 vaccines for

free, govt says”. The Goal is for low-income patients that will get a free COVID-

19 vaccine. The headline was published on September 8th or a week after the

government’s plan to produce the vaccine displayed on H.38. The headline means

that patients with low incomes will get vaccines for free from the government.

The goal of the government's action to eliminate vaccines is for patients with low

incomes, they can get the vaccines provided by the government for free. In this

case, the media focus on the responsibility and concern of the government for the

patients. The focus of the media is to show the government's responsibility and

concern with the policies carried out by the government.

3. The Victim of COVID-19

Previously, it was explained how the media revealed the number of

COVID-19 cases and the responsibility or action of the government in dealing

with COVID-19. In this section, the media also displays about the victim of


62

COVID-19. Media reveals the victim of COVID-19 by using participants such as

Actor, Verbiage, Sayer, Senser, and Carrier.

The participant of Actor is displayed below.



Patients crowd hospitals as Indonesia loses 183 'priceless' medical

workers

Theme Rheme

In the headline, the Theme is represented by the word “Patients”. The

content of the Theme means that the dangers of COVID-19 in Indonesia

represented how hospitals crowded by patients because 183 medical workers in

Indonesia are fallen due to COVID-19. In the headline, the media focus on

medical workers who died during the COVID-19 pandemic. The media wants to

show that victims of COVID-19 are not only ordinary people but also medical

workers who are at the forefront of handling COVID-19. The headline was

published on September 2nd when on the same day Jokowi mourns the medical

workers who are fallen to COVID-19 as it is stated in H.77.

Below is the participant Verbiage found in the headlines.

H.44. Maritime affairs and fishery minister has COVID-19: Lawmaker


Maritime affairs and fishery minister has COVID-19 Lawmaker

Theme Rheme

The Theme of the headline is “Maritime affairs and fishery minister has

COVID-19”. The participant of the Theme is Verbiage showed by the Theme is

said by the government represented by the word “lawmaker” which also stands as


63

the Rheme of the headline. The content of the headline is that the government

gives information that the maritime affairs and fishery minister have tested

positive for COVID-19. Media reveal the victim of COVID-19 by mentioning the

position of the person who is the maritime affairs and fishery ministry. By

mentioning the position, it helps the media to show to the public that everybody

might be tested positive for COVID-19. The headline was published on

September 8th which the number of COVID-19 in Indonesia surpasses 200,000

cases. It means that the maritime affairs and fishery minister is one of the victim

at that day.

The media also use participant Sayer to reveal the victim of COVID-19.

H.79. Medan District Court declared COVID-19 cluster, one judge dies


Medan District Court declared COVID-19 cluster, one judge dies

Theme Rheme

The media reveal the victim of COVID-19 by mentioning the Medan

District Court who said that there is a new cluster and one judge dies due to

COVID-19. Same as the previous headline, the media mentions the position of the

person who is saying the news. It helps the media to show the reader that

everybody must be aware of this pandemic. The headline was published on

September 3rd when the number of COVID-19 cases in Indonesia continues to

increase as shown in H.3. In this headline, the judge became a victim who died

from COVID-19.

The victim of COVID-19 also revealed using Senser as the participant.

It is displayed below.


64




Theme Rheme

The same as the previous headline, the media mentioning the position

of the person and even the name of the victim of COVID-19. By mentioning the

name and the position, the media shows who is the victim of COVID-19. The

headline was published on September 23rd. At that time, the number of COVID-

19 in Indonesia increases by 4,465 new cases. The researcher found that the media

often mentioned the titles or names of victims in government agencies. This is

evidenced by the headlines found on The Jakarta Post as in H.44., H.88., H.90.,

and so on.

The participant Carrier also found in the headlines to reveal the victim

of COVID-19.




Theme Rheme

In the headline, the media tries to inform the readers that there is a

cluster of viruses spread in the public space. The headline was published on

September 19th when the previous day, COVID-19 in Indonesia increases to

4,168 cases showed in H.36. According to this, the media wants to convey that

even being in a public space can be infected with the COVID-19 virus.


65

4. The Decline in Economic, Educational, and Health Aspects

After the media revealing the victim of COVID-19, the media also

reveal the decline in the economic aspect due to this pandemic. The decline in the

economic aspect is revealed by The Jakarta Post using the participant Actor,

Verbiage, and Sayer.

The participant Actor reveals the economic aspect due to COVID-19.

H.5. COVID-19 haunts industrial zones in Indonesia


COVID-19 haunts industrial zones in Indonesia

Theme Rheme

The media wants to show to the public that industrial zones in

Indonesia haunt by the COVID-19. The headline was published on September 6th,

when the previous day the factory workers are required to report their daily

activities as stated in H.97. According to that, the media seems to give

information that due to COVID-19 it can decline the economic aspect because it

haunts the industrial zones.

The participant Verbiage reveals the economic aspect as it is displayed

below.



Urgent response needed as pandemic slows progress on SDGs Experts

Theme Rheme

The headline shows that the experts urge the government to respond to

matters related to this pandemic. This is because this pandemic is slowing the

progress of the SDGs. This slow progress greatly affects the level of the


66

Indonesian economy. The headline was published on September 4th when

COVID-19 cases in Indonesia is continuing to increase. The media want to show

that COVID-19 has a huge impact on the state of the Indonesian economy. The

choice of words used also helps the media to let readers know that this is what is

happening in society.

Next is participant Verbiage reveals the educational aspect in

accordance with COVID-19 cases in Indonesia. The headline is displayed below.

H.55. COVID-19 opens way for educational reform, technology acceleration:

Nadiem


COVID-19 opens way for educational reform, technology

acceleration

Nadiem

Theme Rheme

The Theme of the headline above is “COVID-19 opens the way for

educational reform, technology acceleration”. Then, the Rheme of the headline is

“Nadiem” which also stands as the sayer of the content of the headline. The

content of the headline is said by Nadiem as the minister of education which

represents the government. The headline was published on September 14th, it is

six months after the first COVID-19 in Indonesia. It is almost six months since all

of the schools in Indonesia were closed due to COVID-19. All of the students do

their school activities online at home using the online platform provided by the

school. The headline is about the presence of COVID-19 has an impact on the

educational aspect. One is that it can pave the way for educational reform. This is

the acceleration of technology used in the educational aspect during this

pandemic.


67

The media headlines show the other side of the impact of COVID-19.

The media is focused on the positive impacts that occur when this pandemic

occurs. After various negative impacts, the media also wants to show the public

the positive impact of accelerating technology in education.

The participant Verbiage reveals the health aspect due to COVID-19.



Indonesian health system might collapse soon COVID-19 task force

Theme Rheme

The Task Force states that due to the high case of COVID-19, the

Indonesian health system might collapse soon. The headline was published on

September 22nd to respond to the 160 deaths in one day that sets a bleak virus

record stated in H.58. The focus of the media is to suggest that the existing health

system in Indonesia may soon collapse. The choice of words used helps the media

to show the public to be more aware of COVID-19.

The last participant is Sayer, it reveals the economic aspect due to

COVID-19


amid irregularities


ICW calls for increased transparency in COVID-19-related

procurement amid irregularities

Theme Rheme

The media wants to show that procurement related to COVID-19 has

been irregular. Therefore, the media mentions ICW as the authority regarding the

irregularities that have occurred. This headline was published on September 8th, it


68

relates to H.80. that the government to exercise 'bureaucratic flexibility' in

dealing with this pandemic.

5. The Impact and Views of Society on COVID-19

In The Jakarta Post newspaper, the media also reveals the impact and

views of society on COVID-19. The media use participant Actor, Verbiage, and

Carrier to reveal the impact and views of the society on COIVD-19.

The participant Actor reveals the impact and views of the society on

COVID-19.

H.34. Civil servants to work from home as Jakarta reimposes PSBB


Civil servants to work from home as Jakarta reimposes PSBB

Theme Rheme

The media want to show the effects of COVID-19 to civil servants. In

the headline, the media indicated that civil servants in Jakarta must return to work

at home because Jakarta has re-imposed the PSBB. The headline was published

on September 10th as the response to the number of COVID-19 cases in

Indonesia. The government reimposes PSBB to reduce the spread of COVID-19.

The media also uses participant Verbiage to reveal the impact and

views of society on COVID-19.

H.40. Many Jakarta, East Java residents assume they are immune to COVID-

19: Task force chief


Many Jakarta, East Java residents assume they are

immune to COVID-19

Task force chief


69

Theme Rheme

The participant of the Theme is Verbiage which the content is said by

the Task Force chief. The media shows that many resident assume that they are

immune to COVID-19. It is showed by the Task Force deplored that there are still

many people who underestimate COVID-19. The headline was published on

September 3rd and many people still deny COVID-19. It can be said that

Jakartans, East Java is not aware of the dangers and do not heed the rules

regarding COVID-19. It is related to H.84. which was published on September

22nd. In the headline is stated by the authority that COVID-19 is real.

The last is participant Carrier helps the media to reveal the impact and

views of the society on COVID-19.

H.100. In virus-stricken Indonesia, many can't afford to self-quarantine at home


In virus-stricken Indonesia,

many

can't afford to self-quarantine at home

Theme Rheme

From the headline, the media wants to show the impact of COVID-19

that there are still many residents who are unable to self-quarantine at home.

Indirectly, the media wants to show that there are still many residents who do not

carry out self-quarantine. The headline was published on September 15th that the

COVID-19 virus continues to increase. According to that, many people are

required to stay at home to self-quarantine in order to reduce the spread of this

virus.

From the analysis, the media has the power to reveal the representation

of COVID-19 in Indonesia. The power of the media is used to raise an event and


70

give emphasis on certain issues. In this research, the issue that The Jakarta Post

wants to emphasize is about COVID-19 issue in Indonesia. In revealing the

representation of COVID-19, the media intends to make the people aware about

COVID-19 issue. The media reveals the number of COVID-19 cases, the power

of media seems to make the readers know that the number of COVID-19 in

Indonesia is still increasing. The media also reveal the victim of COVID-19 and

the decline of crucial aspects of society. The power of the media in this matter is

that the media wants to show that COVID-19 has a negative effect on society.

Besides COVID-19 causes many victims, it also weakens the economic,

educational, and health aspects. Moreover, the media also reveal the government’s

responsibility and action towards COVID-19 issue. The government seems trying

to be able to handle this pandemic. All efforts have been made by the government

to deal with COVID-19 cases. The power of the media has a big influence on

people's lives, especially during this pandemic. The media have the power to

reveal what is happening in society and how the media can play a role in dealing

with what is happening in society.

In terms of power inequality, there is more than one party. The first

party is the government, showed by the dominant of the Theme and the other

party is the public or the society which dominate in Rheme position. The relation

between government and society is that the government is more powerful than

society. Society is the party dominated by the government. In this case, it proves

that the government has the power to control society. The dominant Theme is

about the government and the dominant Rheme is about the society that

experiencing COVID-19. In the above analysis, the researcher found that the


71

Themes used in the media were dominated by the words Indonesia, Jokowi, Govt,

COVID-19, Task Force, etc. which were chosen by the media to represent the

government. The choice of words proves that the media want to show to the

public the involvement or responsibility of the government to deal with this

pandemic. Moreover, the media also wants to show the dangers of COVID-19 by

showing the negative effects or the impacts that arise due to COVID-19.

In relation to some previous studies, in this study, the researcher also

uses SFL theory in order to analyze the Theme and Rheme in the headlines. In

Sinaga’s ( 2019) study, the writer investigates the use of Themes in Interpolations,

Preposed Attributive, and Reported Clause (Sinaga, 2019). Similar to the previous

study, this study analyzes how the Theme and Rheme reveal the representation of

COVID-19 in the newspaper headlines. This study also applies Critical Discourse

Analysis (CDA) to analyze the context in the headlines that help the researcher to

reveal the representation of COVID-19 in Indonesia.


72

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

In this part, the researcher provides a conclusion of the discussions in

order to answer the two problems. The first problem is to find out the use of

Theme and Rheme of The Jakarta Post newspaper on COVID-19 issue in

Indonesia. The second problem is to reveal the representation of COVID-19 from

the use of Theme and Rheme found in The Jakarta Post newspaper headlines.

In the first answer, there is only one type of Theme which is the Topical

Theme. Although there is only one type, the participants found in the Theme are

different. From the analysis, the researcher finds six types of participants; Actor,

Verbiage, Sayer, Senser, Carrier, and Goal. There are 108 headlines for the

analysis. In the headlines, 36 headlines used participant Actor, 33 headlines used

Verbiage, 16 headlines used Sayer as the participant, 11 headlines used Senser, 8

headlines used participant Carrier, and 4 headlines used Goal as the participant.

The dominating participant found in the headlines is the participant

Actor. The Theme performs as the doer or the one who takes the action. The

Actor is shown differently in the headlines with the word Indonesia, Jokowi,

ministry, govt, task force, etc. Other Themes is shown with the word COVID-19,

West Java, scientist, patients, etc.

The Jakarta Post represents the Themes of the headlines in different

functions. In the second research problem, the researcher analyzes the use of

Theme to reveal the representation of COVID-19 issue in Indonesia. The

headlines show that the government is more powerful than society. Society is the


73

party that is dominated by the government. In this case, it proves that the

government has the power to control society. Textually, the government becomes

more dominant over society in the headlines. The dominant position in the Theme

is about the government, while society is dominant in the Rheme position.

From the headlines, the media wants to show that COVID-19 is

dangerous. The media focuses on showing the dangers of COVID-19 by showing

the increasing number of COVID-19 cases in Indonesia. The media shows that

Indonesia is experiencing an increase in the number of COVID-19 cases. The

media uses clauses such as new records, high-daily records, new cases, etc. Also,

The Jakarta Post reveals the government’s responsibility or action to deal with

this pandemic. The media presents the government’s responsibility by focusing on

the action taken by the government in handling COVID-19 cases. The media also

reveals the victim of COVID-19. In revealing the victim, the media mentions the

position and even the name of the victim, especially in government agencies. By

mentioning the position or the name of the victim, it helps the media to show to

the public that everybody could be the victim of COVID-19. The media also

reveals the decline in economic, educational, and health aspects. The media shows

the decline from those aspects by showing to the public that the declines are

delivered by the experts or the ministry who is related to the issue. Lastly, the

media reveals the impact and views of society on COVID-19. The media reveal

the impact and views by showing the facts that exist in society.

In the conclusion, the researcher uses SFL theory in order to determine

the Theme and the Rheme along with the participant of the Themes. The

researcher also analyzes the representation of the COVID-19 issue in Indonesia


74

from the Theme in the headlines using CDA. The Themes of the headline are used

to make the readers easier to know what the headline news is. This research also

provides evidence that Critical Discourse Analysis can be used to analyze the

headline.

Also, the researcher suggests to other researchers who are interested in

doing CDA, especially in media discourse analysis to establish a different

analysis. The researcher encourages the other researchers to analyze with the same

object to enhance the analysis using the CDA approach. The analysis can be a

transitivity, mood and modality analysis, etc. It is very interesting to see other

researchers taking this approach in their research.


75

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APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Actor as the participant of Theme

Patients crowd hospitals as Indonesia loses 183 'priceless' medical workers

Patients crowd hospitals as Indonesia loses 183 'priceless' medical

workers

Participants Process Participants Circumstance

Actor Material Goal Circum. of Manner

Theme Rheme

Scientists extend volunteer registration for COVID-19 vaccine trial

Scientists extend volunteer

registration

for COVID-19 vaccine trial


Actor Material Goal Circum. of Cause

Theme Rheme





Theme Rheme

Doctors association pleads for accessible health care for frontline medical

workers

Doctors

association

pleads for accessible health

care

for frontline medical

workers

Participants Process Circumstance Circumstance

Actor Material Circum. of Cause Circum. of Cause

Theme Rheme




Actor Material Goal Circum. of Place

Theme Rheme


Jokowi forms national team to accelerate vaccine

development



79


Theme Rheme

Ministers against Jakarta's decision to reimpose PSBB

Ministers against Jakarta's

decision

to reimpose PSBB



Them Rheme

Gresik residents made to dig graves as punishment for not wearing face masks

Gresik residents made to dig

graves

as punishment for not wearing face

masks



Theme Rheme

S. Sumatra MUI urges state to exhume COVID-19 victims not facing qibla

S. Sumatra MUI urges state to exhume COVID-19 victims

not facing qibla



Theme Rheme

IDI urges better protection for medical workers as five more doctors die of

COVID-19

IDI urges better

protection

for medical

workers

as five more doctors

die of COVID-19

Participants Process Participants Circumstance Circumstance

Actor Material Goal Circum. of

Cause

Circum. of Cause

Theme Rheme

West Java offers hospitals for COVID-19 patients if Jakarta overwhelmed

West Java offers hospitals for COVID-19 patients if Jakarta

overwhelmed



Theme Rheme

Indonesia to provide more self-isolation centers for asymptomatic, mild COVID-

19 cases

Indonesia to

provide

more self-isolation

centers

for asymptomatic, mild

COVID-19 cases



80


Theme Rheme

Jokowi instructs Cabinet members to lower transmission in COVID-19 hot spots

within 2 weeks

Jokowi instructs Cabinet

members

to lower

transmission

in COVID-19

hot spots

within 2

weeks

Participa

nts

Process Participants Process Circumstance Circumst

ance

Actor Material Goal Material Circum. of

Cause

Circum.

of TIme

Theme Rheme

North Sumatra to restrict access to Nias Island following surge in COVID-19

cases

North Sumatra to restrict access to Nias

Island

following surge in COVID-19

cases



Theme Rheme

Govt will not provide additional social aid for COVID-19 hot spot provinces

Govt will not

provide

additional social

aid

for COVID-19 hot spot

provinces



Theme Rheme

Authorities net thousands of people violating health protocols in nationwide

operation

Authorities net thousands of

people

violating health protocols in

nationwide operation



Theme Rheme

Coronavirus stigma runs deep and dangerous in Indonesia

Coronavirus

stigma

runs deep and dangerous in Indonesia


Actor Material Circum. of Manner Circum. of Place

Theme Rheme


81

Health Ministry distributes incentives to resident doctors involved in COVID-19

care

Health

Ministry

distributes incentives to resident

doctors

involved in

COVID-19 care



Manner

Circum of. Cause

Theme Rheme

North Sumatra to keep Nias Island open to visitors with negative COVID-19 test

certificate

North Sumatra to keep Nias Island open to visitors with negative

COVID-19 test certificate



Theme Rheme

Minister Luhut stricter health protocols in place during ‘critical time’

Minister Luhut stricters health protocols in place during ‘critical

time’



Theme Rheme

Ministry to provide three-star hotels for COVID-19 patient quarantine

Ministry to provide three-star hotels for COVID-19 patient

quarantine



Theme Rheme





Theme Rheme

Kimia Farma to take legal action against COVID-19 rapid test officer accused of

extortion, sexual harassment

Kimia

Farma

to take legal action against

COVID-19

rapid test

officer

accused of extortion,

sexual harassment



82


Manner

Circum. of Cause

Theme Rheme

Two COVID-19-positive women in Central Java stopped from shopping trip

Two COVID-19-

positive women

in Central Java stopped from shopping trip

Participants Circumstance Process Participants

Actor Circum. of

Place

Material Goal

Theme Rheme





Theme Rheme

Govt to periodically test medical workers fighting COVID-19

Govt to periodically test medical

workers

fighting COVID-19



Theme Rheme

Indonesia hits consecutive record highs in coronavirus cases

Indonesia hits consecutive record

highs

in coronavirus cases



Theme Rheme

Indonesia's coronavirus cases hit record high three days in a row

Indonesia's coronavirus

cases

hit record high three days in a row


Actor Material Goal Circum. of Time

Theme Rheme



Participants Process Participants

Actor Material Goal

Theme Rheme


83

Govt bolsters hospital capacity, treatment standards to tackle COVID-19 crisis

Jokowi gives committee two weeks to draft COVID-19 vaccination plan

Jokowi gives committee two weeks to draft COVID-19

vaccination plan



Time

Circum. of Cause

Theme Rheme





Place

Circum. of Time

Theme Rheme




Actor Material Goal

Theme Rheme





Theme Rheme

COVID-19 deaths 'redefinition' prompts pushback

COVID-19 deaths 'redefinition' prompts pushback


Actor Material Goal

Theme Rheme




Sayer Projecting Verbiage

Theme Rheme

Govt bolsters hospital

capacity

treatment standards to tackle

COVID-19 crisis



Theme Rheme


84

Appendix 2: Verbiage as the participant of Theme

In Indonesia, coronavirus floods Cisadane River with extra hazard: Medical

waste

In Indonesia, coronavirus floods

Cisadane River with extra hazard

(cause) Medical waste


Verbiage Projecting Goal

Theme Rheme

Indonesia's 'Merah Putih' vaccine candidate to be ready for production mid

2021: Jokowi

Indonesia's 'Merah Putih' vaccine

candidate to be ready for production mid

2021

(said by) Jokowi


Verbiage Projecting Sayer

Theme Rheme

Efficacy and safety first: Experts urge government not to put vaccines on

pedestal

Efficacy and

safety first

Experts urge government not to put vaccines on

pedestal

Participants Participants Process Participants Circumstance

Verbiage Actor Material Goal Circum. of Cause

Theme Rheme

Many Jakarta, East Java residents assume they are immune to COVID-19:

Task force chief

Many Jakarta, East Java residents

assume they are immune to COVID-

19

(said by) Task force chief



Theme Rheme

We have worked as hard as we can: Erick apologizes for govt's COVID-19

handling

We have worked as

hard as we can

Erick apologizes for govt's COVID-19

handling

Participants Participants Process Circumstance

Verbiage Actor Material Circum. of Cause

Theme Rheme

Urgent response needed as pandemic slows progress on SDGs: Experts

Urgent response needed as pandemic (said by) Experts


85

slows progress on SDGs



Theme Rheme

COVID-19: Concerns mount as medical workers suffer pandemic burnout

COVID-19 Concerns mount as medical workers suffer pandemic

burnout



Theme Rheme

Maritime affairs and fishery minister has COVID-19: Lawmaker

Maritime affairs and fishery minister

has COVID-19

(said by) Lawmaker



Theme Rheme

Indonesia records another record-high daily virus count: 3,861 cases

Indonesia records another record-high

daily virus count

(cause) 3,861 cases



Theme Rheme

Jakarta’s partial lockdown plan requires caution, calculation: Jokowi

Jakarta’s partial lockdown plan

requires caution, calculation

(said by) Jokowi



Theme Rheme

Doctors still at high risk of contracting COVID-19 with 109 deaths so far: IDI

Doctors still at high risk of contracting

COVID-19 with 109 deaths so far

(said by) IDI



Theme Rheme

COVID-19: Public urged to stop accusing medical workers of profiting from

outbreak

COVID-19 Public urged to stop accusing medical workers of

profiting from outbreak




86

Theme Rheme

'Don't rush in shutting down a city': Jokowi wants local-scale COVID-19

restrictions

'Don't rush in shutting down

a city'

Jokowi wants local-scale COVID-19

restrictions

Participants Participants Process Participants

Verbiage Sayer Material Goal

Theme Rheme

Smokers skeptical about higher risks from COVID-19: Survey

Smokers skeptical about higher risks from

COVID-19

(cause) survey



Theme Rheme

COVID-19: Govt advises against wearing ‘scuba’ masks, scarves over

effectiveness concerns

COVID-19 Govt advises against wearing ‘scuba’ masks, scarves

over effectiveness concerns


Verbiage Actor Material Goal

Theme Rheme

COVID-19: Indonesian nurses, ministers pay a tribute to fallen healthcare

workers

COVID-19 Indonesian

nurses

ministers

pay

a tribute to fallen healthcare

workers



Theme Rheme

Diabetes biggest comorbid factor in COVID-19 deaths: Task force

Diabetes biggest comorbid factor in

COVID-19 deaths

(said by) Task force



Theme Rheme

92% of COVID-19 patients in some regions have comorbidities: National Task

Force

92% of COVID-19 patients in some

regions have comorbidities

(said by) National Task Force


87

Paricipants Process Participants


Theme Rheme

COVID-19 opens way for educational reform, technology acceleration:

Nadiem

COVID-19 opens way for educational

reform, technology acceleration

(said by) Nadiem



Theme Rheme

Several patients contracted COVID-19 despite 'never leaving home': Task

force

Several patients contracted COVID-19

despite 'never leaving home'

(said by) Task force



Theme Rheme

COVID-19: Indonesia logs record single-day infection spike of 4,176

COVID-19 Indonesia logs record single-day infection spike of

4,176



Theme Rheme

160 deaths in one day: Indonesia sets bleak virus record

160 deaths in one

day

Indonesia sets bleak virus record



Theme Rheme

Indonesian health system might collapse soon: COVID-19 task force

Indonesian health system might collapse

soon

(said by) COVID-19 task force



Theme Rheme

Changed lives: Symptoms persist in COVID-19 long-haulers

Changed lives Symptoms persist in COVID-19 long-haulers




88

Theme Rheme

Not all face masks equally effective in curbing COVID-19 transmission:

Health Ministry

Not all face masks equally effective in

curbing COVID-19 transmission

(said by) Health Ministry


Verbiage Projceting Sayer

Theme Rheme

No plans to redefine COVID-19 death: Task force

No plans to redefine COVID-19 death (said by) Task Force



Theme Rheme

COVID-19 must serve as turning point for village economy: Jokowi

COVID-19 must serve as turning point

for village economy

(said by) Jokowi



Theme Rheme

Indonesia’s real virus death toll may be 3 times reported figure:

Epidemiologist

Indonesia’s real virus death toll may be

3 times reported figure

(said by) Epidemiologist



Theme Rheme

COVID-19: Aceh, Bali added to list of prioritized provinces

COVID-19 Aceh, Bali added to list of prioritized provinces



Theme Rheme

Asymptomatic transmission poses ever-present threat: COVID-19 task force

Asymptomatic transmission poses ever-

present threat

(said by) COVID-19 task force



Theme Rheme


89

COVID-19: Health Ministry forms team to probe doctor deaths

COVID-19 Health

Ministry

forms team to probe doctor deaths

Participants Participants Process Participants Circumstance

Verbiage Actor Material Goal Circum. of Cause

Theme Rheme

Use antigen tests for screening but with caution: Experts

Use antigen tests for screening but with

caution

(said by) Experts



Theme Rheme

Public resistance hinders COVID-19 tracing efforts: Task force

Public resistance hinders COVID-19

tracing efforts

(said by) Task Force



Theme Rheme

Appendix 3: Sayer as the participant of Theme

Task force warns of potential COVID-19 clusters at flood shelters

Jokowi demands standardized COVID-19 treatment as cases surge

Jokowi demands standardized COVID-19

treatment

as cases surge



Theme Rheme

Critics lambast govt over bullish tone in COVID-19 messages

Critics lambast govt over bullish

tone

in COVID-19 messages

Partcipants Process Participants Circumstance


Task force warns of potential COVID-19

clusters

at flood shelters



Place

Theme Rheme


90

Theme Rheme

MUI advises Muslims to pray at home as Indonesia sees increasing COVID-19

cases

MUI advises Muslims to pray at home as Indonesia

sees

increasing

COVID-19

cases

Participants Process Participants Process Circumstance Circumstance

Actor Material Goal Material Circum. of

Place

Circum. of

Cause

Theme Rheme

Indonesia reports higher COVID-19 death rate among children than United States

Indonesia reports higher COVID-19 death rate among children than

United States


Actor Material Goal

Theme Rheme

Indonesia confirms nearly 4,000 new COVID-19 cases, another daily record

Indonesia confirms nearly 4,000 new COVID-

19 cases

another daily record


Actor Material Goal Circum. of Time

Theme Rheme

Health Ministry says COVID-19 bed capacity still ‘sufficient’ nationwide

Health Ministry says COVID-19 bed capacity still ‘sufficient’

nationwide



Theme Rheme





Theme Rheme

ICW calls for increased transparency in COVID-19-related procurement amid

irregularities

ICW calls calls for increased transparency in COVID-19-


91

related procurement amid irregularities



Theme Rheme

Medan District Court declared COVID-19 cluster, one judge dies

Medan District

Court

declared COVID-19 cluster, one judge dies



Theme Rheme

Jokowi asks for 'bureaucratic flexibility' in dealing with pandemic

Jokowi asks for 'bureaucratic flexibility' in dealing with

pandemic



Theme Rheme

IDI calls for creation of protection committee as more doctors die of COVID-19

IDI calls for creation of protection committee as more doctors

die of COVID-19



Theme Rheme

NU, Muhammadiyah call for postponement of regional elections over COVID-

19 concerns

NU,

Muhammadiyah

call for postponement of regional elections over

COVID-19 concerns



Theme Rheme





Theme Rheme

'COVID-19 is real', govt says as public denial persists

'COVID-19 is real',

govt

says as public denial persists

Participants Process Circumstance

Sayer Projecting Circum. of Cause


92

Theme Rheme

COVID-19 doctor tells Jokowi about shortage of healthcare workers in video call

COVID-19 doctor tells about shortage of healthcare workers in

video call



Theme Rheme

Appendix 4: Senser as the participant of Theme

Volunteer in vaccine trial tests COVID-19 positive but may have received a

placebo

Volunteer in vaccine trial tests COVID-

19 positive

but may have received a

placebo

Participants Circumstance Participants Circumstance

Actor Circum. of

Time

Goal Circum. of Manner

Theme Rheme

Karo regent candidate dies from COVID-19, daughter steps in

Karo regent candidate dies from COVID-19, daughter steps in


Senser Material Circum. of Cause

Theme Rheme

Former deputy foreign minister Dino Patti Djalal tests positive for COVID-19

Former deputy foreign minister Dino

Patti Djalal

tests positive for COVID-19



Theme Rheme





Theme Rheme

Pramono Ubaid becomes third KPU commissioner to test positive for COVID-

19

Pramono Ubaid becomes third KPU

commissioner

to test positive for COVID-19


93



Theme Rheme

Religious affairs minister tests positive for COVID-19

Religious affairs minister tests positive for COVID-19



Theme Rheme


Berau Regent H.

Muharram

dies after testing positive for COVID-19



Theme Rheme

Over 100 of students test positive for COVID-19 in C. Java boarding school

Over 100 of

students

test

positive

for COVID-19 in C. Java boarding school


Senser Material Circum. of

Cause

Circum. of Place

Theme Rheme

Over 20 people test positive for COVID-19 at Bali governor's residence

Over 20 people test

positive

for COVID-19 at Bali governor's residence


Senser Material Circum. of Cause Circum. of Place

Theme Rheme

Maritime spatial planning director general dies of COVID-19

Maritime spatial planning director

general

dies of COVID-19



Theme Rheme

West Sulawesi COVID-19 nurses reportedly dismissed without pay

West Sulawesi COVID-19

nurses

reportedly dismissed without pay

Participants Circumstance Process Participant

Senser Circum. of

Manner

Material Goal


94

Theme Rheme

Appendix 5: Carrier as the participant of Theme

Factory workers in Bekasi required to report daily activities to stem COVID-19

risk

Factory

workers

in Bekasi Required to

report

daily

activities

to stem COVID-19

risk

Participants Circumstance Process Participants Circumstance

Actor Circum. of

Place

Material Goal Circum. of Cause

Theme Rheme


20 COVID-19

patients

linked to 'soto Lamongan'

cluster

in Yogyakarta


Actor Material Goal Circum. of Place

Theme Rheme




Actor Material Circum. of Cause

Theme Rheme

In virus-stricken Indonesia, many can't afford to self-quarantine at home

In virus-stricken Indonesia, many can't

afford

to self-quarantine at home


Carrier Relational Circum. of Place

Theme Rheme

Public confused about policy on wearing face masks in private vehicles

Public confused about policy on wearing face

masks

in private vehicles


Carrier Relational Circum. of Place

Theme Rheme

Follow health protocols, IDI urges the public as more Indonesian doctors die

from COVID-19

Follow health urges the public as more Indonesian doctors


95

protocols, IDI die from COVID-19


Carrier Relational Goal Circum. of Cause

Theme Rheme

Stretched thin, Indonesia deploys medical interns to COVID-19 front lines

Stretched thin,

Indonesia

deploys medical

interns

to COVID-19 front lines



Theme Rheme

From sweeping to digging, Indonesia gets creative in handling violators of

COVID-19 protocols

From sweeping to

digging, Indonesia

gets creative in handling violators of

COVID-19 protocols



Theme Rheme

Appendix 6: Goal as the participant of Theme

COVID-19 protocol violators in Probolinggo made to sit in hearse with casket

COVID-19

protocol violators

in Probolinggo made to sit in hearse with casket

Participants Circumstance Process Circumstance

Goal Circum. of Place Material Circum. of Place

Theme Rheme

Zumba class organizer in East Lombok fined for neglecting COVID-19 protocol

Zumba class

organizer

in East

Lombok

fined for neglecting COVID-19

protocol

Participants Circumstance Process Circumstance

Goal Circum. of

Place

Material Circum of. Cause

Theme Rheme

Police's plan to involve gangs to uphold COVID-19 health protocols causes

concern

Police's plan to

involve

gangs gangs to uphold COVID-19 health

protocols causes concern


Goal Material Actor Circum. of Cause

Theme Rheme


96


Low-income patients will get COVID-19

vaccines

for free, govt says


Goal Material Actor Circum. of Manner

Theme Rheme

Appendix 7: List of Headlines from The Jakarta Post


https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/02/patients-crowd-hospitals-as-

indonesia-loses-183-priceless-medical-workers.html

H.2. Scientists extend volunteer registration for COVID-19 vaccine trial

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/02/scientists-extend-volunteer-

registration-for-covid-19-vaccine-trial.html

H.3. Indonesia hits highest daily increase in COVID-19 cases, deaths

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/03/indonesia-hits-highest-daily-

increase-in-covid-19-cases-deaths.html

H.4. Doctors association pleads for accessible health care for frontline medical

workers

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/06/doctors-association-pleads-for-

accessible-health-care-for-frontline-medical-workers.html

H.5. COVID-19 haunts industrial zones in Indonesia

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/06/covid-19-haunts-industrial-

zones-in-indonesia.html


https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/08/jokowi-forms-national-team-to-

accelerate-vaccine-development.html

H.7. Ministers against Jakarta's decision to reimpose PSBB

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/10/ministers-against-jakartas-

decision-to-reimpose-psbb.html

H.8. Gresik residents made to dig graves as punishment for not wearing face

masks

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/10/gresik-residents-made-to-dig-

graves-as-punishment-for-not-wearing-face-masks.html

H.9. S. Sumatra MUI urges state to exhume COVID-19 victims not facing qibla


https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/02/patients-crowd-hospitals-as-indonesia-loses-183-priceless-medical-workers.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/02/patients-crowd-hospitals-as-indonesia-loses-183-priceless-medical-workers.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/02/scientists-extend-volunteer-registration-for-covid-19-vaccine-trial.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/02/scientists-extend-volunteer-registration-for-covid-19-vaccine-trial.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/03/indonesia-hits-highest-daily-increase-in-covid-19-cases-deaths.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/03/indonesia-hits-highest-daily-increase-in-covid-19-cases-deaths.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/06/doctors-association-pleads-for-accessible-health-care-for-frontline-medical-workers.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/06/doctors-association-pleads-for-accessible-health-care-for-frontline-medical-workers.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/06/covid-19-haunts-industrial-zones-in-indonesia.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/06/covid-19-haunts-industrial-zones-in-indonesia.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/08/jokowi-forms-national-team-to-accelerate-vaccine-development.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/08/jokowi-forms-national-team-to-accelerate-vaccine-development.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/10/ministers-against-jakartas-decision-to-reimpose-psbb.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/10/ministers-against-jakartas-decision-to-reimpose-psbb.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/10/gresik-residents-made-to-dig-graves-as-punishment-for-not-wearing-face-masks.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/10/gresik-residents-made-to-dig-graves-as-punishment-for-not-wearing-face-masks.html

97

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/10/s-sumatra-mui-urges-state-to-

exhume-covid-19-victims-not-facing-qibla.html

H.10. IDI urges better protection for medical workers as five more doctors die of

COVID-19

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/12/idi-urges-better-protection-for-

medical-workers-as-five-more-doctors-die-of-covid-19.html

H.11. West Java offers hospitals for COVID-19 patients if Jakarta overwhelmed

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/12/west-java-offers-hospitals-for-

covid-19-patients-if-jakarta-overwhelmed.html

H.12. Indonesia to provide more self-isolation centers for asymptomatic, mild

COVID-19 cases

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/14/indonesia-to-provide-more-self-

isolation-centers-for-asymptomatic-mild-covid-19-cases.html

H.13. Jokowi instructs Cabinet members to lower transmission in COVID-19 hot

spots within 2 weeks

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/16/jokowi-instructs-cabinet-

members-to-lower-transmission-in-covid-19-hot-spots-within-2-weeks.html


19 cases

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/15/north-sumatra-to-restrict-

access-to-nias-island-following-surge-in-covid-19-cases.html

H.15. Govt will not provide additional social aid for COVID-19 hot spot

provinces

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/17/govt-will-not-provide-

additional-social-aid-for-covid-19-hot-spot-provinces.html

H.16. Authorities net thousands of people violating health protocols in nationwide

operation

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/17/authorities-net-thousands-of-

people-violating-health-protocols-in-nationwide-operation.html

H.17. Coronavirus stigma runs deep and dangerous in Indonesia

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/17/coronavirus-stigma-runs-deep-

and-dangerous-in-indonesia.html

H.18. Health Ministry distributes incentives to resident doctors involved in

COVID-19 care

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/16/health-ministry-distributes-

incentives-to-resident-doctors-involved-in-covid-19-care.html


https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/10/s-sumatra-mui-urges-state-to-exhume-covid-19-victims-not-facing-qibla.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/10/s-sumatra-mui-urges-state-to-exhume-covid-19-victims-not-facing-qibla.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/12/idi-urges-better-protection-for-medical-workers-as-five-more-doctors-die-of-covid-19.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/12/idi-urges-better-protection-for-medical-workers-as-five-more-doctors-die-of-covid-19.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/12/west-java-offers-hospitals-for-covid-19-patients-if-jakarta-overwhelmed.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/12/west-java-offers-hospitals-for-covid-19-patients-if-jakarta-overwhelmed.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/14/indonesia-to-provide-more-self-isolation-centers-for-asymptomatic-mild-covid-19-cases.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/14/indonesia-to-provide-more-self-isolation-centers-for-asymptomatic-mild-covid-19-cases.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/16/jokowi-instructs-cabinet-members-to-lower-transmission-in-covid-19-hot-spots-within-2-weeks.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/16/jokowi-instructs-cabinet-members-to-lower-transmission-in-covid-19-hot-spots-within-2-weeks.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/15/north-sumatra-to-restrict-access-to-nias-island-following-surge-in-covid-19-cases.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/15/north-sumatra-to-restrict-access-to-nias-island-following-surge-in-covid-19-cases.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/17/govt-will-not-provide-additional-social-aid-for-covid-19-hot-spot-provinces.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/17/govt-will-not-provide-additional-social-aid-for-covid-19-hot-spot-provinces.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/17/authorities-net-thousands-of-people-violating-health-protocols-in-nationwide-operation.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/17/authorities-net-thousands-of-people-violating-health-protocols-in-nationwide-operation.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/17/coronavirus-stigma-runs-deep-and-dangerous-in-indonesia.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/17/coronavirus-stigma-runs-deep-and-dangerous-in-indonesia.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/16/health-ministry-distributes-incentives-to-resident-doctors-involved-in-covid-19-care.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/16/health-ministry-distributes-incentives-to-resident-doctors-involved-in-covid-19-care.html

98

H.19. North Sumatra to keep Nias Island open to visitors with negative COVID-

19 test certificate

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/16/north-sumatra-to-keep-nias-

island-open-to-visitors-with-negative-covid-19-test-certificate.html

H.20. Minister Luhut stricters health protocols in place during ‘critical time’

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/18/minister-luhut-stricters-health-

protocols-in-place-during-critical-time.html

H.21. Ministry to provide three-star hotels for COVID-19 patient quarantine

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/18/ministry-to-provide-three-star-

hotels-for-covid-19-patient-quarantine.html

H.22. Govt tightens rules on Bali visitors as COVID-19 cases rise

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/19/govt-tightens-rules-on-bali-

visitors-as-covid-19-cases-rise.html

H.23. Kimia Farma to take legal action against COVID-19 rapid test officer

accused of extortion, sexual harassment

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/20/kimia-farma-to-take-legal-

action-against-covid-19-rapid-test-officer-accused-of-extortion-sexual-

harassment.html

H.24. Two COVID-19-positive women in Central Java stopped from shopping

trip

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/22/two-covid-19-positive-women-

in-central-java-stopped-from-shopping-trip.html

H.25. Indonesia records daily high of 4,465 new cases

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/23/indonesia-records-daily-high-

of-4465-new-cases.html

H.26. Govt to periodically test medical workers fighting COVID-19

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/22/govt-to-periodically-test-

medical-workers-fighting-covid-19.html

H.27. Indonesia hits consecutive record highs in coronavirus cases

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/24/indonesia-hits-consecutive-

record-highs-in-coronavirus-cases.html

H.28. Indonesia's coronavirus cases hit record high three days in a row

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/25/indonesias-coronavirus-cases-

hit-record-high-three-days-in-a-row.html

H.29. Top Indonesian doctor quits COVID-19 task force


https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/16/north-sumatra-to-keep-nias-island-open-to-visitors-with-negative-covid-19-test-certificate.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/16/north-sumatra-to-keep-nias-island-open-to-visitors-with-negative-covid-19-test-certificate.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/18/minister-luhut-stricters-health-protocols-in-place-during-critical-time.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/18/minister-luhut-stricters-health-protocols-in-place-during-critical-time.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/18/ministry-to-provide-three-star-hotels-for-covid-19-patient-quarantine.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/18/ministry-to-provide-three-star-hotels-for-covid-19-patient-quarantine.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/19/govt-tightens-rules-on-bali-visitors-as-covid-19-cases-rise.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/19/govt-tightens-rules-on-bali-visitors-as-covid-19-cases-rise.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/20/kimia-farma-to-take-legal-action-against-covid-19-rapid-test-officer-accused-of-extortion-sexual-harassment.html



https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/22/two-covid-19-positive-women-in-central-java-stopped-from-shopping-trip.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/22/two-covid-19-positive-women-in-central-java-stopped-from-shopping-trip.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/23/indonesia-records-daily-high-of-4465-new-cases.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/23/indonesia-records-daily-high-of-4465-new-cases.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/22/govt-to-periodically-test-medical-workers-fighting-covid-19.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/22/govt-to-periodically-test-medical-workers-fighting-covid-19.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/24/indonesia-hits-consecutive-record-highs-in-coronavirus-cases.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/24/indonesia-hits-consecutive-record-highs-in-coronavirus-cases.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/25/indonesias-coronavirus-cases-hit-record-high-three-days-in-a-row.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/25/indonesias-coronavirus-cases-hit-record-high-three-days-in-a-row.html

99

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/25/top-indonesian-doctor-quits-

covid-19-task-force.html

H.30. Govt bolsters hospital capacity, treatment standards to tackle COVID-19

crisis

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/24/govt-bolsters-hospital-capacity-

treatment-standards-to-tackle-covid-19-crisis.html

H.31. Jokowi gives committee two weeks to draft COVID-19 vaccination plan

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/28/jokowi-gives-committee-two-

weeks-to-draft-covid-19-vaccination-plan.html

H.32. West Java extends PSBB in Bodebek to October 27

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/30/west-java-extends-psbb-in-

bodebek-to-october-27.html

H.33. Indonesia surpasses 200,000 COVID-19 cases

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/08/indonesia-surpasses-200000-

covid-19-cases.html

H.34. Civil servants to work from home as Jakarta reimposes PSBB

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/10/civil-servants-to-work-from-

home-as-jakarta-reimposes-psbb.html

H.35. COVID-19 deaths 'redefinition' prompts pushback

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/26/covid-19-deaths-redefinition-

prompts-pushback.html

H.36. Indonesia sees record single-day case spike of 4,168

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/19/indonesia-sees-record-single-

day-case-spike-of-4168.html

H.37. In Indonesia, coronavirus floods Cisadane River with extra hazard: Medical

waste

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/01/in-indonesia-coronavirus-

floods-cisadane-river-with-extra-hazard-medical-waste.html

H.38. Indonesia's 'Merah Putih' vaccine candidate to be ready for production mid

2021: Jokowi

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/01/indonesias-merah-putih-

vaccine-candidate-to-be-ready-for-production-mid-2021-jokowi.html

H.39. Efficacy and safety first: Experts urge government not to put vaccines on

pedestal

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/03/efficacy-and-safety-first-

experts-urge-government-not-to-put-vaccines-on-pedestal.html


https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/25/top-indonesian-doctor-quits-covid-19-task-force.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/25/top-indonesian-doctor-quits-covid-19-task-force.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/24/govt-bolsters-hospital-capacity-treatment-standards-to-tackle-covid-19-crisis.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/24/govt-bolsters-hospital-capacity-treatment-standards-to-tackle-covid-19-crisis.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/28/jokowi-gives-committee-two-weeks-to-draft-covid-19-vaccination-plan.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/28/jokowi-gives-committee-two-weeks-to-draft-covid-19-vaccination-plan.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/30/west-java-extends-psbb-in-bodebek-to-october-27.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/30/west-java-extends-psbb-in-bodebek-to-october-27.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/08/indonesia-surpasses-200000-covid-19-cases.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/08/indonesia-surpasses-200000-covid-19-cases.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/10/civil-servants-to-work-from-home-as-jakarta-reimposes-psbb.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/10/civil-servants-to-work-from-home-as-jakarta-reimposes-psbb.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/26/covid-19-deaths-redefinition-prompts-pushback.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/26/covid-19-deaths-redefinition-prompts-pushback.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/19/indonesia-sees-record-single-day-case-spike-of-4168.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/19/indonesia-sees-record-single-day-case-spike-of-4168.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/01/in-indonesia-coronavirus-floods-cisadane-river-with-extra-hazard-medical-waste.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/01/in-indonesia-coronavirus-floods-cisadane-river-with-extra-hazard-medical-waste.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/01/indonesias-merah-putih-vaccine-candidate-to-be-ready-for-production-mid-2021-jokowi.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/01/indonesias-merah-putih-vaccine-candidate-to-be-ready-for-production-mid-2021-jokowi.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/03/efficacy-and-safety-first-experts-urge-government-not-to-put-vaccines-on-pedestal.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/03/efficacy-and-safety-first-experts-urge-government-not-to-put-vaccines-on-pedestal.html

100

H.40. Many Jakarta, East Java residents assume they are immune to COVID-19:

Task force chief

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/03/many-jakarta-east-java-

residents-assume-they-are-immune-to-covid-19-task-force-chief.html

H.41. We have worked as hard as we can: Erick apologizes for govt's COVID-19

handling

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/03/we-have-worked-as-hard-as-

we-can-erick-apologizes-for-govts-covid-19-handling.html


https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/04/urgent-response-needed-as-

pandemic-slows-progress-on-sdgs-experts.html

H.43. COVID-19: Concerns mount as medical workers suffer pandemic burnout

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/05/covid-19-concerns-mount-as-

medical-workers-suffer-pandemic-burnout-.html

H.44. Maritime affairs and fishery minister has COVID-19: Lawmaker

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/08/maritime-affairs-and-fishery-

minister-has-covid-19-lawmaker.html

H.45. Indonesia records another record-high daily virus count: 3,861 cases

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/10/indonesia-records-another-

record-high-daily-virus-count-3861-cases.html

H.46. Jakarta’s partial lockdown plan requires caution, calculation: Jokowi

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/11/jakartas-partial-lockdown-plan-

requires-caution-calculation-jokowi.html

H.47. Doctors still at high risk of contracting COVID-19 with 109 deaths so far:

IDI

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/11/doctors-still-at-high-risk-of-

contracting-covid-19-with-109-deaths-so-far-idi.html

H.48. COVID-19: Public urged to stop accusing medical workers of profiting

from outbreak

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/11/covid-19-public-urged-to-stop-

accusing-medical-workers-of-profiting-from-outbreak.html

H.49. 'Don't rush in shutting down a city': Jokowi wants local-scale COVID-19

restrictions

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/14/dont-rush-in-shutting-down-a-

city-jokowi-wants-local-scale-covid-19-restrictions.html


https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/03/many-jakarta-east-java-residents-assume-they-are-immune-to-covid-19-task-force-chief.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/03/many-jakarta-east-java-residents-assume-they-are-immune-to-covid-19-task-force-chief.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/03/we-have-worked-as-hard-as-we-can-erick-apologizes-for-govts-covid-19-handling.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/03/we-have-worked-as-hard-as-we-can-erick-apologizes-for-govts-covid-19-handling.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/04/urgent-response-needed-as-pandemic-slows-progress-on-sdgs-experts.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/04/urgent-response-needed-as-pandemic-slows-progress-on-sdgs-experts.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/05/covid-19-concerns-mount-as-medical-workers-suffer-pandemic-burnout-.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/05/covid-19-concerns-mount-as-medical-workers-suffer-pandemic-burnout-.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/08/maritime-affairs-and-fishery-minister-has-covid-19-lawmaker.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/08/maritime-affairs-and-fishery-minister-has-covid-19-lawmaker.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/10/indonesia-records-another-record-high-daily-virus-count-3861-cases.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/10/indonesia-records-another-record-high-daily-virus-count-3861-cases.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/11/jakartas-partial-lockdown-plan-requires-caution-calculation-jokowi.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/11/jakartas-partial-lockdown-plan-requires-caution-calculation-jokowi.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/11/doctors-still-at-high-risk-of-contracting-covid-19-with-109-deaths-so-far-idi.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/11/doctors-still-at-high-risk-of-contracting-covid-19-with-109-deaths-so-far-idi.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/11/covid-19-public-urged-to-stop-accusing-medical-workers-of-profiting-from-outbreak.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/11/covid-19-public-urged-to-stop-accusing-medical-workers-of-profiting-from-outbreak.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/14/dont-rush-in-shutting-down-a-city-jokowi-wants-local-scale-covid-19-restrictions.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/14/dont-rush-in-shutting-down-a-city-jokowi-wants-local-scale-covid-19-restrictions.html

101

H.50. Smokers skeptical about higher risks from COVID-19: Survey

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/16/smokers-skeptical-about-

higher-risks-from-covid-19-survey.html

H.51. COVID-19: Govt advises against wearing ‘scuba’ masks, scarves over

effectiveness concerns

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/16/covid-19-govt-advises-against-

wearing-scuba-masks-scarves-over-effectiveness-concerns.html

H.52. COVID-19: Indonesian nurses, ministers pay a tribute to fallen healthcare

workers

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/16/covid-19-indonesian-nurses-

ministers-pay-a-tribute-to-fallen-healthcare-workers.html

H.53. Diabetes biggest comorbid factor in COVID-19 deaths: Task force

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/17/diabetes-biggest-comorbid-

factor-in-covid-19-deaths-task-force.html

H.54. 92% of COVID-19 patients in some regions have comorbidities: National

Task Force

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/16/92-of-covid-19-patients-in-

some-regions-have-comorbidities-national-task-force.html

H.55. COVID-19 opens way for educational reform, technology acceleration:

Nadiem

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/18/covid-19-opens-way-for-

educational-reform-technology-acceleration-nadiem.html

H.56. Several patients contracted COVID-19 despite 'never leaving home': Task

force

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/19/several-patients-contracted-

covid-19-despite-never-leaving-home-task-force.html


https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/21/covid-19-indonesia-logs-

record-single-day-infection-spike-of-4176.html

H.58. 160 deaths in one day: Indonesia sets bleak virus record

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/22/160-deaths-in-one-day-

indonesia-sets-bleak-virus-record.html


https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/22/indonesian-health-system-

might-collapse-soon-covid-19-task-force.html

H.60. Changed lives: Symptoms persist in COVID-19 long-haulers


https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/16/smokers-skeptical-about-higher-risks-from-covid-19-survey.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/16/smokers-skeptical-about-higher-risks-from-covid-19-survey.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/16/covid-19-govt-advises-against-wearing-scuba-masks-scarves-over-effectiveness-concerns.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/16/covid-19-govt-advises-against-wearing-scuba-masks-scarves-over-effectiveness-concerns.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/16/covid-19-indonesian-nurses-ministers-pay-a-tribute-to-fallen-healthcare-workers.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/16/covid-19-indonesian-nurses-ministers-pay-a-tribute-to-fallen-healthcare-workers.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/17/diabetes-biggest-comorbid-factor-in-covid-19-deaths-task-force.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/17/diabetes-biggest-comorbid-factor-in-covid-19-deaths-task-force.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/16/92-of-covid-19-patients-in-some-regions-have-comorbidities-national-task-force.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/16/92-of-covid-19-patients-in-some-regions-have-comorbidities-national-task-force.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/18/covid-19-opens-way-for-educational-reform-technology-acceleration-nadiem.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/18/covid-19-opens-way-for-educational-reform-technology-acceleration-nadiem.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/19/several-patients-contracted-covid-19-despite-never-leaving-home-task-force.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/19/several-patients-contracted-covid-19-despite-never-leaving-home-task-force.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/21/covid-19-indonesia-logs-record-single-day-infection-spike-of-4176.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/21/covid-19-indonesia-logs-record-single-day-infection-spike-of-4176.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/22/160-deaths-in-one-day-indonesia-sets-bleak-virus-record.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/22/160-deaths-in-one-day-indonesia-sets-bleak-virus-record.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/22/indonesian-health-system-might-collapse-soon-covid-19-task-force.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/22/indonesian-health-system-might-collapse-soon-covid-19-task-force.html

102

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/23/changed-lives-symptoms-

persist-in-covid-19-long-haulers.html

H.61. Not all face masks equally effective in curbing COVID-19 transmission:

Health Ministry

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/23/not-all-face-masks-equally-

effective-in-curbing-covid-19-transmission-health-ministry.html

H.62. No plans to redefine COVID-19 death: Task force

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/23/no-plans-to-redefine-covid-19-

death-task-force.html

H.63. COVID-19 must serve as turning point for village economy: Jokowi

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/24/covid-19-must-serve-as-

turning-point-for-village-economy-jokowi.html

H.64. Indonesia’s real virus death toll may be 3 times reported figure:

Epidemiologist

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/25/indonesias-real-virus-death-

toll-may-be-3-times-reported-figure-epidemiologist.html

H.65. COVID-19: Aceh, Bali added to list of prioritized provinces

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/28/covid-19-aceh-bali-added-to-

list-of-prioritized-provinces.html

H.66. Asymptomatic transmission poses ever-present threat: COVID-19 task force

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/28/asymptomatic-transmission-

poses-ever-present-threat-covid-19-task-force.html

H.67. COVID-19: Health Ministry forms team to probe doctor deaths

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/29/covid-19-health-ministry-

forms-team-to-probe-doctor-deaths.html

H.68. Use antigen tests for screening but with caution: Experts

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/30/use-antigen-tests-for-screening-

but-with-caution-experts.html

H.69. Public resistance hinders COVID-19 tracing efforts: Task force

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/30/public-resistance-hinders-

covid-19-tracing-efforts-task-force.html

H.70. Task force warns of potential COVID-19 clusters at flood shelters

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/25/task-force-warns-of-potential-

covid-19-clusters-at-flood-shelters.html

H.71. Jokowi demands standardized COVID-19 treatment as cases surge


https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/23/changed-lives-symptoms-persist-in-covid-19-long-haulers.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/23/changed-lives-symptoms-persist-in-covid-19-long-haulers.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/23/not-all-face-masks-equally-effective-in-curbing-covid-19-transmission-health-ministry.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/23/not-all-face-masks-equally-effective-in-curbing-covid-19-transmission-health-ministry.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/23/no-plans-to-redefine-covid-19-death-task-force.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/23/no-plans-to-redefine-covid-19-death-task-force.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/24/covid-19-must-serve-as-turning-point-for-village-economy-jokowi.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/24/covid-19-must-serve-as-turning-point-for-village-economy-jokowi.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/25/indonesias-real-virus-death-toll-may-be-3-times-reported-figure-epidemiologist.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/25/indonesias-real-virus-death-toll-may-be-3-times-reported-figure-epidemiologist.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/28/covid-19-aceh-bali-added-to-list-of-prioritized-provinces.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/28/covid-19-aceh-bali-added-to-list-of-prioritized-provinces.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/28/asymptomatic-transmission-poses-ever-present-threat-covid-19-task-force.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/28/asymptomatic-transmission-poses-ever-present-threat-covid-19-task-force.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/29/covid-19-health-ministry-forms-team-to-probe-doctor-deaths.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/29/covid-19-health-ministry-forms-team-to-probe-doctor-deaths.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/30/use-antigen-tests-for-screening-but-with-caution-experts.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/30/use-antigen-tests-for-screening-but-with-caution-experts.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/30/public-resistance-hinders-covid-19-tracing-efforts-task-force.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/30/public-resistance-hinders-covid-19-tracing-efforts-task-force.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/25/task-force-warns-of-potential-covid-19-clusters-at-flood-shelters.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/25/task-force-warns-of-potential-covid-19-clusters-at-flood-shelters.html

103

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/28/jokowi-demands-standardized-

covid-19-treatment-as-cases-surge.html

H.72. Critics lambast govt over bullish tone in COVID-19 messages

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/29/critics-lambast-govt-over-

bullish-tone-in-covid-19-messages.html

H.73. MUI advises Muslims to pray at home as Indonesia sees increasing

COVID-19 cases

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/10/mui-advises-muslims-to-pray-

at-home-as-indonesia-sees-increasing-covid-19-cases.html

H.74. Indonesia reports higher COVID-19 death rate among children than United

States

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/03/indonesia-reports-higher-covid-

19-death-rate-among-children-than-united-states.html

H.75. Indonesia confirms nearly 4,000 new COVID-19 cases, another daily record

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/16/indonesia-confirms-nearly-

4000-new-covid-19-cases-another-daily-record.html

H.76. Health Ministry says COVID-19 bed capacity still ‘sufficient’ nationwide

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/01/health-ministry-says-covid-19-

bed-capacity-still-sufficient-nationwide.html

H.77. Jokowi mourns medical workers who have fallen to COVID-19

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/02/jokowi-mourns-medical-

workers-who-have-fallen-to-covid-19.html


amid irregularities

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/02/icw-calls-for-increased-

transparency-in-covid-19-related-procurement-amid-irregularities.html

H.79. Medan District Court declared COVID-19 cluster, one judge dies

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/03/medan-district-court-declared-

covid-19-cluster-one-judge-dies.html

H.80. Jokowi asks for 'bureaucratic flexibility' in dealing with pandemic

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/08/jokowi-asks-for-bureaucratic-

flexibility-in-dealing-with-pandemic.html

H.81. IDI calls for creation of protection committee as more doctors die of

COVID-19

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/17/idi-calls-for-creation-of-

protection-committee-as-more-doctors-die-of-covid-19.html


https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/28/jokowi-demands-standardized-covid-19-treatment-as-cases-surge.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/28/jokowi-demands-standardized-covid-19-treatment-as-cases-surge.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/29/critics-lambast-govt-over-bullish-tone-in-covid-19-messages.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/29/critics-lambast-govt-over-bullish-tone-in-covid-19-messages.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/10/mui-advises-muslims-to-pray-at-home-as-indonesia-sees-increasing-covid-19-cases.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/10/mui-advises-muslims-to-pray-at-home-as-indonesia-sees-increasing-covid-19-cases.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/03/indonesia-reports-higher-covid-19-death-rate-among-children-than-united-states.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/03/indonesia-reports-higher-covid-19-death-rate-among-children-than-united-states.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/16/indonesia-confirms-nearly-4000-new-covid-19-cases-another-daily-record.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/16/indonesia-confirms-nearly-4000-new-covid-19-cases-another-daily-record.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/01/health-ministry-says-covid-19-bed-capacity-still-sufficient-nationwide.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/01/health-ministry-says-covid-19-bed-capacity-still-sufficient-nationwide.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/02/jokowi-mourns-medical-workers-who-have-fallen-to-covid-19.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/02/jokowi-mourns-medical-workers-who-have-fallen-to-covid-19.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/02/icw-calls-for-increased-transparency-in-covid-19-related-procurement-amid-irregularities.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/02/icw-calls-for-increased-transparency-in-covid-19-related-procurement-amid-irregularities.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/03/medan-district-court-declared-covid-19-cluster-one-judge-dies.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/03/medan-district-court-declared-covid-19-cluster-one-judge-dies.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/08/jokowi-asks-for-bureaucratic-flexibility-in-dealing-with-pandemic.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/08/jokowi-asks-for-bureaucratic-flexibility-in-dealing-with-pandemic.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/17/idi-calls-for-creation-of-protection-committee-as-more-doctors-die-of-covid-19.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/17/idi-calls-for-creation-of-protection-committee-as-more-doctors-die-of-covid-19.html

104

H.82. NU, Muhammadiyah call for postponement of regional elections over

COVID-19 concerns

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/21/nu-muhammadiyah-call-for-

postponement-of-regional-elections-over-covid-19-concerns.html

H.83. West Java asks central govt for PCR kits to boost testing

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/21/west-java-asks-central-govt-

for-pcr-kits-to-boost-testing.html

H.84. 'COVID-19 is real', govt says as public denial persists

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/22/covid-19-is-real-govt-says-as-

public-denial-persists.html

H.85. COVID-19 doctor tells Jokowi about shortage of healthcare workers in

video call

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/27/covid-19-doctor-tells-jokowi-

about-shortage-of-healthcare-workers-in-video-call.html

H.86. Volunteer in vaccine trial tests COVID-19 positive but may have received a

placebo

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/11/volunteer-in-vaccine-trial-tests-

covid-19-positive-but-may-have-received-a-placebo.html

H.87. Karo regent candidate dies from COVID-19, daughter steps in

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/07/karo-regent-candidate-dies-

from-covid-19-daughter-steps-in.html

H.88. Former deputy foreign minister Dino Patti Djalal tests positive for COVID-

19

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/16/former-deputy-foreign-

minister-dino-patti-djalal-tests-positive-for-covid-19.html

H.89. KPU chairman Arief Budiman tests positive for COVID-19

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/18/kpu-chairman-arief-budiman-

tests-positive-for-covid-19.html

H.90. Pramono Ubaid becomes third KPU commissioner to test positive for

COVID-19

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/20/pramono-ubaid-becomes-third-

kpu-commissioner-to-test-positive-for-covid-19.html

H.91. Religious affairs minister tests positive for COVID-19

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/21/religious-affairs-minister-tests-

positive-for-covid-19.html


https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/21/nu-muhammadiyah-call-for-postponement-of-regional-elections-over-covid-19-concerns.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/21/nu-muhammadiyah-call-for-postponement-of-regional-elections-over-covid-19-concerns.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/21/west-java-asks-central-govt-for-pcr-kits-to-boost-testing.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/21/west-java-asks-central-govt-for-pcr-kits-to-boost-testing.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/22/covid-19-is-real-govt-says-as-public-denial-persists.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/22/covid-19-is-real-govt-says-as-public-denial-persists.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/27/covid-19-doctor-tells-jokowi-about-shortage-of-healthcare-workers-in-video-call.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/27/covid-19-doctor-tells-jokowi-about-shortage-of-healthcare-workers-in-video-call.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/11/volunteer-in-vaccine-trial-tests-covid-19-positive-but-may-have-received-a-placebo.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/11/volunteer-in-vaccine-trial-tests-covid-19-positive-but-may-have-received-a-placebo.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/07/karo-regent-candidate-dies-from-covid-19-daughter-steps-in.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/07/karo-regent-candidate-dies-from-covid-19-daughter-steps-in.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/16/former-deputy-foreign-minister-dino-patti-djalal-tests-positive-for-covid-19.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/16/former-deputy-foreign-minister-dino-patti-djalal-tests-positive-for-covid-19.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/18/kpu-chairman-arief-budiman-tests-positive-for-covid-19.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/18/kpu-chairman-arief-budiman-tests-positive-for-covid-19.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/20/pramono-ubaid-becomes-third-kpu-commissioner-to-test-positive-for-covid-19.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/20/pramono-ubaid-becomes-third-kpu-commissioner-to-test-positive-for-covid-19.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/21/religious-affairs-minister-tests-positive-for-covid-19.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/21/religious-affairs-minister-tests-positive-for-covid-19.html

105


https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/23/berau-regent-h-muharram-dies-

after-testing-positive-for-covid-19.html

H.93. Over 100 of students test positive for COVID-19 in C. Java boarding school

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/25/over-100-of-students-test-

positive-for-covid-19-in-c-java-boarding-school.html

H.94. Over 20 people test positive for COVID-19 at Bali governor's residence

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/26/over-20-people-test-positive-

for-covid-19-at-bali-governors-residence.html

H.95. Maritime spatial planning director general dies of COVID-19

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/28/maritime-spatial-planning-

director-general-dies-of-covid-19.html

H.96. West Sulawesi COVID-19 nurses reportedly dismissed without pay

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/08/west-sulawesi-covid-19-nurses-

reportedly--without-pay.html

H.97. Factory workers in Bekasi required to report daily activities to stem

COVID-19 risk

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/05/factory-workers-in-bekasi-

required-to-report-daily-activities-to-stem-covid-19-risk.html


https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/09/20-covid-19-patients-linked-to-

soto-lamongan-cluster-in-yogyakarta.html

H.99. Indonesian Military deployed for coronavirus fight

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/20/indonesian-military-deployed-

for-coronavirus-fight.html

H.100. In virus-stricken Indonesia, many can't afford to self-quarantine at home

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/15/in-virus-stricken-indonesia-

many-cant-afford-to-self-quarantine-at-home.html

H.101. Public confused about policy on wearing face masks in private vehicles

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/17/public-confused-about-policy-

on-wearing-face-masks-in-private-vehicles.html

H.102. Follow health protocols, IDI urges the public as more Indonesian doctors

die from COVID-19

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/18/follow-health-protocols-idi-

urges-the-public-as-more-indonesian-doctors-die-from-covid-19.html


https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/23/berau-regent-h-muharram-dies-after-testing-positive-for-covid-19.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/23/berau-regent-h-muharram-dies-after-testing-positive-for-covid-19.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/25/over-100-of-students-test-positive-for-covid-19-in-c-java-boarding-school.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/25/over-100-of-students-test-positive-for-covid-19-in-c-java-boarding-school.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/26/over-20-people-test-positive-for-covid-19-at-bali-governors-residence.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/26/over-20-people-test-positive-for-covid-19-at-bali-governors-residence.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/28/maritime-spatial-planning-director-general-dies-of-covid-19.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/28/maritime-spatial-planning-director-general-dies-of-covid-19.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/08/west-sulawesi-covid-19-nurses-reportedly--without-pay.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/08/west-sulawesi-covid-19-nurses-reportedly--without-pay.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/05/factory-workers-in-bekasi-required-to-report-daily-activities-to-stem-covid-19-risk.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/05/factory-workers-in-bekasi-required-to-report-daily-activities-to-stem-covid-19-risk.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/09/20-covid-19-patients-linked-to-soto-lamongan-cluster-in-yogyakarta.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/09/20-covid-19-patients-linked-to-soto-lamongan-cluster-in-yogyakarta.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/20/indonesian-military-deployed-for-coronavirus-fight.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/20/indonesian-military-deployed-for-coronavirus-fight.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/15/in-virus-stricken-indonesia-many-cant-afford-to-self-quarantine-at-home.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/15/in-virus-stricken-indonesia-many-cant-afford-to-self-quarantine-at-home.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/17/public-confused-about-policy-on-wearing-face-masks-in-private-vehicles.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/17/public-confused-about-policy-on-wearing-face-masks-in-private-vehicles.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/18/follow-health-protocols-idi-urges-the-public-as-more-indonesian-doctors-die-from-covid-19.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/18/follow-health-protocols-idi-urges-the-public-as-more-indonesian-doctors-die-from-covid-19.html

106

H.103. Stretched thin, Indonesia deploys medical interns to COVID-19 front lines

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/20/stretched-thin-ri-deploys-

medical-interns-to-covid-19-front-lines.html

H.104. From sweeping to digging, Indonesia gets creative in handling violators of

COVID-19 protocols

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/17/from-sweeping-to-digging-

indonesia-gets-creative-in-handling-violators-of-covid-19-protocols.html

H.105. COVID-19 protocol violators in Probolinggo made to sit in hearse with

casket

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/07/covid-19-protocol-violators-in-

probolinggo-made-to-sit-in-hearse-with-casket.html

H.106. Zumba class organizer in East Lombok fined for neglecting COVID-19

protocol

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/29/zumba-class-organizer-in-east-

lombok-fined-for-neglecting-covid-19-protocol.html

H.107. Police's plan to involve gangs to uphold COVID-19 health protocols

causes concern

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/14/polices-plan-to-involve-gangs-

to-uphold-covid-19-health-protocols-causes-concern.html


https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/08/low-income-patients-will-get-

covid-19-vaccines-for-free-govt-says.html


https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/20/stretched-thin-ri-deploys-medical-interns-to-covid-19-front-lines.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/20/stretched-thin-ri-deploys-medical-interns-to-covid-19-front-lines.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/17/from-sweeping-to-digging-indonesia-gets-creative-in-handling-violators-of-covid-19-protocols.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/17/from-sweeping-to-digging-indonesia-gets-creative-in-handling-violators-of-covid-19-protocols.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/07/covid-19-protocol-violators-in-probolinggo-made-to-sit-in-hearse-with-casket.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/07/covid-19-protocol-violators-in-probolinggo-made-to-sit-in-hearse-with-casket.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/29/zumba-class-organizer-in-east-lombok-fined-for-neglecting-covid-19-protocol.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/29/zumba-class-organizer-in-east-lombok-fined-for-neglecting-covid-19-protocol.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/14/polices-plan-to-involve-gangs-to-uphold-covid-19-health-protocols-causes-concern.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/14/polices-plan-to-involve-gangs-to-uphold-covid-19-health-protocols-causes-concern.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/08/low-income-patients-will-get-covid-19-vaccines-for-free-govt-says.html

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/09/08/low-income-patients-will-get-covid-19-vaccines-for-free-govt-says.html

Documents

THEME-RHEME ANALYSIS OF THE JAKARTA POST HEADLINES …