Theme 1: Surprise Endings

“The Gift of the Magi”“The Lady, or the Tiger”

Literary Terms

• Irony

Irony

Irony

• Discrepancy between what is expected and what happens.

Verbal Irony

Verbal Irony

• When a speaker says one thing but means another (similar to sarcasm)

• When a literal meaning is contrary to its intended effect

BE QUIET!

Dramatic Irony

Dramatic Irony

• Listener or audience understand words or actions that the speaker or character does not

• Adds suspense or humor

Senator Palpatine = Evil

4,5,6 (old Star Wars) 1,2,3 (new Star Wars)

Situational Irony

Situational Irony

• When the result of an action is contrary to the desired or expected effect

Tone

• Author or speaker’s viewpoint of a subject

• An author uses denotation & connotation to develop tone in writing.– Denotation: Literal meaning of a word– Connotation: Associated meaning of a word

(often positive or negative)

Connotation: Positive or Negative?

• Self-confident / conceited• Stubborn / firm• Hard-working / workaholic• Casual / sloppy• Used car / pre-owned car• Warm crackling of a fire / scalding smoke of a

fire

Characterization

• Methods used to reveal the personality of a character

Types of Characters

• Static character: does not undergo any important change from the beginning to the end of the story

• Dynamic character: undergoes a change in attitude, circumstance, or values

Methods of Characterization

• Direct characterization – makes direct statements about character’s personality

• Indirect characterization – reveals a character’s personality though:– Character’s words– Character’s actions– What other characters think about character– What other characters say about character

Theme 2: Suspense!

“The Most Dangerous Game”“The Cask of Amontillado”

Foil

• Literally, a “leaf” of bright metal placed under a jewel to increase its brilliance

• Foil:– A character whose personality or attitude is

opposite that of another character– Through this contrast one character highlights the

characteristics of the other character

Symbol

• Something that on the surface is its literal self but which also has another meaning or even several meanings.

• For example, a sword may be a sword and also symbolize justice.

• A symbol may be said to embody an idea.

Universal Symbols

• Embody universally recognizable meanings wherever used

• Ex: light to symbolize knowledge, a skull to symbolize death, etc.,

Constructed Symbols

• Are given symbolic meaning by the way an author uses them in a literary work,

Symbolism in “Red Death”

• The color red• The ebony clock• The mysterious guest

Mood

• The emotional quality or atmosphere of a story– Can suggest a specific emotion or quality of

setting– Created by descriptive language, figures of speech,

word choice

Mood

• How would you describe the mood of “The Cask of Amontillado”

• How does Poe create this mood?

Foreshadowing

• Author’s use of clues to prepare readers for events that will happen later in the story

Foreshadowing

• When did Poe use foreshadowing in the story?

Suspense

• A feeling of curiosity, uncertainty, or even dread about what is going to happen next.

• Writes increase suspense by giving readers clues as to what might happen.

Suspense

• How does Poe create suspense in his story?

Theme 3: Imagination

“The Secret Life of Walter Mitty”“Gaston”

Figurative Language

• Used to convey something other than the literal meaning of their words

• Enriches our experience while reading

Hyperbole

• “If I had a nickel for every time I told you that, I’d be a millionaire.”

• “Here once the embattled farmers stoodAnd fired the shot heard round the

world.” – Ralph Waldo Emerson

Similes and Metaphors

• Compare two unlike objects• Comparison implies a shared quality

Simile

• Compares two unlike things using “like” or “as”• Examples:– His face was as red as a tomato.• Compared items:• Shared quality:

– The sprinter was like a racecar.• Compared items:• Shared quality:

Metaphor

• Compares two unlike things without using “like” or as”

• Examples:– The thief was a tiger, ready to pounce.• Compared items:• Shared quality:

– The giant’s footsteps were thunder as he walked.• Compared items:• Shared quality:

Personification

• Giving nonhuman or inanimate objects the qualities associated with humans or living creatures.

• Examples:– The clock frowned at me as I dashed out the door.• Human or living quality:

– The puppies played and giggled with one another.• Human or living quality:

Imagery

• Language that specifically appeals to one or more of the five sense.– Sight– Sound– Smell– Taste– Touch

Onomatopoeia

• Word that imitates or suggests the sound it describes– Buzz– Achoo– Pocketa-pocketa

Melodrama

• Sensational plot• Exaggerated emotions