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Theft and Sharing in the Northwoods
Symbiosis
What is Symbiosis?
• “living together”
• A close living relationship between
two different types of organisms
• At least one member of the pair benefits.
• The other member might be:
– Benefitted: mutualism
– Relatively unaffected: commensalism
– Injured: parasitism
Goldenrod Galls: A Parade of Parasites
Eurosta solidaginis (Gall Fly)
Eurytoma gigantea (Parasitic wasp #2)
Mordellistena unicolor (beetle predator)
Chickadees and Downies
Measuring with Calipers
Measuring with Calipers USE millimeters (mm)
(NOT inches)
the plant must expend energy in producing gall tissue, it would be to the plant's advantage to keep the galls small. Hence, plants genetically able to inhibit gall size would be more successful.
Different gall sizes result from genotypic variation in the gall fly and/or the goldenrod plant.
What are genes?
A gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes, which are made up of DNA, act as instructions to make molecules called proteins.
What factors could result in the formation of
different size goldenrod galls? • From the GOLDENROD’s perspective:
• Plant genes might be able to keep the galls small.
• The plant must expend energy in producing gall tissue, it would be to the plant's advantage to keep the galls small.
• Hence, plants genetically able to inhibit gall size would be more successful.
• From the FLY’s perspective:
• Genes could encode for the ability to produce a more or less powerful growth-stimulating chemical which it secretes into the plant.
• Different flies could make different size galls.
• Later-starting flies make smaller galls.
What factors could result in the formation of
different size goldenrod galls?
Natural Selection • The process in nature whereby organisms who are
better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring, and therefore, are able to transmit and perpetuate their genes to succeeding generations.
• The theory of its action was first fully expounded by Charles Darwin and is now believed to be the main process that brings about evolution.
Natural Selection • Genetic variation
– different size galls
• Overproduction of offspring – Lots of babies, not all need to survive
• Struggle for existence – competition for food and space, evading death
• Differential survival and reproduction – Galls in a field may get bigger or smaller
Natural Selection
• If you look at the people around you, are they all the same?
• What would happen if we lived in a world where all the food was kept 6 feet off the ground and there was absolutely no way you could get it if you weren’t tall enough?
• Living things that are best-suited, or adapted, to their environment survive and multiply.
• Those that are not don’t survive.
Natural Selection in a Field of Goldenrod
• What would happen in an area with wasps?
• What would happen in an area with birds?
A Field of Galls
A Field of Galls and Wasps (1)
A Field of Galls and Wasps (2)
A Field of Galls and Birds (1)
A Field of Galls and Birds (2)
Natural Selection • Genetic variation
• Overproduction of offspring
• Struggle for existence
• Differential survival and reproduction
Our Gall Study
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Number of Galls
Gall Diameter in mm
Total Galls per Gall Diameter 2016 Average: 22.78 mm
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Number of Galls
Gall Diameter in mm
Total Galls per Gall Diameter 2017 Average: 22.52 mm
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Number of Galls
Gall Diameter in mm
Total Galls per Gall Diameter 2013-2016 Average: 22.79 mm
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Number of Galls
Gall Diameter in mm
Total Galls per Gall Diameter 2013-2016 Average: 22.50
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Gall Diameter
Birds
Birds
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Number of
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Gall Diameter
Wasp #2
Wasp #2
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Number of
Galls
Gall Diameter
Live Fly Larva 24.3 mm
Fly Larvae
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Number of
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Gall Diameter
Birds 19 mm
Birds
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Number of
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Gall Diameter
Beetles 22.79 mm
Beetles
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Number of
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Gall Diameter
Live Fly Larva
Fly Larvae
2017
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Number of
Galls
Gall Diameter
Live Flies 22.63
Fly Larvae
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Number of
Galls
Gall Diameter
Wasp #2 22.5 mm
Wasp #2
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Number of
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Gall Diameter Beetles
Average 23.5 mm
Beetles
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Number of
Galls
Gall Diameter
Birds 23.55 mm
Birds
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Number of
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Gall Diameter
Live Flies 23.32 mm
Fly Larvae
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Number of
Galls
Gall Diameter
Wasp #2 20.83 mm
Wasp #2
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Number of
Galls
Gall Diameter
Beetles 23.1 mm
Beetles
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Number of
Galls
Gall Diameter
Birds 20.83 mm
Birds
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Number of
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Gall Diameter
Birds
Birds
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Number of
Galls
Gall Diameter
Wasp #2
Wasp #2
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Number of
Galls
Gall Diameter
Live Fly Larva 24.3 mm
Fly Larvae
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10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Number of
Galls
Gall Diameter
Birds 19 mm
Birds
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Number of
Galls
Gall Diameter
Beetles 22.79 mm
Beetles
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Number of
Galls
Gall Diameter
Live Fly Larva
Fly Larvae
2013-2017
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Number of
Galls
Gall Diameter
Live Flies 22.68 mm
Fly Larvae
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Number of
Galls
Gall Diameter
Wasp #2 22.56 mm
Wasp #2
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Number of
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Gall Diameter
Beetles Average 22.13mm
Beetles
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Number of
Galls
Gall Diameter
Birds 23.75 mm
Birds
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Number of
Galls
Gall Diameter
Live Flies 22.81 mm
Fly Larvae
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Number of
Galls
Gall Diameter
Wasp #2 22.09 mm
Wasp #2
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Number of
Galls
Gall Diameter
Beetles Average 22.63 mm
Beetles
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Number of
Galls
Gall Diameter
Birds 23.49 mm
Birds
17.00
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TotalGalls
LiveFlies
Wasp#1
Wasp#2 Beetle Bird
Diameter in mm
Mean Diameter per Creature 2017
Total Galls
Live Flies
Wasp #1
Wasp#2
Beetle
Bird
17.00
18.00
19.00
20.00
21.00
22.00
23.00
24.00
25.00
TotalGalls
Live FliesWasp #1 Wasp#2 Beetle Bird
Diameter in mm
Mean Diameter per Creature 2013-2017
Total Galls
Live Flies
Wasp #1
Wasp#2
Beetle
Bird
What could go wrong? What could affect the quality of
our data?
What could we change and do better for next time?
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