The_Concept_of_English_Sentence_Units.ppt

8/14/2019 The_Concept_of_English_Sentence_Units.ppt

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The Concept of

English SentenceUnits

Fuad Cholisi, drs., M.Sc., M.Phil

Centre for Languages and Cultures

Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember


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Sentence Units

WORD

SENTENCE

CLAUSE

PHRASE

WORD


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Word

The smallest of the units that make up asentence

A single item belonging to some lexicalcategoryhaving an identifiable meaning

Examples: engine---- the lexical category of noun (N)

run ----- the lexical category of verb (V)

new ----- the lexical category of adjective (A)

always----- the lexical category of adverb (Adv)


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Phrase

A group or string of words which is not aclause (taking neither a Subject nor aPredicate)

Functioning as one of the lexicalcategories, for examples: complicated device ----- noun phrase (NP)

has severely damaged----- verb phrase (VP)

definitely wrong ----- adjectival phrase(AP)of high intelligence inA girl of high intelligence

in June inShe bought the car in june-----adverbial phrase (AdvP): function

verypossibly(AdvP)


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Independent(can stand by itself)

e.g. You can find any informationon the World Wide Web

Clause

Dependent(part of an independent

clause)

e.g. - When you log on the Internet, ..

- that it is a new method.


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Sentence

A string of words which is regardedas capableofstanding alone toexpress a coherent thought

It should consist of at least oneindependent clause (S + Predicate)


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Grammatical Functions

A sentence may be seen ascomprising five GramaticalFunctions:

Subject (S)

Verb (V) also referred to as Predicate

Object (O) it can be direct or

indirect Adjunct/Adverbial (A)

Complement (C)


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Simple-Sentence Patterns (1)

S + V

Rachel is working

S + V + C

Google is a search engine

S + V + A

He will work in the laboratory

S + V + OThey have completed the project

S + V + O indirect + O direct

The boy sent the girl flowers


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Simple-Sentence Patterns (2)

Alternative:

S + V + Odirect + prep + Oindirect

The boy sent flowers to the girl

S + V + O + AThe scienctist has made his experiment carefully

S + V + O + CPeople have elected him governor

S + V + O + C + APeople elected him governor last week


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Compound Sentence

A compound sentence consists of twoor more independent clauses joinedby a coordinator such as

conjunctions, semicolons, orconjunctive adverbs (e.g. in contrast,consequently,etc).


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Conjunctions

They include the set of words suchas: and, but, for, or, nor, so, andyet.

They show the following relations: Simple addition:The experiment didnt work as expected, andthe team decided to stop it

Addition of a Negative Point:Many people have never accessed theInternet, norhave

they been familiar with any IT jargons.


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Contrast:

The project is faced with a serious problem, but

the experts insist that they will continue it.

Logical Consequence:

He never went to the lab, forhe is allergic to

chemical substances.The substance is very sensitive to heat, so it isstored in the fridge

Choice:

You can go to the library to search for references,

oryou can browse in the Internet


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Complex Sentence

A complex sentencehas an independentclause joined by one or more dependent(subordinating) clauses.

The clausesare connected by a

subordinator such as because, since,after, althoughor when, if or a relativepronoun such as that, whoor which, what,why

The dependent clausemay be the first orsecond clause in the sentence If the first is dependent, a comma usually

separates the two clauses


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Examples:1. If you miss me,just call my name.

2. The boss sacked himsince he didnt show up forwork for a week.

3. Although I love her, I wouldnt mind loosing herfor her happiness.

4. The girlthat he lovesloves another man.

5. When I need youI just close my eyes, and I amwith you.

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The_Concept_of_English_Sentence_Units.ppt