The Writings of Robert L. Heilbroner (as of 28 January 1992)

(each category in order of publication)

Books and Pamphlets

The Worldly Philosophers (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1952) revised editions, 1961, 1967, 1972, 1980, 1986, 1992 (update).

The Quest for Wealth (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1956). The Future as History (New York: Harper & Bros., 1959, 1960). The Making of Economic Society (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall,

1962) revised editions, 1968, 1970, 1972, 1975, 1980, 1985, 1989, 1992 (forthcoming).

The Great Ascent (New York: Harper & Row, 1963). A Primer on Government Spending (with Peter L. Bernstein) (New York: Ran­

dom House, 1963) revised edition, 1970. The Limits of American Capitalism (New York: Harper & Row, 1965, 1966). Automation in the Perspective of Long-Term Technological Change, US Depart­

ment of Labour, 1966 (pamphlet). Understanding Macroeconomics (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1965)

revised editions, 1968, 1972; (with Lester Thurow) 1975, 1978, 1981, 1984; (with James Galbraith) 1987, 1989.

Understanding Microeconomics (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1968) revised edition, 1972; (with Lester Thurow) 1975, 1978, 1981, 1984; (with James Galbraith) 1987, 1989.

The Economic Problem (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1968) revised editions, 1970, 1972; (with Lester Thurow) 1975, 1978, 1981, 1984; (with James Galbraith) 1987, 1989.

Between Capitalism and Socialism (New York: Random House, 1970). Business Civilization in Decline (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1976). An Inquiry into The Human Prospect (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1974)

revised editions, 1980, 1991. The Economic Transformation of America (with Aaron Singer) (New York:

Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976) revised edition, 1984. Beyond Boom and Crash (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1978). Marxism: For and Against (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1980). Five Economic Challenges (with Lester Thurow) (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice

Hall, 1981). Economics Explained (with Lester Thurow) (New York: Simon & Schuster,

1982) revised editions, 1987, 1993 (forthcoming).

377

378 The Writings of Robert L. Heilbroner

The Nature and Logic of Capitalism (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1985). The Act of Work, Library of Congress, Washington, 1985. The Essential Adam Smith (with Laurence J. Malone) (New York: W. W. Norton,

1986; also London: Oxford University Press, 1986). Behind the Veil of Economics (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1988). The Debt and the Deficit: False Alarms, Real Possibilities (with Peter Bernstein)

(New York: W. W. Norton, 1989).

Edited books

Economic Means and Social Ends: Essays in Political Economics (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1969).

In the Name of Profit (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1972). Corporate Social Policy: Selections from Business and Society Review (with Paul

London) (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Publishing, 1972). Is Economics Relevant? (with Arthur Ford) (Pacific Palisades, Cal.: Goodyear

Publishing Co., Inc., 1971) revised edition, 1976.

Essays in books (partial listing)

'The American Poor', Man and Modern Society, K. De Schweinitz and K. W. Thompson (eds) (New York: Holt, 1953).

'Communicating Economic Research: As a Writer Sees It', Report on the Confer­ence on Communicating Economic Research (Hanover, New Hampshire: Amos Tuck School, 1957).

'The Impact of Technology', Automation and Technological Change (American Assembly, Englewoods Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1962).

'The View from the Top: Reflections on a Changing Business Ideology', The Business Establishment, E. Cheit (ed.) (New York: Wiley & Sons, 1964).

'Which Goals for the Future?', Manpower Policies for Youth, National Commit­tee on Employment of Youth, E. Cohen and L. Kapp (eds) (New York: Columbia University Press, 1966).

'Counter-revolutionary America', A Dissenter's Guide to Foreign Irving Howe (ed.) (New York: Praeger, 1968) and 'Rebuttal', op. cit.

'On the Limited Relevance of Economics', Capitalism Today, Daniel Bell and Irving Kristol (eds) (New York: Basic Books, 1971).

'The Roots of Social Neglect in the United States', Is Law Dead?, E. V. Rostow (ed.) (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1971).

'Do Machines Make History?' Technology and Culture, M. Kranzberg and W. H. Davenport (eds) (New York: Schocken Books, 1972). Also reprinted in (See listing under ''Technological Determinism Revisited", below).

'Adam Smith', Encyclopedia Britannica, 1974. 'Economic Systems', Encyclopedia Britannica, 1991. 'The Paradox of Progress: Decline and Decay in the Wealth of Nations', Essays

The Writings of Robert L. Heilbroner 379

on Adam Smith, A. S. Skinner and T. Wilson, (eds) (New York: Oxford, 1975, 1976).

'Was Schumpeter Right?', Schumpeter's Vision, A. Heertje (ed.) (New York: Praeger, 1981).

'What is Socialism?', Beyond the Welfare State, Irving Howe (ed.) (New York: Schocken, 1982).

'John D. Rockefeller', Historical Viewpoints, John Garraty (ed.) (New York: Harper & Row, 1983).

'Capitalism as Gestalt: A Contrast of Visions', Free Market Conservatism, Edward Nell (ed.) (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1984).

'The Nature and Logic of Capitalism According to Adam Smith', Beschaftigung, Verteilung und Konjunctur (Festschrift fiir Adolph Lowe, Bremen: Universita Bremen, 1984).

'Economics and Political Economy: Marx, Keynes, and Schumpeter', Marx, Schumpeter and Keynes, Suzanne Helburn and David Bramhall (eds) (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1986).

'Realities and Appearances in Capitalism', Corporations and the Common Good, Robert B. Dickie and Leroy S. Rouner (eds) (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1986).

'Wealth', The New Palgrave, John Eatwell, Murray Milgate, and Peter Newman (eds) (New York and London: Macmillan, 1988).

'Capitalism', The New Palgrave, supra cit. 'Rhetoric and Ideology', The Consequences of Economic Rhetoric, Klamer,

McCloskey and Solow (eds) (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988). 'Economics as Ideology', Economics as Discourse, Warren Samuels (ed.) (Bos­

ton: Kluwer, 1990). 'Economic Systems', Encyclopedia Britannica, (1991). 'Socialism', The Fortune Encyclopedia of Economics, David Henderson (ed.)

1993 (forthcoming). 'The Future of Capitalism', in Sea-Changes: American Foreign Policy in a World

Transformed, Nicolas X. Rizopoulos (ed.) (New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1990).

'Technological Determinism Revisited', in a book edited by Merrit Roe Smith, MIT Press, forthcoming.

'The Economic View of Progress', in The Idea of Progress Revisited, Leo Marx and Bruce Mazlish (eds), (forthcoming).

Articles

(partial listing, not including shorter, miscellaneous articles in The Commercial and Financial Chronicle (1946); in American Business Magazine (1946-1950); and on the OpEd page of the New York Times, 1980-1991; also in Challenge, The Nation, The New School Commentator, The New York Times business section and special supplements, other).

380 The Writings of Robert L. Heilbroner

'Saving and Investment: Dynamic Aspects', American Economic Review, De­cember 1942.

'Labour Unrest in the British Nationalized Sector', Social Research, March, 1952.

'Epitaph for the Steel Master', American Heritage, August 1960. 'The Revolution of Economic Development', American Scholar, Autumn, 1962. 'The Share-the-Tax Revenue Plan', New York Times Sunday Magazine, Decem-

ber 27, 1964. 'Is Economic Theory Possible?', Social Research, Summer, 1966. 'Rhetoric and Reality in the Struggle Between Business and the State', Social

Research, Autumn, 1968. 'The Multinational Corporation and the Nation State', New York Review, Febru­

ary 11, 1971. 'A Radical View of Socialism', Social Research, Spring, 1972. 'Ecological 'Balance' and the 'Stationary' State (with Jack Allentuck), Land

Economics, August 1972. 'Growth and Survival', Foreign Affairs, October 1972. 'The Paradox of Progress: Decline and Decay in the Wealth of Nations', Journal

of the History of Ideas, April 1973. 'Economic Problems of a 'Post-Industrial' Society', Dissent, Spring 1973. 'Economics as a 'Value Free' Science', Social Research, Spring 1973. 'The Clouded Crystal Ball', American Economic Association, Papers and Pro­

ceedings, May 1974. 'What Is The Human Prospect?', New York Review, January 24, 1976. 'Marxism, Psychoanalysis and the Problem of a Unified Theory of Behaviour',

Social Research, Autumn,l975. 'Homage to Adam Smith', Challenge, March-April, 1976. 'Boom and Crash', The New Yorker, August 28, 1976. 'Middle Class Myths; Middle Class Realities', Atlantic, October, 1976. 'Inescapable Marx', New York Review, June 29, 1978. 'Modern Economics as a Chapter in the History of Economic Thought', History

of Political Economy, Vol. 11, No.2, 1979; also included in Mark Blaug (ed.) The Historiography of Economics (London: Elgar, 1991).

'Inflationary Capitalism', The New Yorker, October 8, 1979. 'Adolph Lowe', Journal of Economic Issues, June 1980. 'The Demand for the Supply Side', New York Review, June 11, 1981. 'The Socialization of the Individual in Adam Smith', History of Political Economy,

Vol. 2, 1982. 'The Problem of Value in the Constitution of Economic Thought', Social Re­

search, Summer 1983. 'Economic Prospects', The New Yorker, August 29, 1983 (first prize, Gerald R.

Loeb Awards for Distinguished Financial and Business Journalism). 'Perceptions and Misperceptions: How Economists and the Public See Economics

-and Each Other', Journal of Economic and Monetary Affairs, Middlebury,

The Writings of Robert L. Hei/broner 381

Vt., International Institute for Economic Advancement, July 1987. 'Hard Times', New Yorker, September, 1987 (first prize, Gerald R. Loeb A wards). 'The Coming Meltdown of Traditional Capitalism', Ethics and International

Affairs, No. 2, 1988. 'The Deficit', New York Times, September 4, 1988. 'The Triumph of Capitalism', The New Yorker, Sept. 23, 1989. 'Rereading the Affluent Society', Journal of Economic Issues, Fall, 1989. 'Seize the Day', New York Review of Books, Feb. 15, 1990. 'After Communism', New Yorker, Sept. 10, 1990. 'Rethinking the Past, Re-hoping the Future', Social Research, Fall, 1990. 'The World After Communism', Dissent, Fall, 1990 (adapted in Harper's, Jan.

1991). 'Analysis and Vision in the History of Modem Economic Thought', J. Econ. Lit.,

Sept., 1990. 'Economics as Universal Science', Social Research, Summer, 1991. 'Economic Predictions', New Yorker, July 22, 1991. 'Thoughts on The Triumph of Capitalism', The American Prospect, Fall, 1991. 'Lifting the Silent Depression', New York Review of Books, October 23, 1991. 'Thedeficit', Nation, Jan. 27, 1992.

Reviews and Review Articles (partial listing by author and volume, not by title of review)

Joseph Schumpeter, History of Economic Analysis, The Nation, n.d. (1953). Edmund Stillman and William Pfaff, The Politics of Hysteria, New York Review,

Feb. 20, 1964. Kenneth Boulding, The Meaning of the 20th Century, Book Week, January 17,

1965. Seymour Melman, Pentagon Capitalism, New York Review, July 23, 1970. W. W. Rostow, Politics and the Stages of Growth, New York Times Book Review,

August I, 1971. Bertell Oilman, Alienation: Marx's Conception of Man in Capitalist Society, and

Walter Weisskopf, Alienation and Economics, New York Review, March 9, 1972.

'Radical Economics: A Review Essay', American Political Science Review, Sep­tember, 1972.

Barrington Moore, Reflections in the Causes of Human Misery, New York Review, October 5, 1972.

David P. Calleo and Benjamin Rowland, America and the World Political Economy, New York Review, November 29, 1973.

Harry Braverman, Labour and Monopoly Capital, New York Review, January 23, 1975.

'Kenneth Boulding, Collected Papers: A Review Article', Journal of Economic Issues, March, 1975.

382· The Writings of Robert L. Heilbroner

Charles E. Lindblom, Politics and Markets, New York Times Book Review, February 19, 1978.

Milton and Rose Friedman, Free to Choose: A Personal Statement, New York Review, April 17, 1980.

Alfred Eichner, A Guide to Post Keynesian Economics, New York Review, Febru­ary 21, 1980.

Albert Hirschman, Essays in Trespassing and Shifting Involvements, New York Review, June 24, 1982.

Michael Piore and Charles Sabel, The Second Industrial Divide, New York Times Book Review, January 6, 1985.

Guy Routh, Economics: An Alternative Text, Journal of Economic Literature, March, 1986.

Donald N. McCloskey, The Rhetoric of Economics, New York Review, April 24, 1986.

Robert Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes, Vol. I, New York Times Book Review, May 11, 1986.

Eli Sagan, At the Dawn of Tyranny, Monthly Review, September, 1986. John Kenneth Galbraith, Economics in Perspective, New York Review, November

5, 1987. Friedrich Hayek, The Fatal Conceit, The Nation, April, 1989. The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, (eds) John Eatwell, Peter Newman,

and Murray Milgate, New York Review, March 3, 1988. Herbert Stein, Governing A $5 Trillion Dollar Economy, Challenge, Aug/Sept,

1989. Michael Harrington, Socialism, Past and Future, Dissent, Fall, 1989. John Donahue, The Privatization Decision, New York Times Book Review, Dec.

17, 1989. Alfred Chandler, Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism, New

York Review, October 11, 1990. Robert Kuttner, The End of Laissez-Faire, National Purpose and the Global

Economy After the Cold War, Dissent, Summer, 1991. Patricia Werhane, Adam Smith and his Legacy for Modern Capitalism, Journal of

Economic Studies, 1992 (forthcoming).

Interviews and Profiles (partial listing)

Business Week, September 30, 1972. Bill Moyers' Journal, WNET interview, April23, 1974. Science, August 16, 1974. Psychology Today, February, 1975. A Biographical Dictionary of Dissenting Economists, ed. Philip Arestis and

Malcolm Sawyer (Edward Elgar, 1992). Hearings before the Subcommittee on the Environment, House of Representa­

tives, Serial No. 93-55, pp. 33-51.

The Writings of Robert L. Heilbroner

Current Biography, H. H. Wilson Co., June, 1976. World Authors, 1980-1985, H. H. Wilson Co., 1991 pp. 402-5. US News and World Report, March 8, 1976. Chronicle of Higher Education, October 16, 1978. Public Opinion, April/May, 1980. Challenge, October/November, 1982.

383

Arnold Heertje, The U.S.A. in the World Economy (San Francisco, Freeman, Cooper & Co., 1984) pp. 58--67.

Loren J. Okroi, Galbraith, Harrington, Heilbroner: Economics and Dissent in an Age of Optimism (Princeton, N.J., Princeton Univ. Press, 1988).

New Perspectives Quarterly, Fall, 1989. Forbes Magazine, May 27, 1991.

Index

absolutism, Marx and 245-6 abstinence theory of profits 341-2

Marx and 343-4 surplus versus 349-53

abstract labour 56, 65, 248-50 abundance 362-3 accumulation, capital 2

Heilbroner and 5-6 markets and 4, 9 Marx 342-9; surplus versus

abstinence 349-53 paradigms 43 profit and 336-9; inducement to

invest 339-42 see also capitalism; investment

acquired characteristics, inheritance of 34, 59-60, 63

action classical individuality and 198-9 purposeful 53-5 Smith 214, 216-17, 218-19

Adam and Eve 202-4 adversity 237 Aeschylus 201, 233 Agamemnon 201, 233 agricultural productivity 312-15,

316-17 Alchian, A. A. 25, 45, 50 Alic, J. A. 90 alienation 254, 255, 366-9, 371 allocation, political 356-8, 359 allocative efficiency 150-1 Althusser, L. 242 altruism 26, 63 American System of Manufactures 83 Anglican church 233 anthropology, philosophical see

philosophical anthropology appearance form relations 271, 298, 301

exchange value and value 282-6, 300 money and capital 280-1 universal circulation and capitalist

production 290-6 Arendt, H. 231 Aristotelian principle of justice 266-7 Aristotle 196-7, 206, 208, 229, 231,

232,237,366

and equality 249 natural history 221, 232 Smith and 227-8

Arkwright, R. 331, 333 Arrow, K. J. 64 Artigiani, R. 39 ascendancy 40 Ashton, T. S. 327, 328, 331 Asia 154-5 Aspect, A. 30 atom, individuality and 195, 195-6,

211-12 Austrian economics 43, 55-6 authentic common life 256 automobile production 80, 94, 95, 100 autonomy 253-5

self-realization, justice and 259-66 Ayres, R. 78, 95, 101

Babbage, C. 333 Baldini, J. P. 136 Barbon, N. 205-7, 234 Barro, R. 112-13 Bartley, R. 139 Bass, B. L. 65 Bate, W. Jackson 235 Battalio, R. C. 25 Becker, G. S. 25, 35, 38 behaviour 26, 48-9

see also neo-Darwinism Belkin, D. 357 Bentham, J. 209, 211-12, 235 Berger, S. 84 Bergson, H. 25 Berle, A. 151, 160 Bernheim, D. B. 113, 139 Bernstein, P. 107, 108, 109, 120, 121-2,

139 government spending 119-20 inflation 141

Bhaskar, R. 63 biogenetic law 61 Birdzell, L. E. 85 Black, R. D. Collison 64 Blank, R. M. 167 Blaug, M. 62, 344, 345, 348, 350, 353

surplus 343, 349

384

and equality 249 natural history 221, 232 Smith and 227-8

Arkwright, R. 331, 333 Arrow, K. J. 64 Artigiani, R. 39 ascendancy 40 Ashton, T. S. 327, 328, 331 Asia 154-5 Aspect, A. 30 atom, individuality and 195, 195-6,

211-12 Austrian economics 43, 55-6 authentic common life 256 automobile production 80, 94, 95, 100 autonomy 253-5

self-realization, justice and 259-66 Ayres, R. 78, 95, 101

Babbage, C. 333 Baldini, J. P. 136 Barbon, N. 205-7, 234 Barro, R. 112-13 Bartley, R. 139 Bass, B. L. 65 Bate, W. Jackson 235 Battalio, R. C. 25 Becker, G. S. 25, 35, 38 behaviour 26, 48-9

see also neo-Darwinism Belkin, D. 357 Bentham, J. 209, 211-12, 235 Berger, S. 84 Bergson, H. 25 Berle, A. 151, 160 Bernheim, D. B. 113, 139 Bernstein, P. 107, 108, 109, 120, 121-2,

139 government spending 119-20 inflation 141

Bhaskar, R. 63 biogenetic law 61 Birdzell, L. E. 85 Black, R. D. Collison 64 Blank, R. M. 167 Blaug, M. 62, 344, 345, 348, 350, 353

surplus 343, 349

Blinder, A. S. 165, 167, 172 Bluestone, B. 170, 171-2, 321 body, individuality and 210 Bohm, D. 30, 63 borrowing, deficits and 115-17, 130,

139-40 see also debt dependency

Boulding, K. E. 64 bourgeois society 247-8 Bowles, S. 101, 140, 142, 324 Bradley, I. 319 breakdown of trust 64 Brown, C. 333 Brown, E. H. Phelps 323, 326 Brus, W. 356 Buchanan, A. 266 budget constraints 30-1, 31-2 budget deficits, US 107-38, 166

Eisner and 'real' 120-6 growth of Ill, 130-1, 165 neo-Keynesianism and crowding

out 114-20 new classical economics and Ricardian

equivalence 111-13 post-war economic performance

110-11 structural change and 126-38; debt

dependency 128-9; demand stimulus 131-3; financial fragility 133-4; income redistribution 135-6; internationalization 129-30; monetary policy 134-5; stagnation 126-8

bureaucracies 362 business tax incentives 117-18 Business Week Team 321 Buss, L. W. 64

Cadell, W. 332 Cairns, J. 47 Campbell, R. H. 331-2 Cantillon, R. 325 capacities, innate 251-5

see also autonomy; self-realization capital

accumulation see accumulation basic form and universal

circulation 290-6 consumption of 351-2 industrial 278 merchants' 269-71, 277, 278

Index

money first form of 271-2, 280-1 specifically capitalist 271-6;

defining 272-3 usurers' 271, 273, 277, 278

capital budgeting 120, 122-3 capitalism 376

democracy and 265 Heilbroner and see Heilbroner Marx and see Marx self-realization and 251, 258-9 Smith and 2

385

and state intervention 145-59; liberal capitalism and growth 152-3; shrinking state and managed capitalism 157-9; Thatcherism and growth 155-6

see also commodity Came-Ross, D. S. 232 Carron Company 331-2 Carter, J. 175 Castellana, R. 267 cell-adhesion molecule (CAM) 65 Chandler, A. D. 82, 101 Charlesworth, D. 65 Cherry, R. 43, 64, 140 China 335 choice see preferences Chomsky, N. 65 Christensen, P. P. 38 Christian account of individuality

compared with classical account 196-204,231,232, 233; adversity 237

Locke 205 Smith 213-29 passim and Utilitarianism 209-13

Churchill, W. S. 233 circulation 4, 271, 280-1

defining capital 272-3 production and 278 universal 290-6, 296-7, 297, 300

Clark, N. 83 class 191

conflict 261, 263 markets and 4-5, 190-1 Quesnay's Tableaux 306-7

classical account of individuality 189 compared with Christian

account 196-204, 231, 232, 233; path to goodness 237

18th-century political economy 204-9 Smith 213-29 passim

386

classical economics 190--1, 191-2, 375 division of labour 225-6 Marx's critique of 367 Smith and 193-4

Coase, R. H. 45 Coats, A. W. 333 cognitive absolutism 245, 246 cognitive relativism 245 Cohen, S. S. 90 Coleridge, S. T. 235 commerce see trade commodification 366, 371 commodity, analysis of 269, 296-8

specifically capitalist 281-90; universality 282-90, 296

universal circulation 290-6 see also capitalism

commodity fetishism 369-70, 371 common interest 260, 261-2, 262-3 Commons, J. R. 352, 353 communism, justice and 244, 245-6,

255,261-3,266,267 competition 361

policy analysis and 17-18 technological advance 80--1

complex societies 358-60 computer-based mechanization 76, 81,

81-2, 86-9, 99-100 and employment 89-98

computer-intensity 90, 101 conflict

class 261 , 263 technological development 77-9 tragic 200--1, 233

congealed labour 286, 287-8 consumer preferences 27, 35, 50--2, 361 consumer sovereignty 361-2 consumption

investment and 340--2,343-4,351-2 Quesnay's Tableaux 307, 318, 320 surplus value and 274-5

continuity of production 80--1, 82-3 control of labour 6, 330--3 Converse, P. E. 172 cost-benefit analysis 16-21 Costabile, L. 353 Costrell, R. M. 89 craft manufacturing 76, 77-8, 100

see also traditional industries credit demand 115-17, 130, 139-40

see also debt dependency crisis of intervention 162

see also state

Index

Cropsey, J. 372 crowding out 114-20 cunning of reason 256 customary consciousness 208 cyclical deficits 120--1, 122, 123, 130--1 cytoplasm 59

Daly, H. E. 38 Danziger, S. 165 Darwin, C. 24, 34, 63 Darwinism 24-5, 62

see also neo-Darwinism Dawkins, R. 34, 49 De Soto, H. 150, 157-8, 158, 160 DeBrunhoff, S. 298 debt dependency 109,115-17,128-9,

130, 133-4 see also credit demand

decline see stagnation decommodification 371 deficits, budget see budget deficits demand

deficit as stimulus 120, 121; weakened by structural change 131-3

growth and innovation 42 investment and 337-8, 340--1 Kaldor 317 Quesnay's Tableaux 310--15,317 stimulation by state 148-9

demand management 163, 164-5 democracy 264-6 Demsetz, H. 45 dependence, personal 266 Depew, D. 25, 40, 47, 49, 50 Dertouzos, M. L. 100 developing countries see Third World development, evolution and 61 Dickey, L. 236, 238 discipline, labour 6, 330--3 dissipative structures 39, 64 distribution 359

see also equality; income distribution division of labour

Marx 248, 260, 261, 265, 357 Smith 41-2, 190--1, 213, 220;

individuality 224-6; pin factory 327-30

DNA 34,48 Dobb, M. 353 Dobzhansky, T. 34 Dosi, G. 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51 Douglas, P. H. 326

Index 387

Driesch, H. 50 Duhring, E. 305 Duijn,J.J. van 43 Dunlop, J. T. 168 Dunn, J. 231, 238

Eagly, R. V. 320 Eatwell, J. 62, 321 ecological economics 3~0 economic policy

decline of post-war US consensus 163-9

for growth and equality 182-4 Edelman, G. M. 49-50, 65 Edsall, T. B. 166, 169, 181 education

individuality and 198, 232, 233 us 167, 168 of workers 329

Edwards, R. 85, 89, 100-1 efficiency

allocative 150-1 economic and technological

development 79 management 151-2 neo-classical paradigm 22-3

efficiency wage theory 322, 323-4, 330, 331

Einaudi, L. 320 Eisner, R. 109, 130-l, 136, 139, 165

'real budget deficits' 120-6, 140 · Eldredge, N. 64, 65 electricity 85 Elster, J. 54, 267 employment 171-2, 178-9

technological change and 75, 76-7, 99-100; computer-based mechanization 89-98; industrial robots 95-8; recent structural trends 89-95

see also high employment deficits Empson, W. 234 endosomatic instruments 40-1 endowments, Quesnay's Tableaux

and 307 Engels, F. 242, 261, 300, 319, 345

commodification 366 commodity fetishism 369-70 communist society 267, 356, 357, 362 justice 243-4 markets 356

England 155, 338 Englis, K. 24

entrepreneurship 3, 42-3 entropylaw 29-30,39,63,63-4 environment 376

human prospect 9-10 neo-classical paradigm 50-2 neo-Darwinism 52-3

equality labour and 248-9 social ownership 370-1 US: economic policy for 182-4;

growth and 173-7; political planning for growth 177-82; post­war policy consensus 163, 167-8; socio-economic change in 1980s 172-3

see also income distribution ethical relativism 245, 245-6 European Community 156, 157 Eve and Adam 202-4 evil, good and 197, 199-200, 231-2

see also Christian account of individuality

evolution 28, 62 development and 61 irreversibility 41, 64 see also Darwinism; neo-Darwinism

exchange 290 Quesnay's Tableaux 307-9 see also trade

exchange value 282-6, 300 exploitation 263-4 export orientation 153

Faber, M. 38 factories

discipline 330-3 effect on workers 327-30 size increases 85-6

factors of production 30-2, 37-41 neo-classical paradigm 30-1, 37-9;

fungibility 45-6 neo-Darwinist paradigm 31-2, 40-1

Fall, the 202-4 Fanuc 87 Federal Reserve 134-5 Fenn, J. B. 28-9 financial fragility 133-4 firm

Hobbesian 324 neo-classical paradigm 27-8; 30-1,

46, 55;penormance 45 Fischer, S. 127 fitness function maximization 26, 32

388 Index

five-dollar day 323-4 Flamm, K. 96 flexible manufacturing systems

(FMS) 87 flexibility 81, 83, 84-5, 87-8, 101 Foley, V. 333 Ford, D. H. 54 Ford, H. 323-4 Ford Motor Company 85 Fox, S. W. 49 fragility, financial 133-4 Frank, R. 24 Frankena, W. K. 266 freedom 369-70, 371 Freeman, C. 75~. 88 Freeman, R. B. 168, 169 Friedman, B. M. 114, 117-18, 165 Friedman,M. 15,16-17,19,20,65 fungibility of technique 4~. 55, 65

Gadamer, H. 48 Galbraith, J. K. 52 Gambetta, D. 24, 46 gas law 28-9, 29 general commodity production 280, 298 General Electric 87 genes 47-8

fuzziness 48-9 as information 34-5

genotype 27,33-4,46-50,63 defmite 34, 48-50 exogenous 33-4,46-8

Georgescu-Roegen, N. 39 Geras, N. 266, 267 Gerschenkron, A. 147, 159 Ghiselin, M. T. 25 gill slits 61 Gintis, H. 142, 361 goals 295, 302 Gold, J. 95 goldsmiths 32~ good and evil 197, 199-200, 231-2

see also Christian account of individuality

Goodwin, B. C. 50, 59 Gordon, D. M. 85, 89, 100-l, 101, 140 Gould, S. J. 49, 61, 65 government spending

budget deficits and 137-8; composition 120, 122-3, 138-9; crowding out 119-20

and growth 318 US growth 165

Gram, H. 26 Grasse, P-P. 47, 65 Great Society/New Deal consensus

163-9 growth

Kaldor's laws 316-17 Marxian scenario 346-8 Quesnay's Tableaux 310, 315,

316-17; industrial policy 317-19 state intervention and 145, 152-7,

158-9; liberal capitalism in Third World 152-3; Soviet 156-7; Thatcherism 15~; Third World 153-5

transformational 43 US 161-84; economic policy for

growth and equality 182-4; economic theory 173-7; equality and 163-4, 173; equity, politics and 177-82; land tenure 338; state and 155~. 157

see also stagnation Gurley, J. 128-9

Habermas, J. 235 Haeckel, E. 61 Hall, B. G. 64 Hamilton, A. 107 Harris, M. C. 90 Harrison, B. 170,171-2,321 Hasan, P. 160 Haveman, R. 172 hedonic wage theory 323 Hegel, G. W. F. 230,235,248, 256 Heidegger, M. 302 Heilbroner, R. L. l, 56, 109, 120, 160,

161,236,241,333,372 capitalism 8; future prospects 9-10,

376; and political sphere 183; power and 350; reform 8-9; as regime 5~; scepticism 8; state intervention 145, 145~. 149, 158, 159

crisis of intervention 162 deficits 107-8, 121-2; crowding

out 119-20, 139 development 6 economics 1-2, 11; historical change

and 22, 108 human prospect 10 infancy 6-7 inflation 141

Gram, H. 26 Grasse, P-P. 47, 65 Great Society/New Deal consensus

163-9 growth

Kaldor's laws 316-17 Marxian scenario 346-8 Quesnay's Tableaux 310,

316-17; industrial policy state intervention and

158-9; liberal capitalism World 152-3; Soviet Thatcherism 15~; World 153-5

transformational 43 US 161-84; economic policy for

growth and equality 182-4; economic theory 173-7; equality and 163-4, 173; equity, politics and 177-82; land state and 155~. 157

see also stagnation Gurley, J. 128-9

Habermas, J. 235 Haeckel, E. 61 Hall, B. G. 64 Hamilton, A. 107 Harris, M. C. 90 Harrison, B. 170,171-2,321 Hasan, P. 160 Haveman, R. 172 hedonic wage theory 323 Hegel, G. W. F. 230,235,248, Heidegger, M. 302 Heilbroner, R. L. l,

capitalism 8; future 376; and political power and 350; regime 5~; scepticism 8; state intervention 145, 145~. 149, 158, 159

crisis of intervention 162 deficits 107-8, 121-2; crowding

out 119-20, 139 development 6 economics 1-2, 11; historical change

and 22, 108 human prospect 10 infancy 6-7 inflation 141

Index 389

large-scale government 141 markets 2, 4, 4-5 methodology 15 motivation 189, 246, 266 rationality 113 scepticism 7, 8 stagnation 12~7 'Sweden' 9-10 technical economics 375 technology and employment 75, 7~7 US economic policy debate 162 visions 3-4

Heller, W. 161, 162, 173-4 high employment deficits 120-1, 122,

123, 125--6, 130-1 Hilferding, R. 149, 159--60 Himmelfarb, G. 229 Hirsch, A. 62 Hirschhorn, L.: mechanization 89;

computers 86, 90; electricity 85; flexibility 88, 98; steam power 83

Hirschman, A. 0. 181 Hirshleifer, J. 25 historical materialism 242, 24~51,

25~9 historical sequence of capitalism 272,

277-80 history

economics and 3, 22-3, 54-7; deficits 108-9

nature and 221-2, 22~8. 252 Marx and see Marx

Ho, M.-W. 25, 41, 47, 49, 50, 59 Hobbesian economic school 324 Hollander, S. 325, 331 Hollis, M. 15 Hont, I. 236, 238 Hoover, H. 107 Hoselitz, B. 320 Hotelling, H. 63 Hounshell, D. A. 83, 100 Howard, M. 319 Howell, D. R. 86, 90, 96, 97, 98, 99 human nature 368-9

Heilbroner ~ 7 Marx and see Marx Smith 324, 368 see also individuality

Hume, D. 215, 222-3, 234, 236, 238, 331

Hunt, H. A. 98 Hunt, T. L. 98 hyper-rationality 35, 51

ideal of 'man' 25~9 Ignatieff, M. 236, 238 impartial spectator 237 incentives

argument for small state 150 to invest 339-42, 342-3, 345-8 market economy 361

inclusive fitness 63 income distribution

aggregate demand and 337 US 179-80; deficits and 113,

135--6; post-war economic policy consensus 163, 165-7; socio­economic change in 1980s 169-73

see also equality incomes, US household/family 165,

170-1, 172 see also wages

increasing returns 31 ~ 17 independence, personal 266 indicative planning 371 individuality 189-229

Christian account 19~204; and Utilitarianism 209-13

classical account 19~204; in 18th-century political economy 204-9

classical economics 191-2 Marx 194,230,266,363-4 neo-classical economics 191-2 Smith see Smith see also human nature

industrial capital 278 industrial divides 77-8, 100 industrial policy 317-19, 371 industrialization, late 14 7 inequality 365, 370-1 infancy ~7 inflation

monetary policy 134, 165 US 164, 174, 175; deficits and 121,

122, 123-4, 140 information

automation and 87-8 market socialism 360-2 neo-classical economics 32-3, 41--6 neo-Darwinism 33-4, 4~50

innovation 41-3 see also technological change

inputs neo-classical paradigm 37-9 neo-Darwinist paradigm 40-1 Quesnay's Tableaux 307, 310-15

insect colonies 32

390 Index

instability, markets and 365-6, 371 Institutionalism 194-5 interest payments 135-6, 137, 142 interest rate

budget deficits and 116-17, 132, 139-40; monetary policy 134-5, 141-2

surplus and abstinence 349-51, 353 internationalization 109, 129-30, 140 intervention, crisis of 162

see also state investment

classical perspectives 335-53; inducement 339-42; Marx on savings and 342-9; Ricardo versus Malthus 336-9; surplus versus abstinence 349-53

deficits and 110, Ill; control strategy 138; crowding out 114-20; profitability 132-3, 140-1

Ireland 338 irreversibility, change and 23

Jansson, A.-M. 38 Japan

economic growth 156 industrial robots 96, 97

Japanese Industrial Robot Association (JIRA) 96

Jefferson, T. 107 Jeffries, J. M. 164, 168, 171, 174 Jevons, W. S. 191, 209-10, 212, 234-5,

325 jewellers 325-6 job training policies, US 168 Johnson, C. 317, 321 joint stock companies 326-7 justice

Marx 241-6, 267; autonomy, self­realization and 259-66; natural right tradition 243-5; relativist tradition 245-6

Smith 214-15

Kagel, J. H. 25 Kaldor, N. 41, 321, 348

growth laws 64, 316-17 Kalecki, M. 375 Kant, I. 200, 201, 232, 233, 235 Kaplan, M. M. 47 Kennedy, J. F. 107, 108, 372, 375 Keynes, J. M. 138, 337 Keynesianism 194-5, 230

deficits and surpluses 110-11 see also neo-Keynesianism

Khalil, E. L. 23, 24, 30, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45,49,55,56,62,63,64,65

Kitcher, P. 62 Knight, F. 51 knowledge 41-50

neo-classical paradigm 41-6 neo-Darwinism 46-50 sociology of 250 see also information

Koebner, R. 331 Kohler, W. 44 Korea, South 152-3, 160 Krueger, A. 333 Kuczynski, M. 319, 320, 321 Kurdas, C. 41 Kuttner, R. 178-9, 181 Kuznets, P. 153, 160

labour abstract 56, 65, 248-50 agency of 38 control of 6, 330-3 division of see division of labour equality and 248-9 Marx and commodity world 286-90;

congealed 286, 287-8; organization of activity 286-7, 288-90; socialist economy 359

organization by markets 4 labour market 322-33

discipline 330-3 effects of division of labour 327-30 moral hazard 324-7

labour unions 163, 168-9 Laibman, D. 348, 349 Lamarck, J. B. 34, 46, 63 land distribution 338 Landa, J. T. 25 Landes, D. 80, 82, 85 Langlois, R.N. 51 large-scale production see mass

production Larsen, R. K. 81 Latsis, S. J. 51 Lawrence, R. Z. 321 Leibenstein, H. J. 22, 45, 55 Lenski, R. 65 Leontief, W. I 00 Lester, R. K. 100 Levine, D.P. 42, 45, 51, 230, 238 Lewontin, R. C. 53

Index 391

Levins, R. 32 light industries 91, 93

see also craft manufacturing; traditional industries

limitlessness of human wants 206-7 Lincoln millers 83 Lipietz, A. 140 living standards 183, 184 Locke, J. 24, 205, 206, 233 Lotka, A. J. 40 Lowe, A. 11, 148-9, 159 Lukas, J. A. 168 Lukes, S. 266 Lustgarten, E. S. 97 Luther, M. 344

MacArthur, R. H. 32, 35-6 machine tool industry 83 Machlup, F. 17, 20 Maddison, A. 85 Malthus, T. R. 336-42, 353 management

control of labour 330--3 efficiency and small state 151-2

manufacturing economic growth and 64, 152-3;

Kaldor 64, 316-17; Quesnay's Tableaux 312-15, 316, 317

employment and computer-based mechanization 89-90, 91-4

Marchi, N. de 62 marginalist theory 17-18 Marglin, S. A. 328 market socialism 356-73

critique of Marx 356-64; individual development 363-4; information and incentives 360--2; markets and political allocation 356-8; scale and complexity 35~; scarcity and abundance 362-3

Marx's critique of the market 364-70; alienation 366-9; commodification 366; inequality 365; instability 365-6; limited freedom 369-70

markets 2-3, 9, 375-6 expansion: capitalism 345-6, 353;

investment 346-8 failures 150--1 Heilbroner 2, 4, 4-5 neo-classical individuality and 212,

235-6 rationality and deficits 111-12

Smith's Wealth of Nations 190--1 Marshall, A. 191, 210, 235 Martineau, H. 235 Marx, J. L. 61 Marx, K. 191, 267, 298, 375

abstract labour 56, 65 capitalism 269-81, 296-8; distinctive

characteristic 276-7, 299; division of labour 357; historical sequence 277-80; individual development 363-4; merchants' capital 269-71; money-capital transition 280--1; specifically capitalist capital 271-6; stages of development 81

commodity as 'characteristic form' 269-302; congealed labour and organization of labour activity 286-90; exchange value and value 282-6; specifically capitalist commodity 281-90; universal circulation 290-6

dependence 266,298-9 extraction of labour 324 history, human nature and

justice 241-66, 267; autonomy, self-realization and justice 259-66; consistency 242, 255-9; historical materialism 242, 246-51; natural right tradition 241-2, 243-5; philosophical anthropology 241, 242, 251-5; relativist tradition 242, 245-6

individuality 194, 230, 266, 363-4 innovation 42 market socialism see market socialism savings and investment 342-9;

implications 349-53 Smith 327 view of history 56

mass production 100 economies of 146-8 technical advance 76, 7730, 78-9,

83-4, 84-5 material interchange 293-4, 294-5

see also circulation materialism, historical 242, 246-51,

256-9 Matusow, A. J. 164, 174 Maurice, M. F. S. 45 maximization subject to constraints 26 maximum power principle 40 Mayr, E. 34

392

McGahey, R. M. 164, 168, 171, 174, 180

McKay Machine 84 Means, G. 151, 160 Meany, G. 169 mechanical industries 76

mechanization 84, 86, 87, 88, 89; employment and computer­based 91-2,93,94,100

mechanization computer-based 76, 81-2, 86-9;

employment and 89-98 science-based 76, 81, 84-6 simple 76, 81, 82-4

Meek, R. 298, 319-20, 320, 321 melancholy moralists 216 merchants' capital 269-71, 277, 278 metaethical absolutism 245-6 metaethical relativism 245 Michl, T. R. 136, 321 migration 311-12 Milkman, R. 46, 47, 49, 59, 64 Mill, J. S. 191, 210, 212, 235, 325 Miller, D. 363, 364, 372 Miller, J. A. 142 Miller, S.M. 78, 87, 95, 101 Milton, J. 202-4 Minsky, H. P. 142 Mirabeau, Marquis de 320 Mises, L. von 43, 230 Moffitt, M. 141 monetary policy 115, 134-5 money 286, 287

circulation 272-3,291,294 first form of capital 271-2, 280-1

Monod, J. 33 Moorhead, P. S. 47 moral hazard 323, 324-7, 328 moralists, melancholy 216 morality 244 Morgan, M. J. 65 Morris-Suzuki, T. 98 motivation

individual 189, 194, 207-8; see also individuality

investment and 339-42, 345-8 motor vehicle industry 80, 94, 95, 100 Mun, T. 206 Murphy, K. M. 79 mutation 63

random 33-4,46-7

Index

natural right tradition 241-260 Marx and 241-2, 243-5

natural selection 26, 27, 35-6, 52-3, 62 see also selection

nature 232 history and 221-2, 226-8, 252

necessitous credit demand 130 need satisfaction 290, 293, 294, 301 Nell, E. 15, 43, 45, 62, 140, 353 Nelson, R. R. 43 neo-classical economics (NC) 62, 191-2

and neo-Darwinism 22-57; conceptual core 26-36; critique of conceptual core 36-53; environment 50-2; inputs 37-9; preferences 35; resources 30-1; technology 32-3, 41-6

individuality 212-13, 225-6, 235-6 Smith and 193-4

neo-Darwinism (NO) 22-57 conceptual core 26-36; critique

of 36-53 environment 52-3 genotype 33-4,46-50 inputs 40-1 nature as selector 35-6 nutrients 31-2

neo-Keynesianism 114-20 see also Keynes; Keynesianism

new classical economics 111-13 New DeaVGreat Society consensus

163-9 Newtonian framework 25, 58 Nietzsche, F. 231, 231-2, 233-4 Nixon administration 174 Noda, H. 47 non-accelerating inflation rate of

unemployment (NAIRU) 114-15, 118

normative relativism 245, 245-6 Nove, A. 360, 362, 372 nurture 237 Nussbaum, M. 201, 231, 232,233, 238,

239 nutrients 31-2

O'Brien, A. P. 85, 86, 101 O'Driscoll, G. P. 43, 51, 139 Odum, H. T. 40 Okun, A.M. 164, 174-5 Olson, M. 176, 181

Index 393

ontogeny 49 opportunity cost 37-8 order, social see social order organic view 23, 28, 30, 54-7 organisms 27-8

nutrients 31-2 shaped by the environment 48-50 see also neo-Darwinism

organization 54-5 outputs, Quesnay's Tableaux and 307,

310-15 outworking 328 ownership

social 370-1 of US debt 124, 125

Page, B. 142 pain 210-11, 216--17 Panichas, G. E. 266 Partridge, L. 65 Pasinetti, L. L. 45, 337 passivity 212-13 Pear, R. 165-6, 167 pecuniary external economies 147-8 Penrose, E. T. 64 Perrings, C. 38 Peru 150, 157-8, 158 philosophical anthropology 241-2, 242,

251-5 justice 259-66

phylogeny 49 Physiocrats 305, 318, 319 Piaget, J. 44 piecework 327 Pigou (real balance) effect 121, 124, 136 pin factory 327-30 Piore, M. J. 76, 77-9, 84, 100 planning, state 149

market socialism and 356, 360-2, 371 Plato 196--7, 200, 231, 232 pleasure 210-11 Plotnick, R. 165 Pocock, J. G. A. 231, 234 Polanyi, M. 44 policy, public see public policy political allocation 356--8, 359 political economy 189

classical account of individuality in 18th-century 204-9

Smith and 220-1

politics economics, public policy and 182-4 equity, growth and 177-82 Marx and capitalism 265-6 virtues and 218

Pollard, J. W. 47, 50, 59 Pollard, S. 328 Pollin, R. 139, 140, 141, 142 population, Quesnay's Tableaux

and 307,311-12,315 positive methodology 15-21

conditions of application 16--18 maximizing net policy benefit 18-19 meaning of rationality 19-20 possible extensions of analysis 20-1

post-industrial society lO poverty, US 172-3 power 344-5, 350, 351-2

see also maximum power principle Prasow, P. 84 pre-analytic visions 3 precapitalist capital 269-71

passim 278-80 precapitalist production 299 predators 35-6 preferences, consumer 27, 35, 50-2, 361 Pressman, S. 320 pricing

industrial policy 318 information 361-2 state intervention 153-4

Prigogine, I. 39, 64 printing 84 private sector credit ll6-17, 133-4 process industries 76, 86, 87, 92-3, 94,

99 production

alienation and 367-9, 371 circulation and 278 continuity of 80-1, 82-3 factors of see factors of production Quesnay's Tableaux 307-9 socialist economy 357, 358, 359

production function 33 productivity

Kaldor and 316--17 Quesnay's Tableaux 312-15, 315,

316--17 socialist society 362 technology and 41-2, 45, 64

professions 325, 326

394 Index

profit maximization 17 profitability

accumulation and 336-9; inducement to invest 339-42; Marx and 348-9,350-1

investment and deficits 132-3, 140-1 merchants' capital 270

Proops, J. L. R. 38 property 205, 234 Proust, M. 237-8 Providence 226-7, 228 Ptashne, M. 48 public enterprises 151-2 public life 218-19 public policy

economics, politics and 182-4 positive economics see positive

methodology see also economic policy; industrial

policy; monetary policy 'punctuated equilibria' hypothesis 64 purposeful action 53-5

Q, Tobin's 118, 119, 132-3 quantum mechanics 30 Queller, D. C. 49 Quesnay, F. 320, 321, 375

Tableaux Economique 305-19; policy implications 315-19; reconstruction of dynamic 309-15; reconstruction of static 305-9

race-specific policies 172, 180 Raff, D. M. G. 323-4 Rao, D. C. 160 Rapport, D. J. 25, 31, 32 rationality 15

economic meaning 19-20 neo-classical paradigm 35, 51 and US budget deficit 112-13

Rawls, J. 244,259-60, 266, 266-7 Reagan, R. 155, 157, 170 real balance (Pigou) effect 121, 124, 136 reason, cunning of 256 recessions 164 reductionism 22, 55-7 Rees, A. 322, 323 regulation, efficiency and 150-1

see also state Reich, M. 85, 89, 100-1 Reich, R. 179, 181 Reider, J. 168

Reidl, R. 59, 65 relativism 241, 260

Marx and 242, 245-6 Reich, R. 321 resources 30-l

see also factors of production revolution 256, 258 Ricardian Equivalence Theorem 112-13 Ricardo, D. 139, 190, 191

'general glut' debate and Malthus 335, 336-42, 353

individuality and happiness 230 taxation and public borrowing 139

Ricklefs, R. E. 31 right, natural see natural right tradition Riquetti, V. de 320 Rizzo, M. J. 43, 51 RNA 48,65 Robbins, L. 26 Robinson, J. l, 45, 62 robots, industrial 95-8 Roebuck, J. 331 Romania 153 Roosevelt, F. 372 Rosdolsky, R. 298 Rosen, R. 29, 30 Rosenberg, N. 43, 45, 83, 85 Rousseau, J-J. 366 Rousseaus, S. 142 Rowthorn, B. 353 Russell, J. 44

Sabel, C. F. 76, 77-9, 100 Slilthe, S. N. 64 Samuelson, P. A. 305, 319 satisfaction 24 Saunders, P. T. 25, 41, 47, 49, 50, 59 Savage, J. 107 savings

economic growth and 114 investment and 349-53; Marx

342-9; merchants and manufacturers 342

scale economies 80, 147-8 scarcity 26, 31, 38-9, 362-3 Schlozman, K. L. 180 Schoffeniels, E. 47 Schumpeter, J.

accumulation and innovation 42-3 investment 335, 342; Marx 349-50 view of history 55-6 visions 3

Index 395

science-based mechanization 76, 81, 84-6

Scitovsky, T. 147-8, 159 segmentation, industrial 81-9, 99 selection 27, 28, 35-6, 50-3

natural (neo-Darwinism) 26, 27, 35-6, 52-3,62

neo-classical paradigm 35, 50-2 self-interest 190, 195, 223

see also individuality self-love 207, 368 self-realization 251-3, 258-9

autonomy, justice and 259-66 Shackle, G. L. S. 51 Shaiken, H. 95 Shaikh, A. 142 Shannon, C. 34 Shaw, E. 128-9 Shaw, W. H. 266 Sheldrake, R. 50, 61 shirking model 323 Shleifer, A. 79 shoe industry 84 shortsightedness 222-3 Simon, H. A. 21, 22, 51 simple circulation 290-3, 301 simple commodity production 280, 298 simple mechanization 76, 81, 82-4 Simpson, G. G. 34 skills 94-5, 98 Skinner, A. S. 331 Skinner, Q. 231 slavery 251, 298-9, 326 Smith, A. 189-96, 205, 236,237, 238,

315,321,372,375 accumulation 2, 339-40; China 335 division of labour see division of labour and Hume 238 individuals 190-1, 193-4, 213-29;

challenge to economics 226-9; Theory of Moral Sentiments 214-20; Wealth of Nations 220-6, 367-8

judgement of self 229 knowledge 44 labour market 322-33 markets 2 satisfaction 24 and traditions of modem

economics 190-6; incompleteness of classical and neo-classical economics 193-6; two lines of thought in Wealth of Nations 190-1

social conflict 77-9 social labour 288-90 social order 207-9, 234

Smith 224-6, 227-8 social ownership 370-1 social safety net 163, 165-7, 170, 172 Social Security 165-6, 167, 170 social wage 142 socialism 8-9, 356, 376

market see market socialism sociology of knowledge 250 Solow, R. M. 100 South America 338 South Korea 152-3, 160 sovereignty, consumer 361-2 species beings 253-4, 258 speculative credit demand 130 Spengler, J. J. 320 Sraffa, P. 353 stability 244

markets and 365-6, 371 stagnation 140

Quesnay's Tableaux 309-15, 315-16 US economy 109, 126-8, 130, 317

Stanley, S.M. 64 state

arguments for small 149-52; allocative efficiency 150-1; incentives 150; management efficiency 151-2

increasing intervention thesis 145-9; large-scale production 146-8; planning 149; stimulation of demand 148-9

record and growth 152-7; Soviet growth 156-7; Thatcherism 155-6; Third World intervention 153-5, 158; Third World liberal capitalism 152-3

shrinking and managed capitalism 157-9

state enterprises 151-2 steam power 82, 83 Steele, E. J. 59 Stein, H. 107, 139 Steindl, J. 148, 159 Steuart, J. 207-8, 234, 238 Stigler, G. J. 35 Stoicism 216-18, 236 structuralism 50 subcontracting 328 subsistence wage rate 336-7 Sultan, P. E. 84

396 Index

Summers, L. 114, 115, 139, 323--4, 333 surplus value see value surplus view of profit 343, 349-53 surpluses, budget 110-11 survival of the fittest 62

see also natural selection 'Sweden' 8-9

Tableaux Economique see Quesnay taxation

of benefits 170 budget deficits and 112-13, 166;

business incentives 117-18 incentives and 150 industrial policy 318-19

taxpayers' revolts 131, 166 Taylor, F. W. 327, 333 Taylor, L. 160 technical advance 75-100

competitive advantage 80-1 computer-based mechanization and

employment 89-98; industrial robots 95-8; structural trends 89-95

social conflict 77-9 stages of mechanization in US 81-9;

computer-based 86-9; science­based 84-6; simple 82--4

technical economics 375 technological paradigm 43 technological regimes 75-6, 78 technology, in neo-classical paradigm 27

definite 33, 43-6 exogenous 32-3,41-3

Teilhard de Chardin, P. 25 teleology 23, 28, 30, 54-7 tenants 326 tendencies, innate 251-5

see also autonomy; self-realization Thatcherism 155-6 Third World

growth: liberal capitalism 152-3; state intervention 153-5, 158

technology 44-5 Thirlwall, A. P. 64, 316, 321 Thompson, D' Arcy W. 50 Thompson, E. P. 328-9 Thompson, R. 84 Thurow, L. C. 164, 179,321

economic policy and political barriers 17 5-6

US productivity 315-16

Tobin, J. 164, 165 Q ratio 118, 119, 132-3

Tonak, E. A. 142 Tonnies, F. 366 trade

Marx 257 political economy and 206-7, 209 Quesnay's Tableaux 308-9 Smith 220 US 183; deficit 131-2, 134;

integration 128, 129 see also exchange

traditional economics 1-3 see also classical economics

traditional industries 76, 101 employment 91, 93 mechanization 84, 99 see also craft manufacturing

tragic conflict 200-1, 23 3 transfer payments 163, 165-7, 170, 172 transformational growth 43 trust, breakdown of 64 trustworthiness 325-7 Tucker, R. C. 266, 267, 345-6 Turner, J. E. 25, 31, 32 Turner, L. 95

Ulanowicz, R. E. 40 unemployment 164, 165

NAIRU 114-15, 118 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

(USSR) 156-7 United Kingdom 155, 338 United States

Arms Control and Development Agency 160

budget deficits see budget deficits crisis of intervention 162 demand 79 distribution see equality; income

distribution employment structure 89-95 growth see growth industrial policy 317 industrial robots 96-7, 98 mass production 78-9, 100 post-war economic performance

110-11 productivity decline 315-16 stages of mechanization 81-9 stagnation 109, 126-8, 130, 317

Tobin, J. 164, 165 Q ratio 118, 119, 132-3

Tonak, E. A. 142 Tonnies, F. 366 trade

Marx 257 political economy and 206-7, 209 Quesnay's Tableaux 308-9 Smith 220 US 183; deficit 131-2, 134;

integration 128, 129 see also exchange

traditional economics 1-3 see also classical economics

traditional industries 76, 101 employment 91, 93 mechanization 84, 99 see also craft manufacturing

tragic conflict 200-1, 23 3 transfer payments 163, 165-7, 170, 172 transformational growth 43 trust, breakdown of 64 trustworthiness 325-7 Tucker, R. C. 266, 267, 345-6 Turner, J. E. 25, 31, 32 Turner, L. 95

Ulanowicz, R. E. 40 unemployment 164, 165

NAIRU 114-15, 118 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

(USSR) 156-7 United Kingdom 155, 338 United States

Arms Control and Development Agency 160

budget deficits see budget deficits crisis of intervention 162 demand 79 distribution see equality; income

distribution employment structure 89-95 growth see growth industrial policy 317 industrial robots 96-7, 98 mass production 78-9, 100 post-war economic performance

110-11 productivity decline 315-16 stages of mechanization 81-9 stagnation 109, 126-8, 130, 317

Index

universal circulation 290-6, 296--7, 297, 300

Ure, A. 333 Urquhart, R. 229, 230, 233, 234, 238 Ursprung, H. W. 25 usurers' capital 271, 273, 277, 278 Utilitarianism 209-13, 235

Vaggi, G. 321 value, surplus

capital and wage labour 273-6, 276--7 circulation 277-8, 294 exchange value and

commodities 282-6, 300-1 Van DeVeer, D. 266 Varela, F. 49 Veblen, T. 24, 51 Verba, S. 180 Verdoon law 64 Vianello, F. 338 vice 197-8 virtue 197-9,218-19,237

see also classical account of individuality

Vishny, R. 79 visions 3-4 Von Baer's Law 61

Waddington, C. H. 49, 65 wage labour 274-6, 276--7, 278-9,

298-9 wages

profit and 341-2 Smith and inequalities 322-33 social 142 subsistence 336--7 us 171-2 see also incomes

waiting 349-53 see also interest rate

Wallace, G. 166 Wallis, A. 25 Walsh, V. 26 Ware, N. 84 wealth, sources of 248, 250 Weber, B. 25, 39, 40, 47, 49, 50, 64 Weber, M. 235, 236 Webster, G. C. 50, 59 Wedgwood, J. 333 Weiler, P. 169 Weintraub, H. 65 Weismann's barrier 33-4, 59 Weisskopf, T. E. 101, 140-1 Weisskopf, V. F. 230 Wetlaufer, J. 299 Wheeler and Wilson Manufacturing

Company 83 Wicken, J. S. 25, 39, 40, 41 Williams, W. A. 236 Williamson, 0. E. 46, 55 Wilson, E. 0. 26, 32 Winch, D. 231 Winter, S. G. 43 Wolff, E. 90 women 171, 182 Woog, H. 320, 321 workers, habits of 328-30 World Bank 152-3, 153-4, 160 World Institute for Development

Economics Research (WIDER) 153-4

Wright, R. 48

Y onemoto, K. 96 Young, Allyn A. 41, 316 Young, Arthur 329

Zevin, R. B. 140 Zuboff, S. 87, 88, 98 Zysman, J. 90

397