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The Writing Process
What does itreally all mean?
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Stages of the Writing ProcessRecursive, Overlapping, Stages
• Starting-point
• Exploration
• Incubation• Illumination
• Composing
• Reformulation
• Editing
*Tied to the individual learner
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Starting Point•The writing task is perceived, analysed, andapproached as a problem to be solved.
•Ideally the student will feel a need to write – a need to solve the problem
Exploration•Includes all intellectual preparatory activity:researching ideas, gathering data, criticallyanalysing, synthesising, and connectinginformation, dredging from one’s memory
relevant experiences, ideas, constructs
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Incubation•A conscious withdrawal from the writing taskso that creative, subconscious powers canoperate
Illumination•Moment (s) of insight•Begin to make connections and see
patterns in what you have researched,thought about and written• Solution/ argument begins to take shape
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Composing• The act of writing the first draft
Reformulation •The verification of the text•Words, sentences, and paragraphs are
reworked to more accurately reflect themeaning•Ensuring that ideas are being communicatedeffectively and to their potential•Ensuring that ideas are being communicatedin the format of an academic essay•Ensuring that ideas reflect an awareness of
audience and reader
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• The final refinements are made to the text
• Concern with superficial, technical matterssuch as discourse conventions,punctuation, spelling and formatting
Editing
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Tutor Intervention
Tutors go to where the students are..
They intervene by helping them torecognize, facilitate , and develop their own
individual writing process. Primary method of intervention is talking – “
encouraging, questioning, probing,empathising,
Introduce strategies
Talk through studentsconceptions/misconceptions of writing
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Tutor Intervention
At which stages of the writing process istutor intervention possible?
◦
Starting point◦ Exploration
◦ Reformulation
◦
Editing
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Stages where tutors cannotintervene
Incubation
Illumination
Composing
“ these stages must come on their own
if they come at all” Freedman
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What tutors should relay tostudents about these stagesIncubation:
• It occurs when you take a break fromresearching, writing about and thinking
about your assignment.Illumination
• The stage when you begin to make
connections and see patterns in whatyou have researched, thought aboutand written
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The act of writing can help thestudent to:
connect with and internalize ideasfound during research
discover/sort through their own ideas
generate their own ideas
develop insights and arrive at the
stage of illumination
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In the early stages,writing is a process of learning.
Writing is a process of discovering one’s
own thoughts
Writing is a process of generating one’sown ideas
Writing is a process of connecting with theideas of others
Writing is a process of internalizing thethinking of a discipline
I th l t t
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In the later stages,
writing is a process of
communicating Writing is a process of communicating a
problem and a solution to that problem in
the form of an academic paper Writing is a process of communicating ones
knowledge of a discipline through properformatting and discourse conventions
Writing is a process of communicatingsomething to someone (awareness ofaudience)
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Starting Point
Intervention:
Help the student:
1) understand the assignment
2) connect with the assignment
Strategy: Get student to talk about
knowledge of the topic and areas ofinterest
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Exploration
Intervention:
1) Provide the student with researchstrategies
2) Help the student look at information/ideasthey have amassed in deeper more probingways
Strategy: Look at the ideas the student hascome up with thus far and ask questions
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ReformulationIntervention:
1) Focus on organization of ideas in the essay2) Verify that the paper fulfills the assignment
objectives
3) Ensure that paper is in the form of anacademic essay
Strategy: Get student to express ideas verbally
Verify that text conveys ideas being expressed
Create a reverse outline
Check each paragraph for assertion,elaboration supports and return to original
claim
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Editing
Intervention: Help students with rules of punctuation,
citations, and bibliographic form
Strategy: Find common errors, discuss rulesand have the student find and correctsimilar errors
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References
Freedman, A. (1984). The Carleton Universitywriting tutorial service. Carleton Papers in Applied Language Studies , 1, 77-100.
Howard, V.A. & Barton J. H. (1986). Thinkingon paper. New York,N.Y. : William Morrow.
