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The West China. Missionary News

O c t o b e r — 1926

EDITORIAL.

A FOURFOLD PLAN OF CAMPAIGN.On another pa ge of this issue of the NEWS, there wi l l

be found a co py o f a communication f rom the Nat ional Chr i st ian Counci l in which certain questions are asked and to wh ic h the leaders in S h a n g h a i are desirous of secur ing w id esp re ad response. Th e gist of the queryi s : W h a t F o r m s o f C h r i s t i a n S e r v i c e S h o u l d t h e C o u n c i l S t r e s s D u r i n g t h e N e x t Y e a r ? Itwil l pr o b ab ly be true that there wi l l be a great divers i ty of answ ers to this question. W e venture to give our own wh ic h h ave come to us as we have mused over this matter. T h e r e is no co pyr ig ht on them ; nor are others prevented f rom g iv in g theirs. Indeed, it might be of great help i f a l arge number of replies found their w a y to the office of the secretar ies in Sha ngh ai . W e should welcome a ny a nsw ers which our readers might wish to send for publ ication in the NEWS.

TOO THIN.A s we see the matter a f te r reading reports of the

Na t iona l Chr i st ian Counci l fo r some y e a r s ; but more es pe c ia l ly the i l luminat ing report of Mr. Morrimore which we were pr iv i leged to pr int in the J u l y — August number of the NEWS, the work of this nat ional Chri st ian organization is spread out over too great a group of activit ies. T h is l eads to the temptation to skimp parts o f the work in order that all of it may receive some attention. In the l an g u a ge of the street, the Council seems to have bitten off more than it can chew. This is not at all s u r p r i s i n g ; for the Council was born in a time o f high exaltat ion and deep inspiration, and much w a s expected of it. T h o se respons ib le for its work were em barrassed b y the number o f avenues o f serv ice which st retched out before them. T h e y lengthened their l ines b e y o n d the s trength of their s takes . T h e only wise th ing to do no w is to shorten their l ines in the interest o f a more v igor ous and ef fect ive attack. It ma y seem to the onlooker that the Counci l is prepar ing to re treat ; but we venture to suggest that rather than retreat a renewed and s t ronger a t tack wi l l be the result.

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If this is true, the question presents itself on what form s of service shall the emphasis be placed for the next year? On the answer to this query success or failure depends. O nly after very careful thought and after seeking the guidance o f G od can this answer be rightly made. W e venture our suggestions.

PERSONAL EVANGELISM.

This is needed as much within the church as it is am ong those without her membership. Numbers are being added to our church rolls annually w7ho, we fear, are left to grow in grace as best they ma}^ once they are enrolled as members. In some places we have been in the enquirers were far more carefully trained in Christian truth than were the members o f the church. Desultory instruction was given at the weekly service for prayer ; but little if an}' real teaching was afforded the regular members o f the church. W hat is needed is personal evangelism WITHIN the church so that the members may be built up in the faith ; this will result in their being urged to go forth and seek to lead others into the K ingdom . This is logical and psych olog ical. Let us try it for a year.

RURAL EVANGELISM.

The next effort we suggest is a renewed and vigorous cam paign o f evangelism in the rural districts; where dwell scattered groups o f Christians who seldom are visited by either the Chinese pastor or the m issionary. Surely the time has com e when these fellow Christians should be more faithfully shepherded. If they were helped in their spiritual life, they also would feel the urge to go out and bring their neighbors anc friends to hear the gospel. A gain this is log ica l and psychological.

CHRISTIAN LITERATURE.

W e return to this top ic which was dealt with at great length in our D ouble Number o f July-August. Mere and more we are com ing to the conviction that the next great forw ard m ovem ent on the part of the Church o f Christ in China is the supply and dissem ination o f living literature to this people. A n d this ties up with the tw o m ethods we have already m entioned. Given a revived church in both city and country with a literature adequate to the needs o f the present day, we may rightly

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expect to see thousands born in a day. This is no mere dream but a G od-given and God-supported vision.

ANTJ-OPIUM ATTACK.

More is said about this part o f the cam paign in other parts o f the NEWS. It only remains to be said that there is more than ever a pressing need that the Christian Church in China should apply herself to this task which some years ago she thought had been accom plished. On the surface of things, it may appear as if the forces o f evil in this struggle were increasing and becom ing more deeply intrenched ; but the action o f the Indian Governm ent 011 opium cannot but be a means o f cheer to all those who are opposin g this evil in China.

A UNITED PROGRAM.

The best thing to be said for this four-fold effort is that :ill o f us can take part in it. Some of the activities o f the National Christian Council have not appealed to all the forces which the Council represents ; nay, they have in some cases antagonized parts o f the co n stituency o f the Council. There are differences in theological thinking within the borders of the Church in C hina; political op in ions are not held in com m on. There is room for dissension along some of these lines. But the program outlined in this section o f the NEWS is a com mon one. W E ALL AGREE ON THESE POINTS. WE CAN ALL WORK FOR THE ENDS PROPOSED. THEV e r y W o r k W il l be a Me a n s o f F u r t h e r Un it in g us. W e m a y F u l l y Ex p e c t t h e He l p o f G o d in ALL THESE EFFORTS. Let us begin right in our own homes and churches.

W. C. R. T. S.

W e call attention to the able report o f the Annual M eeting of the W est China Religious Tract Society. W e further suggest that as you read it, you turn back to the article on page sixteen in the July-August issue o f the NEWS and ‘ once more read what is said there regarding this Society- W e wait expectantly for this body to move 011 nearer to the Christian Church in W est China so that gradually it may be taken over by some association that is fully representative o f the grow ing Church.


ERNEST DEW ITT BURTON

To know all facts, that truth might dwell secure. To serve all tasks, no moment rare to lose ;To greet all good, no path amiss to choose ;He built from dreams a tower that shall endure : A tower of dreams for those who seek the pure And vital vision, caught alone by those—The prophet, teacher, scribe— who truth disclose Through soul’s sore travail and not sinecure.A valiant will, in gentle habit pent;A regal mind that ruled by humble power ;A loving heart which beat for service more ;He walked in paths his saving Master went; God’s citizen, alert to meet the hour ;A modern saint, whom kindred souls adore.

C. M . G a l l u p

THE WEST CHINA MISSIONARY NEWS

WALLACE CRAWFORD M.D., D.P.H.

P u b l i c H e a l t h o f T o - d a t .

To-day is man's day. In every sphere of life, the great question paramount in the lives of men and women is M a n . Never before has such a deep and searching interest been taken in the individual, We have been brought face to face with the words of the Psalmist “ what is man that Thou art mindful of him”. ?

Possibly the late war was responsible for our energy to discover man. We learned wonderful things about war mechanisms, we advanced centuries in the creation and use of man killing machinery. All navigation was given decades of advance in the short space of four years. But the great cry, was ever M a n man-power, more men. Nations strove to improve their manhood. They controlled man as never before. The individual, who was the aim of all national law was controlled bv the State as never before, and some nations .even strove to improve their man producing power, disgusting as it was to the rest of the world. And it was all that we might produce more and better men.

In this mad rush to produce man power, there was an allied desire to improve the present product. Men were examined, treated, worked with in a way unheard of before the war, the result being the discovery of an amazing proportion of diseases among those heretofore considered healthy. And we were dumbfounded before the large proportion of the population who were weaklings, caused by, heart disease, weak feet, bad eves, abused teeth, telescoped engines, overworked digestion apparatus, malformed extremities, poorly tended excretory functions, and a host of other maladies and handicaps which we would not admit before 1915. All of which demonstarted to us the amazing below-par condition of our manhood.

We began to take stock of ourselves.We soon came to the conclusion that this business of heal

ing disease after it had occured, or worse, our apathy toward diseases which we “hoped” would “ pass off” this locking the stable


after the fine animal had bolted, or treating the wounded after they had fallen over the cliff, was far from the wisest policy. Could not something be done to prevent this amazing toll of disease and inefficient manhood ? Could we not lock the stable before the fine animal had disappeared. Could we not prevent this taking of chances and prevent the traveller from falling over the cliff from which he must receive long and careful nursing and medical attention ? Better repair the road and prevent the falling over of the traveller. Surely we had discovered that an ounce of prevention is better than a pound of cure.

Now here it is that Public Health receives its impetus, and in the getting of that impetus, its revisions, for as we examined into what Public Health actually is we found that we have been arriving at Public Health from the wrong end. For has not the old Public Health been a mad craze to dispose of sickness from without, that is from the surroundings, the environment of people ? Whereas, after careful study and consideration we have found that Public Health ought to seriouslr consider, you— people— No longer a case of consideration from the skin out but fro?n the skin in.

Among the aborigines, and even here in China, we see this so well demonstrated. A dear one falls ill, the geomancer is called in, the help of the gods is invoked, cash paper is burned and candles lighted and pilgrimages made to the temples. Promises are made of grants to certain gods, if the ill one will but be restored to health and the evil spirits driven from the body Native doctors recite incantations over the sick one, and priests are hired to chant dirges by the day and even month.

But we now see that this disease which has befallen the sick loved one, is something within and not without and the cause of it must be sought, at first, within the ill patient. And this introspection has given us great courage to deal with the surroundings.

We had been in the habit of thinking of mankind as something apart from nature— an extra —tucked in late in the game a sort of after thought—not part of nature, but in some way different from, superior to, not fitted for this world. But Evolution has shown that man is just as much a part of nature as any insect or plant, just as much a part of nature as a horse, or an elephant, not an after thought at all but a real product based and rooted in all the universe not something different nor something extra, not something unfitted for this world, but on the contrary that man is “ the heir of all the ages” in a lost literal and realistic physical and mechanical sense a real natural outgrowth of Nature itself


The savage looked upon himself even more earnestly than we used to do as “ something different". To him all nature was foi’eign, antagonistic, filled with evil forces (evil spirits he called them) all with designs on him. His lire was one long battle, one long series of escapes, from heat and coin, iiood and drought, thunder, lightning, animal enemies, and often human enemies. He was self-centered to an extreme, Ail things outside himself he must run, from conquer or destroy, otherwise thev would conquer or destroy him. But as man lost this attitude of the terror-stricken child, kicking and screaming, scratching his nurse’s face opposing everything whatsoever because of fear of being hurt, he gradually found his great nurse nature, who was his Mother also, would help and not hurt him if only he would stop biting her long enough to find out what she wanted.

So verv slowly and with many a slip was stumble, and many a scar to show for the early errors, mankind has reached the point where Nature is no longer a thins: to fear, no longer a thing to fight, no longer a thing to conquer even as are rebellious slave, but rather a bountiful Mother to be studied, understood co-operated with, blood of our blood bone of our bone, literally as well as metaphorically-and harmful to us only when we fail to understand, or venture rashly into foolish feats.

No longer do we have the fear of former generations, of the force behind the lightning. Rather we use it to cook for us, to carry our loads and give us pleasure, to talk to our friends manv miles away, and to heal our bodies of diseases.

But Disease has, longer than any other of Nature's forces been misunderstood, fought against blindly, combatted without real study. Scarcely seventy years ago did the first real glimmerings of what disease really strike into the human mind in any practical wav. Scarcely thirty years ago did the first real use of that knowledge begin to show itself in remodelling human life.

“ Co-operating with disease” , through understanding of it, a new idea, indeed is the idea which has made the new Public Health as it has made modern medicine. At first sight this suggestion strikes us as an idea would strike a savage forefather, that they “ co-operate” with fire or lightning or Niagara. On second sight it strikes us as just as sensible as furnace heat or telephone or hydro, and it is.

We now use the forces of disease to cure and what is better to even prevent disease as we use fire to put out fires as we use ice-cold Niagara to warm us.

We do not struggle with the Universe at large to save us from disease, as did our ancestors. We do not fear or dread any

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thing from our skins out. Nothing outside us can hurt us till it gets into us, and often not even then, Only from our skins in can anything harm us, and that is why we have turned from regarding the environment and doctoring it, to regarding ourselves and keeping ourselves disease-less.

True, we do forehandedly estimate and prepare in various ways against the cause of disease which exist in our surroundings, but we do not fear, as did our ancestors, the causes of disease as long as they remain in our surroundings, They are not to us, as they were to our ancestors, things unknown, intangible, able to strike from a distance, like the influence of the stars, or devils. We know, to a great extent, what the causes of most diseases are, physical, chemical, biological, and that they cannot act upon us except by contact with us. We know also, to a great extent, how to prevent these diseases from harming us. Thus we may immunize ourselves against some of them, or obviate their coming to us, or best of all, destroy them altogether.

This is the new Public Health, up to date progressive, aggressive, scientific, public health, and boiled down it means attention to the individual rather than the surroundings improving the person rather than the premises, caring for bo vs rather than buildings, caring for girls rather than garbage, caring for men and women rather than for manure and waste, Thus we say that Public Health is rather individual than environmental E a s e and D i s e a s e

Since co-operating with Nature and making friends with her forces, fire, lightning, and even with disease, is the wisdom of these latter days then co-operating with Nature in securing bodily ease for everyone, is the problem of the new Public Health.

The great characteristic of any living thing, the final distinction between a living and a dead thing, is the ability which the living thing has to adjust itself to its surroundings. For instance, a dead thing, a stone or a corpse, in the Arctic, becomes chilled clear through, in the tropics becomes heated clear through. It is at the mercy of its surroundings. But a living man shows an unchanged internal temperature, whether he be exposed to Arctic Winter or tropic summer, so long as he is alive and well, that is so long as he can adjust himself to his surroundings. That is what “ alive and well” means. Health is “ successful adjustment without pain or damage”

What adjusts our bodies in this remarkable way in every day life ? All we can answer is that living things do it somehow,


but just how we do not know. The tiniest microscopic animal, made of only one single cell, if he be alive and well, can and does continuously adjust itself 10 heat and cold, to water and drv ness, to food and starvation (within limits) just as the big many celled animal does. He does it automatically, as we do, but without knowing it, or how.

It is well for that these adjustments of our bodies to our surroundings are automatic. For instance, if you run upstairs, your heart must pump faster, your lungs must breathe more often, your muscles must burn more fuel. But is it not fortunate that vou do not have to figure this all out before you go up stairs, that you do not have to calculate how fast vour heart must pump, your lungs breathe, your muscles burn. Many other things besides just these three, also occur, when you run up stairs, and if you had to figure them all out first vou would never go up stairs at all being automatically adjusted however vour body attends to all these changes without thought on vour part, without vour being conscious of one tenth of them. If vou are in health, you go up stairs and down ail dav without even noticing that your body arrangements change.

This automatic adjustment, when it runs smoothly, unconsciously, without pain or damage, is ease, is health. When your body refuses to adjust itself, or if your body adjusts itself only with pain or damage, then you have disease.

It is evident then that your surroundings do not matter, because they cannot harm you, provided now that you are comfortably adjusted to them and can, in the future, adjust yourself to any change. The Eskimo is just as happy, comfortable, healthy, in his, to us, terrible snows as the Solomen islander is in the beautiful tropics, and both because they are adjusted comfortably, each to his own surroundings. Now change the Eskimo and the Solomon Islander and see what disaster happens. Of course if you exchange them gradually, giving their bodies time to adjust, both Eskimo and Solomon islander will come out all right. To be able to adjust yourself to your surroundings is a great thing, but to be able to change those adjustments (within limits) as the surroundings change is ever so much greater.

Man's great advantage over all other animals is this— not onlv can he, like them, adjust himself, (within limits) to his surroundings, but often he can so control his surroundings, that he can reduce the demands they make on him for adjustment. For instance the bear, or arctic seal, exposed to cold firsts adjusts himself to it, but if the cold exceeds the limit of adjustment, they cannot do otherwise than die. Adjust or die,


that is the law of the lower animal. But man, when he exceeds the limit of adjustment, lights a fire, and so reduces the temperature he has to meet, thus making his surroundings suit him, instead of suiting himself to his surroundings.

There at once is the pitfal and the triumph of civilization. Because we find it far easier, as a rule, to adjust our surroundings ourselves, than to adjust ourselves to our surroundings, we grow lazy physically. Our very word “ comfort” implies, not our ability to adjust ourselves to our surroundings, but our ability to make our surroundings over to suit us. This means, sooner or later, the loss of our ability to adjust ourselves readily to changes in our surroundings, a loss that is, of the chief features -and virtue of being alive. M an is in health if he is propery adjusted to his surrounding?. If he can prevent his surroundings from changing, he will remain in health so long as his present adjustments act. But in this world, change in surroundings is sure to come. A healthy state, is, therefore, not merely a state of present adjustment, but a state in which the adjusting ability is kept up to a high mark in order to meet inevitable changes when and as they come. Health (ease) is not a fixed condition and is not achieved by living under fixed conditions. Constant changes in the surroundings (within reasonable limits) are really necessary in order that our ability to adjust ourselves may be maintained and developed, that is, in order that true health may ue had.

No greater single truth, in Public Health exists than this one—-that health depends upon our ability to adjust ourselves to our surroundings. This may be achieved best, by (1) Cultivating our adjusting abilities to meet the demands made by our surroundings, or may be achieved less well or still well enough by, (2 ) Controlling our surroundings, so that the demandsmade by the to adjust are reduced. It is best to cultimate your heart until it can stand easily without pain or damage, running up stairs or climbing mountains. But you can get along well enough without cultivating your heart if you keep away from stairs or mountains. The same principals apply in meeting such forces as chemical poisons, or the greatest of forces, disease germs. You may adjust yourself to them, making yourself proof against them at you may evade them, or sometimes you may destroy them.

W h a t m u s t w e l>o t o L i v e .

Nature’s answer to that age-old question is very clear, very definite, very emphatic. There are two things everv individual living this must do to live. Why you want to live is no concern of Nature, but if you want to live you must


look out for (1) nutrition, (2) protection. If also, y o u want your people to live, your family to live, your race to live, vou must look out for race maintainance as well.

The three great blinding forces which willy-nilly, keep and have kept, all down the ages, living things alive upon this earth, are these three, the need and the desire for food, the need and desire for protection from invaders of all kinds, the need and desire for maintainance of the race. The higher we ascend from germ to plant, from plant to animal, from animal to man, the more obviously evident the need of these three great things becomes.

See not, how essential they are, how they belong to the inevitable, thus —animals, as distinct from plants, take their food by force, killing other things that they themselves may live. From microscopic amoeba to elephant or whale, all animal life feeds on other life, on other animals or plants. Of all living things, only plants can live on non-living things, such as oil, water, air. All animals require for food living matter, or matter that has been very recently alive.

Therefore, it is that not only animals end plants require to get food for themselves (nutrition) but also they require not to become food for others (protection). If we are to live, we must eat, but also it is quite clear that if we are to Jive we must not be eaten.

In the early days, mao was constantly between these two predicaments— he must venture forth from bis cave to get food, but in going out thus for food to preserve his life he always risked his life. He did not always get home again. He stayed out sometimes pemanently, furnishing in his own person, a meal to some wolf or tiger, python oi alligator. In these days, likewise man must venture forth to get his food, not. it is true by diiect hunt or capture, slaughter as in the old days, but indirectly, bv earning the wherewithal to buy his food from those who directly slaughter beef and pork, poultry, sheep etc. If so venturing forth he does not now exactly risk making a meal for worf or tiger, he often picks up certain germs in his daily grind which attack him no less fatally than a wolf and just as trulv eat him as did ever wolf or tiger eat his ancestors. Of course, like the cave man, our modern citizen may encounter violence, as in the form of the automobile, “ attack” rather than a falling tree or a boulder, and he may encounter human enemies such as the hold up man or other things.

Thas it is, that the greatest sourse of our physical ills in this world, is the same universal- need for nutrition and nutrition is the greatest source of our ills, because the need for it is


so universal. Nutrition, from the standpoint of supplying nutriment to ourselves is quite all right, from our standpoint, although it keeps us busy doing it. But nutrition from the standpoint of furnishing ourselves as nutriment to germs, who also need nourishment to live and unhappily want to live on us— is quite the reverse— to us. 80% of all our disease is due to the luckless situation in constituting the favorite food for certain germs, just as ninety percent of the troubles of cattle, sheep, swine, poultry, is due to the luckless situation in constituting our favorite food. As tuberculosis, syphilis and other germs are our great plagues, so we are the great plagues of cow, and goose, and oyster, greater plagues than wolf or tiger ever were to them— or to us.

Well then, so far, there is no difficulty in understanding that nutrition and protection are two things that we must achieve to keep alive. But race maintainance is something far harder to understand, Why should the animal, well fed and well protected, desire to maintain not only himself but also his race? What makes the mother and father too, sometimes, give up their food to, or risk their lives for some other young life ? The wolf and tiger, to us the very symbols of destruction, malignity, and meanness, will go the limit to feed and protect their own descendants. Eor this maintainance “ urge” we have no explanation, but we know its exists and is immensly important, one of the great facts of life, for ninetenths of all the activities, sacrifices, and aspirations of man relate to such race-maintainance in some way or other, True, food is more fundamental, more fundamental than protection for without food, protection is useless, and without food there would be nothing to protect, Any animal wTill risk his safety to get food, but having food his next thing is protection— avoidance of the fate of forming food for others. Yet, having food and safety, then comes in race maintainance, to secure which, both food and safety, despite their enormous value, are readily surrendered.

Beginning crudely with the care of children this curious “ urge” extends itself in some species to the immediate associates as in herds of deer, or elephants, in man, to his whole town, his province, his country, until in its broadest form “ race maintainance” becomes “ the brotherhood of man.

Proper adjustments between our bodies and their surroundings is the great art of successful physical life, the reverse is disease. Now we can see that the three great fields in which we must make these adjustments are the field of nutrition, protection and race-maintainance, the first two for ourselves, the third for our own kind. Every activity of mankind relates


in some wav at one or two or to all three of these.Now, nutrition means, not merely eating food, but includes

the whole process of getting food, eating it and burning it up within our bodies. Ir, therefore, includes food procuration, food transportation, cooking. and it includes breathing, for it is by breathing that we get the oxygen which burns our food, It includes also, all those incessant activities (metabolism) within our bodies which convert the heat thus obtained into action, sensation, thought. So also, protection means, not along guarding against wolves and tigers and other living things that mav destroy us— cold, heat, flood, fire, mechanical violence of all kinds, chemical poisons. Protection against all of these is needed, but all put together, the dangers to our lives from all sources other than germs, are not one-tenth as worthy of consideration, as the dangers from germs themselves. To make this clear, look at this simple fact. During, the great war, 14000 Canadians were killed each year by battle. During the same time (four years) and also before and since, one hundred thousand Canadians were killed by germs each year. Since 1914 therefore, war has cost us 65000 lives but germs have cost us in the same time well over half a million lives.

Whatever we can do to procure proper adjustment for ourselves in the three great fields of Nutrition, protection and race-maintainance must be done by co-operating with Nature, bv finding our what Nature requires, and adjustin'; ourselves to these requirements. Nature asks of us as of all living things, adjustment of ourselves to our surroundings, and Nature furnishes us (within limits) the wherewithal to do this.

In some matters we, in contrast with other animals, can. ‘in many ways, adjust our surroundings to ourselves, and this gives us preeminent place amongst all living things, for most living things have very little control of their surroundings, and so live almost entirely at their mercy.

The chief fields in which adjustments must be made are those relating to nutrition, first and foremost, and most essential to protection, the next in order of necessity , and lastly to race- maintainance, without which latter, the individual might succeed but not the race.

N UTR1TION

Man began his nourishment consuming career when he was about one sixth-the diameter of that tiny mite which produces scabies, commonlv known as the seven year’s itch. This itch mite is about the size of the dot on the letter in an ordinary magazine.

U THE WEST CHINA MISSIONARY NEWS

Supposing now, you weigh 150 pounds and are twenty one years of age. You have grown all the way up from that tiny dot to your twenty one year old weight by a process of nutrition. That is, by taking food.

But you have not just used 150 pounds of food in that time as a matter of simple calculation, in the twenty one vears you have consumed at least 100 times as much as that to keep you going, or about fifteen thousand pounds for the 21 years.

What has become of this fifteen thousand pounds of food that you have consumed. Possibly one thousand pounds of it has gone to form the real living you, for a time, and then being worn out has been replaced bv still other new material from vour food. The remain in fourteen thousand pounds which you consumed, never really became you, but acted as fuel being burned up in your body to keep you going. The story of food and repairs in the human body is the story of food and repairs in your automobile. It is not only the same story, but one which, when one investigates the story, takes on an amazing significance, which leaves the automobile story far in insignificance, and leaves us standing in wonder at this insuperable machine.

We consume about one thousand pounds of food a year. In addition we take some, a very small ammount comparatively, of energy from the sun. Herein do plants and animals differ, in that we must take practically all the sun nourishment second handed, that is from the vegetable world, which the plants and vegetables receive it directly. Plants make food, not alone for themselves but for all the animal world as well.

Thus it is we consume proteins to build and renew our bodies, the consume starches and sugars to burn in our bodies.

And one of the most important recent discoveries has been, that we now know that proteins, which are invaluable to animals, are not all of equal value. That proteins from the animal world are more value for the young and growing animal, than those from vegetables. This means that children, growing need animal protein much more than vegetable, and the man who has passed the growing stage is not dependable on protein as is the child, and it is of little moment from whence his protein comes. Man however does need the fuel foods, starch, sugar, fat, and in considerable quantities.

And it has also been discovered that, if we want our voung infants to make the most satisfactory progress in their beginning stages, they must have animal proteins, and human proteins onlv. They should literally be young cannibals if they are to be successful in after life. No human baby should be anything


else than a cannibal for the first few months after it is born, and not more than nine months. This does not mean cow’s milk, The penalty we pay for using cow’s milk instead of human milk, for these babies is the death of four to five of cow-milk fed babies to one of human-milk fed babies. Surely this is penaltv enough for our allowing them to forsake canibalism too soon.

Alas for the present; trend in feeding ourselves. We have been to anxious to refine our foods overmuch, and in so doing have sacrificed some of the most important ingredients, vitamines a substance we cannot do without any more than a fisherman can do without a hook. He may starve on the banks of a stream abounding with the fish he wishes to catch, but without the necessary appartus or even if he has it all save the hook, he cannot catch them. So it is with us, we may have the proteins, the starches and sugars and oils, but the vitamines, when lacking cause illness no medicine will cure. Lettuce, spinach, celerv, and other leafy vegetables, should be eaten in abundance as whenever possible eaten raw. So also, liver and kidney, and lemon and sweet breads, and potato and tomato, and orange juice. A splendid rule to be added to your present eating rules is this, eat a little raw vegetable every day. And among the best are lettuce, cabbage, lemons, oranges, tomatoes.

Man has been eating, upon this earth for some two hundred and fifty thousand years. It is high time that we knew how and what to eat, that our eating process had become perfect. But of this lapse of time, and the lessons it ought to have brought to us we have learned but little. We have learned and can learn next to nothing about how, or when, or how much, or how often, we should eat because we have practically no records of the eating for this one of time. But we do know that they had hard lives and that even as late as the Egyptian history men lived as long as fifty years. And they died of about the same diseases as we die of to-day. Again, since 1909 human life has increased on an average some five vears. We live longer now than our ancestors did, and have about twenty five percent less sickness than they did. We have learned somethings which our recent forfathers did not know and among the most important thing which we have learned, from the standpoint of health, is that we now substitute experiment for experience.

And what ever you may think of the good old days and the good old ways, please remember that in those good old days we killed 300 to 400 out of every thousand of the babies before thev were one vear old, whereas now we only kill eighty to ninety out of every thousand born, within the first year of life. And in the good old davs men were broken down and dead at


fifty whereas now a days men at that age are robust and healthy and looking for new worlds to conquer. And the biggest part of this story is based on better nutrition combined with experiment, and nutrition based on experiment.

P r o t e c t i o n

That protection in which we are most interested is obviously a protection against disease. Now disease is as we have see, mal-adjustment, that is to sav, a meeting of our surroundings uncomfortable, with pain and or damage, instead of with comfort or ease. Thus this protection maybe by, evasion, on immunity, or cure, or abolition.

When we talk of :icure” we associate with it “ doctoring” and this term includes all that may be done for the mal-adjusted patient. It includes the arts of Medicine, Surgery. Nursing and all the associated specialties. We may increase the patient/s ability to adjust himself in all four of the ways above mentioned, by evasion, cure, immunity, or abolition of the disease. When pain is relieved by an narcotic, the process is included in the above measures but it policy is a poor one. Pain is a burglar alarm. We administer an opiate and shut off the alarm, and the burglar is left in peace to do his deady w'ork, which makes the burglar happy as he can now proceed t o carry out his nefarious desires on our bodies. R-ather should we take stock and see why this pain signal is ringing and find what particular burglar is at work, and face him directly, instead of with some method of shutting off the alarm sent in, against the enemy.

Now then since there is pain, what method should we take to lessen the necessary adjustments which our patient must make? Surely rest, is essential, therefore to bed, rest and quiet, thus assisting out patient in the adjustments which he must make to meet this entering burglar.

The physician’s ability and special virtue lies in knowing, or knowing how to find out a lot of things on which no nonphysician can possibly know, as for example, what particular adjustment abilities have been injured or reduced. This is diagnosis, Also what adjustments can be dispensed with, how to modify others until them make the smallest demands consistent with life, and more essential how where and when to supply those artificial adjustments which we have discovered. Now only the most intimate knowledge of the human machine, in health, as well as in disease, can furnish the requesite, knowledge, the requesite skill, and above all the exquisite judgement, required to apply that knowledge in any gven case. And this


knowledge is the accumulation of the experience of hundreds of thousands of physicians, and scientists, handed down to us, for our study and application. Modern medicine necessarily depends upon the most careful, painstaking and thorough, detailed examination of the patient in every direction, and its triumphs show how well such detailed work gets at the real conditions and therefore at their relief.

Once more, alas, for as in the case of Nutrition, where we saw that we had no knowledge worthy of the name, handed down to us from our forefathers, so now do we see that there is practically nothing worthy of much note handed down to us, in medical lines by our forebears. They failed of experiment and modern medicine and surgerv had their real birth some seventy years ago when experiment began. Seventy vears ago, surgery had its birth and operations wrere undertaken, At that time about 90% of all cases operated upon died usually of blood poisoning, and while to-dav 99°/0 of those operated upon recover. Surgerv has developed from a live butcher stage to a scientific fine art. And this is not all. To-dav our operations are far more delicate, far more exact, and far more more numerous, than thev w ere seventy years ago.

And is not the same true of Medicine? Think of Smallpox, Diptheria. Typhoid, and many other diseases where we have learned to conquer bv experiment. And this field is but opening to science with its many and varied possibilities.

But we miss the main issue. It is not the medicine which cures, Take the example of a broken leg, does the doctor cure it ? does he unite the bones ? surely we say no, he lets nature do it life unites the broken leg, and in the case of some diseases this is true, it is life which cures. But in many diseases we know more than that, we can actually supply Nature’s adjustments ourselves, if nature fails to act quickly enough. True it is that this power of the body to adjust itself to disease poisons has been known and marvelled at for ages, but we now actually know now what this power of the body is and can make it and use it and see it act, for some diseases at least.

I m m u n i t y

Of the three great urges which keep the human race going we have already, briefly it is true, considered Nutrition, and also the first item in protection, to wit, cure. To-day cure is the most widely employed, and most widely and immediately needed form of protection against disease. Cure consists in repairing damage done, in readjusting when mal-adjustment has

done its work. It is our action after the enemy has invaded the land, scrambling hard to meet the enemy after he has already seized out country, already slaughtered, burned, destroyed life and property.

Immunity consist.':, not inreparation of damage, but preparation against it, not in re-adjustment after ma.1-adjustment has oecured but in pre-adjustment so that mal-adjustment cannot occur. It is a peace time measure so that future war becomes impossible. True there are two other methods of dealing with war, running away, and so escape it, or abolition of war. These we will, consider later.

Immunity is a armouring ourselves against modern germs somewhat in the manner in which ancient knights armoured themselves against the slings and stoues of their ancient enemies. We proceed to fireproof the body against the modern germ fires which would burn up the bodies. Or to turn to the metaphor of the automobile, like putting something into the radiator so that it will not freeze. And aside from the method of abolition of disease, this immunity is the most conclusive that we have yet against disease.

Alas, up to date, this immunity which is so effective against disease is oniv possible in a few eases or diseases. What would Hipprocat.es think if he could see immunity used against disease. Immunity has already converted dome of the formerly worst diseases into present comparatively harmless ones. And it is just as true, that those diseases which we have as yet not found immunity continue to be our worst plagues.

One needs hardly to mention smallpox, that disease which was the scourge of Europe so that queens were not exempt from it, and the common people died like flies from it. Now there are comparatively no deaths from smallpox.

And typhoid. In the Boer war we lost seven thousand men from battle, all told and fourteen thousand from typhoid alone. And tetanus, what untold agony in .Flanders fields was obviated by the immunity conferred by anti-tetanic serum injected into the boys over there. And the story could be told of dyptheria, and cholera, and scarlet fever, and other diseases where we are advancing along this line of immunity.

But just as there were knights of old who had conscientious scruples against armour to protect them from the slings and stones of the enemy, so there are valorous knights to-day who have scruples against the giving of immunity for disease, and they like the valient knights of old go down before the attacks of Typhoid and Smallpox and the allied hostes. Why should the protecting of the body against disease be irreligious than

18 THE WEST CHINA MISSIONARY NEWS __


wearing a rain coat, against a rainstorm, or providing furnace heat against a western blizzard. And immunity is Nature's own method, indeed Nature’s only method of preventing disease bv adjustments of the body to disease germs. And where Nature adjusts with this immunity one does not have that disease again. And it is because of this finding of Nature’s method that modern medicine is keen on the scent for prevention as well as cure, and is gradually finding out the secret of Nature’s power in immunity.

Just how Immunity works wTould make a long and fascinating story. Briefly, immunity production is a part of the same ability to adjust to our surroundings that has been dwelt on already. If we are not exposed to certain conditions and no demand is made upon us to meet them, we do not, naturally adjust to that condition. We do not make any attempt to meet the demand of that something. For example, a dweller in the tropics is not compelled to meet any demands of cold, a well- shod traveller needs not to adjust his feet to the road with thick soles on his feet. But is we put our dweller of the tropics gradually into the frigid zone, he will gradually adjust himself to the cold exposure and come to the place where he will not feel the cold, and the traveller, being compelled to go bare foot, gradually, will develop soles on his feet that will protect them from the stoney road on which he must travel. Both adjust themselves to the new conditions. Now it is just the same in disease. If we come to deal with the poisons of diptheria and typhoid is some form, not the genuine and severe disease, all at once, you will have a comfortable adjustment to these diseases, possibly unconscious adjustment, and never suffer from the malady, but if vou are thrust into the typhoid inrironment and receive a severe attack of it, the risk is, that is seeking your immunity you will perish, just, as the tropical dweller would perish in the arctic cold, or the traveller’s feet be ruined by the stoney path. Thus it is that we attempt to use the separated out material of diseases which will immunize you without the great risk of death, which you will run by taking Nature’s doses unpurified and undiluted. Immunity is just as much a matter of nature as carbolic acid or diamond dyes, and guarded, measured, carefully applied yields its value and not a hopeless muddle.

The wise man therefore uses immunity wherever he can against disease. Sure it is that the use is up-to-date, limited, and it is for this reason that we turn our thoughts to other possible methods for escape from disease in the future, that is to evasion and abolition. (To be continued)


THE PRESENT CONDITION OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH IN CHINA.

M e . S h i a o

My subject is the present condition of the Christian Church in China. I have been preaching the Gospel in China for several years so that what I have to sav comes from mv own observation and experience. Of recent vears the Church has been making rapid progress and as a result we have the operations of the anti- Christians. If the church had been dead and doing nothing these would not have been stirred up to opposition. But the attainments of the church in recent years have been so great that the people outside have been aroused to jealousy and opposition.

Let us look first ac some things which the church has accomplished in China. There are at present sixteen Colleges and Universities in China conducted by the Christian Church. The numbers of graduates from these institutions each year are very great and they go out into Society, obtain good position and do excellent work. This has caused a lot of jealousy and opposition from outside.

In the Government of China, many of the most influential men are Christians and graduates of our Church schools. For example. Mr. Wang Chen Ting now Commissioner of Foreign affairs at Peking was formerly General Secretary of the Young Men’s Christian Association of China. There are also M r. Wellington Koo who was formerly ambassador to the United States and Mr. Yen Huei Ching who is now ambassador to England and Mr. Wang Tsung Huei. These are all Christian men. In the army there are General Feng Yu Hsiang, Hsu Chien, Chang Tze Chiang all of whom hold positions of high rank and who are Christians. Again when Mr. Sun Yat Sen, who was China’s revolutionary leader, died, he was given a Christian burial which was in accordance with his former orders. Although many of his party, The People’s Party, opposed it yet it was conducted in a Christian way.

The evidences of the progress of the Christian Church in its work in Society, are very great. For example, the worship of idols and false gods and many superstitions have been very greatly discounted during recent years and in many cases aband-

T HE WEST C H I N A MISS IONA RY N E W S 21

Oned. Confucianists, Buddhists and Taoists seeing the progress of Christianity and the success of Christian methods have been stirred to life and in some cases are adopting our methods to gain progress for themselves.

"We will now seek to show the place that the church has gained among various classes of society. For example in the Labor world it is active and seeking to solve problems there. In China we have a great many men pulling Jin Rickshas, a class of labor as menial as any in our countrv. In Peking the Church has established for them a Ricksha men’s Association and in Shanghai there is also a Mission for these men. In our own city of Chengtu where Rickshas have been introduced during the last few vears, we have a social organization for these men. The purpose of these societies is twofold, to assist them in their oiiort to secure a living and to make known to them the Gospel message. In all cases the promoters are Chinese Christian men.

Again let us see the place of the church among the farmers in China. A great per centage of the people in China live in the countrv and the most important problem of the church and the one on which she is laying the greatest emphasis it that of Rural Evangelism. The members of our Bible School where our young men are prepared for the ministry, during holidays goto the country to preach. In our "University in Chengtu there is a society for preaching the Gospel to the countrv people which issues its own paper. We find when stationing our young preachers that they prefer to go to the country rather than to the cities to preach.

Next, what about the Church’s relation to the army. In the armv we have General Feng Yu Hsiang, whom we will only mention as he is verv well known. Besides him there are many others. In mv native city of Chengtu there are two Christian Colonels. Chie Yao Hsien and Tao Kai. Mr. Chie Yao Hsien is an earnest Christian and has over two hundred Christian soldiers under his command. He has engaged a chaplain to work among his troops. A s a man entered his office he was surprised to find that all he kept on his desk was Bibles. A little incident will show his character. When in the city of Sui Fu he was in charge of the city guards and one of his duties was to search and confiscate any contraband goods. In one place he found seven thousand dollars which he was tempted to seize. However as he thought of his duty he realized that he was sent to seize arms and military equipment and left the money untouched. As for the other Colonel Mr. Tao Kai it was mv privilege to visit him in his head quarters and while


there I took a glance at his time-table. Six o’clock in the morning was marked for Bible Study, nine o’clook for Bible Study and nine o’clook at night again for prayer. Last year while I was preaching in Wen Chiang, his men were sent to that city. He saw that our church was in need of financial help and he and his officers subscribed two hundred dollars. Afterwards he was sent to Han Chow where he found a very weak church and he opened several chapels for worship and preaching. He is Dick-named Christian Tao because of his loyalty to Jesus. There are other Generals who have engaged Christian chaplains to teach their men. General Yang Sen who has several times been in power in Sze Chuan has declared that he is friendlv to the church and believes in its work. He has been called a Christian who has not entered the church.

Again, what about the relation of the Church to Buddhism. The Christian Church has seen the hold that Buddhism has upon the people and realizes the strength of this religion and in Nanking has opened a Mission to Buddhist Monks. Thev have erected a Church patterned after a Buddhist temple. Thev also conduct Christian worship with ceremonies much like those used by the Buddhists.

The Church has already opened a missionary department. The leaders of the church in China, Mr. Cheng Ching Y i and M r. Ding Li Mei and others have organized a missionary society which has begun work in Yunnan and Mongolia. Our own Church in West China has opened work on the borders of Thibet. We have sent in an ordained preacher and two ladv teachers who are being supported by subscriptions from Chinese Christians. There have already been quite a number baptised in this Mission.

Next we will mention the standing of the church in the student world. Missionaries in many cases teach in government schools for the sake of making contacts and breaking down prejudices. The Y.M.C.A. has also students organizations for the purpose of preaching to students. Every Saturday evening they invite students to lantern lectures and lectures on religion. Every summer the church conducts Daily Vacation Bible Schools, in which many government students enroll. Christian universities and colleges have organized the Student Volunteer band. W'hen I was in college I was a member of this band. There are also many Christian books and magazines which are very effective in reaching students.

We have mentioned the work which the church is doing among Laborers. Farmers. The Army etc and now I would


like to mention some of the main, problems confronting the church at the present time.

The First and most pressing problem is that of Literary Work. We are paying special attention to this now and each church has its literary deoartment. There are about fifty different periodicals b e in g issued by the Christian Church. In Sze Chuan we have a Daily paper, three Weeklies, Three Monthlies and three Quarterly papers. Our church has set aside Rev. R. O. Jollifie for this work and he has organized a literary department, of our church. I have also been personally very much interested in this work and at different times have been editor of two weeklies and one quarterly paper. (While here in Canada I hope to study Journalism with a view to preparing to return to this work.)

The next problem is that of making the Church indigenous. Christian people have seen how Buddhism has flourished in China because it was indigenous and thev realize that if the church is to take its rightful place it must take steps to the same end. I myself am heartily in favor of this but I believe there is one place where we must be cautious. There is a danger that in our effort to make the Church Chinese we may fail to make it Christian. When I was asked whether it would be wise to follow customs which are Chinese in Christian ceremonies such as burning insense and worshipping ancestral tablets I replied that it would be like cutting ones foot to lit his boot while the right thing is to change the boot entirely We must be careful that in our effort to make the Church Chinese we do not sacrifice Christian principles.

The next problem is that of Union. China is not interested in the denominations of the W est. Thev do not mean much to us. In our church in Chengtu the Christians work together. When I left the church as a body bade me farewell and invited me to return to the work of editing the union paper. When we in China heard of the union of the three large churches in Canada we were very pleased.

The next problem is that of the abolition of the special treaties for the protection of the church. As to this problem all of the Chinese in and out of the church are of the same mind. The Chinese are pleased to hear that the majority of the missionaries also favor their abolition. The Methodist church in Chengtu no longer use any flag but the Chinese flag. When I went to Wen Chiang to preach I found a board hanging in front of the church with a notice from the British Consul stating that the property must be protected. My first act there was to take down this board and use it for firewood. When


fighting occured in this city I refused to use any foreign flag for protection. When the magistrate sent a notice to be hung in front of the church stating that soldiers must not be billeted there and protection must he afforded I refused to use the proclamation. As we see it, to rely upon military protection for our church is not in keeping with the spirit of Christianity. Many of the anti-Christians say that the missionaries came with the Gospel of Peace but behind them they have the gunboats of their various countries.

Thus the progress and the accomplishments of the church in China are very great. It is founded upon a rock. The foundations have been well laid. Although there is an anti Christian movement yet we believe that God will use it for our advancement. It will stir us up to better effort. It will show us our weaknesses and mistakes and thus will work out for our good.

(The writer of the above. Mr. Hsiao Wen Roh, has gone to Canada for post-graduate work in one of the colleges in that country. We understand that he prepared this article as one of the addresses he planned to deliver in Canada. Ed.)

SUBJECT: GATHERING FACTS ABOUT OPIUM AND OTHER NARCOTICS IN CHINA

(Please get the co-operation o f your Chinese colleague in this)

To Our Missionary Friends in China :Dear Brethren :

We are now approaching the third year of the second great moral crusade against the planting and use of opium in China. From the beginning of this campaign the missionaries and Chinese Christians have been part of this people’s movement which has been directed by the National Anti-Opium Association, representing educational, social, commercial and religious in teresto of China and of which the National Christian Counci] is a constituent bodv. The Anti-Narcotic Committee is working in close cooperation with the National Anti-Opium Association on behalf of the Christian constituency of China so far as it is represented by the N.C.C.


We are fully aware that success in Avork of this kind is dependent upon the enforcement of law hv our government. W’e are convinced, however, that adequate measures on the part of the government for the suppression of opium will be secured only as a result of the expression of strong public opinion that the traffic is indefensible and must end. The securing of actual facts on which to base such opinion is therefore most important. The three-fold program of law— enforcement, education of the public (especially the youth), and amelioration or remedy, is really dependent upon this gathering of facts.

We need your help in gathering facts regarding the narcotic situation in China. In order to make it easy for you to send such material we enclose a Chinese blank which might be discussed with vour Chinese colleagues, but you need not feel bound to follow its lines if you prefer to report in another way. The questionnaire is in three parts, with a Chinese covering letter:

1. Principal points in regard to investigation—Facts wanted from (approximatelv) Mav, 1925, to

May, 1926.Any pictures, placards or printed matter regarding

opium planting is desirable.Information received will be published in the National

Anti-Opium Association and no individual names will be u&ed.

We hope such information can reach us by the end of August this year.

2. The narcotic situation—a. As to poppy planting and manufacture of morphine

pills, etc.b. Importation of foreign opium and other narcotics,

if any.c. The traffic in opium —manner of carrying on, etc.d. Use of opium and other narcotics.

3. The local anti-opium efforts—a. The kind of organization and its workb. Asylums for breaking opium habit, and resultsc. Effective measures taken by local government in

suppression of planting, use and traffic in opium, etc.

The results of this study will be compiled into a report on conditions in China, to be published in one or two of the important daily newspapers in Shanghai (which are circulated


widely in China.) in preparation for National Anti-Opium Week, Oct. 3-10th, 1926.* The press are supporting this movement, and we have done this kind of publicity work in a small way in 1924 and 1925, but we hope this year to use it to greater advantage in enlisting public support and getting the leading men in China to throw themselves into the movement.

We are also looking forward to preparing a report for the International Conference on Opium to be held in Geneva in 1929, and we must have the actual facts in regard to opium before that time. We do not wish to hide any facts but are ready to publish the true state of affairs, because we feel this is the way to enlist thè aid of the best men in the movement. It will also make a strong impression on the militarists who are connected with the recrudescence of opium.

There is an old Chinese saying that ‘•from, the utter darkness there is light.” Perhaps the present situation may mean the dawning of a new day through this people’s movement. Missionaries and Chinese Christians were among the most important factors in making China free of the poppy in 1917. Our task is not yet done, and now we have a recrudescence. Shall we as Christians who believe in a God who is holy and pure and righteous not only preach the messages but actually trv to cleanse the countrv from this power of darkness and save the souls who are bound by these dark forces, so that their bodies will be a fit temple for God.

Yours in the crusade,T .H . L e e ,

Chairman. K . T . C h t s g ,

Secretary.

ANTI-OPIUM W’ EEK

O c t . 3— 10, 1926The Szechuan Christian Council has been planning, since

early summer, to push throughout Szechuan the National Anti- Opium Campaign, set by the National Christian Council for the first week in October.

To this end the Literature Council of the S.C.C. has been preparing some very effective material during the summer, and


on Sept. 13th a special committee met at the home of Mr. R.O. Jolliffe to consider ways and means of distribution, and other methods of promoting the movement against opium.

The following recommendations were made, at this meeting :That all responsibility for the Anti-Opium Week in Chengtu

be turned over to the Chengtu Christian Council and that one fourth of the material prepared be given over to the use of this Council.

That students be enlisted as far as possible in the plans of the week and that funds (to the amount of $15.00) be used from the budget of the S.C.C., and if necessary supplimented by the West China Council of Health Education,— in mailing a special educational pamphlet to all the schools on the list of the Educational Union.

That a prize of $10.00 be offered from the W.C.C.H.E. to the students of the West China Union University, for the best (that is the most dramatic and practical) play on the evils of opium. - - to be produced within two weeks after the date of announcement.— and that the following persons be asked to act as judges in this contest : Messrs. Donald Fay, S. H. Fang, C. W. Hsiung, Drvdeii Phelps and Dr. Marion Manly.

That the Union University be asked to hold a special Anti- Opium meeting on Sunday, Oct 3rd,—-and that either a special service be held or announcements of the Campaign be given at the English Service of that day.

That advantage be taken of the presence in Chengtu of Christian leaders, some Chinese, some foreign.— from Tzechow, Kiating, Tzeliutsing, Yachow and Hsintu to send material, personally, to these centers,—and that material be mailed to kev-men in the other cities,— with special emphasis on those in the districts where opium planting is most prevalent.

REPORT OF THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE WEST CHINA RELIGIOUS TRACT SOCIETY.

The twenty sixth annual meeting of the V est China Religious Tract Society was held in the Chungking Hill's church on Thursday August 19th, 1926, at 4 p . m . The Rev. H. B. Bur- well B.A. of the Canadian Methodist Mission occupied the chair,


and there -was present a good representation of the missionary community, as well as visiting friends from other parts.

The meeting was opened by the singing of a hymn, followed by prayer led by the Rev. W. H W'arren of the China Inland Mission, Shanghai, and Miss Dorothy Jones Chungking.

Mr. Burwell in his opening remarks said that he had changed his mind about the place and value of tracts in Christian work, that the recent anti-Christian movement with its wide spread propaganda had shown as nothing else could the value of the tract and poster. “ At home” continued Mr. Bur- well “ we hear much of personality, namely the man behind the tract, and he certainly counts much in tract distribution. The man behind the tract plavs a verv important part in distribution in this land where it is evident that the presence of a foreigner in many instances creates prejudice. However, above and apart from that the tract has its own particular value, for the Word of God carries with it something which in entirely free from prejudice.” He referred to the experience of a Chinese whom he spoke of as one of the finest Christians he had ever met. This man had received a tract, saw a word from the Gospel of John which impressed him, and it was not long after until he found Christ.

“ Such stories could be multiplied” continued the speaker, “ but we are going to see more of the value of the tract in the days that lie ahead. There are destructive forces at work in China today, the devil is at work to destroy, and it requires much faith and praver to overcome, but accompanied by such faith and prayer the Word of God will become one of the great forces of this land. In China the printed Word is honoured as perhaps nowhere else in the world, and I firmly believe that it is to have a much larger place in the Lord’s work than ever before” .

At this stage the chairman called upon Mrs. Lupton to render a solo, which she did to the great enjoyment of all, giving perfect expression to that beautiful hymn. “ It is a thing most wonderful” .

The Hon. General Secretary in submitting his report recalled Mr. Havman’s reference at last annual meeting to the “ Historic succession” of Scotch Bible Society agents who had helped the W.C.R.T.S. in the capacity of Hon. secretaries, and said that although he felt very unfit to take the place of the good men who had gone before, nevertheless he counted it a privilege, and expressed the hope that as this co-operation had been a success in the past it would continue to be so in the future.


In referring to the circulation of the past two years (the last annual meeting was held in 1924) the secretary pointed out that although the figures were certainly small as compared with former years, we must not forget the great difficulties and troubles of 1925 which practically brought mission work to a standstill for a few months. In view of that it ought to be with gratitude to God and hope for the future that we can report a circulation of 1,393,493 copies for the two years, remembering that this total does not include the figures from the Chengtu depot.

Continuing the Hon. secretary who has been acting treasurer in the absence of the Rev. W. A. McCurdv submitted the

financial statement which showed great room for improvement in the finances of the society. Sales for the two years onlv amounted to the sum of $2,402.40 and contributions $1,722.81. that at the close of the two years operations there was left a surplus of only $397.62. Mr. Henderson pointed out that although we had some $2,443 balance in connection with the two bank accounts of the Hong-Ivong and Shanghai and the American— Oriental, and this might seem to be well on the right side, yet this was almost quite eclipsed by our debts, particularly as we owe the Canadian Press somewhat over $2,000.

In concluding the acting treasurer spoke hopefully of the future, when it might be possible to have the London R.T.S. grant again, at the same time urging the neccessity of much prayer for this good work.

Both these reports were unanimously accepted.The Rev. M. P. Smith of the Canadian Methodist Mission

then moved a vote of thanks to all who had so generously helped the society in midst of their own particular difficulties. The London R.T.S. and the American R.T.S. for their former help and their present kindly interest, although for several reasons they had not rendered assistance during 1925, to the various mission boards and individual donors who had contributed as formerly.

In proposing this vote of thanks M r. Smith spoke very enthusiastically of the West China Religious Tract Society. He said he had once heard it referred to as “ a corpse which refused to decompose”, indeed other hard things had been said, but he was more than ever in love with the Tract Society. He believed it possible to carry on this work in such a way as to reach all classes of the Chinese people.

In putting the questions “ why should’nt every missionary in China be interested in literature and tract distribution ?” he referred to an incident where a packet of literature bought by a


Chinese and left unopened on a shelf for some years was at the suggestion of an evangelist who got inbo conversation with the man brought to light, and eventually led to the conversion not only of that man, but of his whole family.

Mr. Smith emphasised the fact that the name Tract Society called to mind the very foundation of our Christian propaganda, and that while books on Christian apologetics, magazines, and Christian newspapers were making a great demand on all available finances, vet the Tract Society must not be neglected. To invest all our money on these specialized lines would be as foolish as for the expedition that climbed Mt. Everest to have provided themselves with supplies of oxygen and to have neglected bread.

At this stage a hvmn was sung and the chairman called on Dr. Parry to speak. The doctor who has been associated with the Society from its earliest davs spoke along the lines of the Rev. Gr. W Sparling’s article in the July-August issue of the West China Miss. News. Referring briefly to the various stages mentioned by Mr. Sparling, namely the Inception stage, the Formative stage, and the stage of Expansion the speaker went on to the stage of Readjustment. In this connection he referred to the co-operation with the Scotch Bible Society, and in the second place to the co-option of Chinese to the executive. i;Mr. Sparling" continued Dr. Parry ‘ ‘makes some very sane remarks under this heading (vide article). Along that line is the work of the Tract Society, times have changed and the needs are growing all around, and so other organizations are being formed to help to meet those needs, We can leave to them work other than along this definite line, for which the Tract Society exists, namely, evangelistic on one hand, and the upbuilding of Christians on the other.”

In touching upon Mr. Sparling’s reference to amalgamation with the other Tract Societies the Dr. said, “ This is a very bic subject and there are certain pros and cons to be considered with it. The pros are put very clearly by Mr. Sparling (vide article) but on the other hand in Chungking and Chengtu there wdll be felt a need for something nearer than Hankow. 1 would like to point out that, personally. I feel there is a great deal in favour of amalgamation, at the same time it would be a mistake to think that this could be brought about easily. It would mean a great deal of work, legal questions would have to be brought up etc., however, I am sure we will be glad for further light on the subject, and of any suggestions that any friends can forward to us, for we want to do the best thing for the W.C.R.T.S.

THE WEST CHINA MISSIONARY NEW s 31

In conclusion there are two or three points, very matter of fact and very practical.

First, we can all become members of the Tract Society.Second, we can all be active tract distributors whatever oar

special line of work mav be. We can each take a share in this work wherever we go by taking a supply of tracts with us. A little personal kindlv word accompanied bv a tract mav touch many a heart and prove to be God's message to a soul.

Third, we can all become donors.Then another verv matter of fact point is the great stock

which we want to clear oiF our shelves, we can all help in this matter. Tracts are being offered at great reductions, some are being given away free. It w-ould be doing a real service to the Tract Society if we all took a hand in this. Manywillperha.ps ask “ will it be worth our while to do anything with tracts go ing out at such reductions ?” They may be in some cases in uncouth form, but when v, e think of the need of the masses of people let us believe in the propagation of the Message even in such form. Then again by our real intelligent prayer we can help on this work of the Tract. Society.”

In closing Dr. Parry called attention to the catalogue, and extended a hearty invitation to all to visit the depot.

The chairman then called upon the Rev. J. F. Peat of the Methodist Episcopal Mission, who on rising to speak said, “ Some of us have had a very good time in connection with the Tract Society It seems a long time—Twenty odd years since it came into being, but we carry with us happy recollections of the times when we worked side by side wTith the old friends who are no longer with us.

Not only in the society, but outside we have also had good times, in this connection we think of two or three tables set in a market place spread with tracts and books, and the jingle of the cash as it was handed over and sales went briskly on.”

Continuing Mr. Peat said he was glad Dr. Parry had called attention to the outline of the history of the Tract Society, for it seemed that we were beginning a new period in this history. Here, however he wished to remind his hearers that in spite of all the hard things which had been said about the society he could say with conviction that the West China Religious Tract Society had never hesitated in the past in being a leader of West China thought always right abreast of the times, and this must be our position in the future.

“ I congratulate the executive5'’ continued the speaker, “ that they have carried on through all this difficult time, but I would like to say to them that in this new China they will have to go


some to continue the pace they have gone in the past, they will have to go some to keep abreast of contrary propaganda, and to make any impression on the public mind of today.”

Referring to the Christian Daily newspaper recently started in Chungking Mr. Peat said he would like to suggest that the Tract Society do all it can to help. “ This new paper” he continued, “ is’nt merely a Christian daily, if that were all I would’nt think so much of it, but it is the first definite attempt among the Chinese Christians of West China to do something really constructive. These men ai’e trying to lift and to lifte for the Lord. Of course they occasionally print articles which raise the bristles on my spine, but then, why not publish in the paper what we know is being said every day in the tea shops? In spite of the faults and failings of the paper and of those behind it, my recommendation is, do what you can to help it on, I believe we could expend $1,000 profitably on it, and at the same time help to stiffen up and encourage our Chinese leaders.”

Mr. Peat in closing said he truly believed that if we in our constituency of West China would back this paper to the extent of lending financial assistance we would not lose a cent by it, and would be working definitely for the Lord along this line.

Subscription blanks were then handed round and the sum of $141.00 was realized, thereafter the chairman called on Mr. Batstone of the C.I.M. to close the meeting with the benediction.

PROPOSALS IN REFERENCE TO A NATIONAL PROGRAMME FOR THE CHRISTIAN

CHURCH IN CHINA

The National Christian Council was called into being in order to serve the Christian forces in regard to matters where there is general agreement and in order to stimulate thought and collect facts in regard to other matters in which the churches are concerned. In regard to the former part of its function the Council has hitherto largely confined its efforts to one or two quite specific issues such as the Week of Evangelism and the anti-opium movement. The question now arises as to


whether it may be able to serve the churches in helping towards a national concentration of effort on certain definite parts of the immense programme to which the Church is committed. The Council, as is well known, has been devoting a good deal of attention to certain questions which require the careful thought of all Christians. For example, it has made some study of the industrial situation, of the problems of the indigenous church, of the relation of the Church and Home, of the question of Christianizing the rural areas in China, of the problems connected with Religious Education. It has further been responsible for issuing “ The China Mission Yearbook”, ‘ ‘The China Church Yearbook”, and “ The Missionary Directory” It has during the last year especially studied the question of Chinese Christian and missionary opinion in regard to the toleration clauses in the treaties and the question of extraterritoriality. The object of the concentration suggested in this paper would not be to reduce any of these activities. Neither would it be to reduce any of the general activities of the churches related to one another through the National Christian Council. The idea is rather to pick out a few activities in such a way that we might all together make a forward move.

In considering how this might be done we must remember that many churches are weak and led by those who have little experience or personal force. Can we find lines of. concentration applicable to weak as well as strong churches, to country as well as city ones, to every part of China and every section of the Church ? It is hoped during the next few months to draw out thought on this question so that the Council may be in a position at its Annual Meeting in October to determine upon lines of advance and concentration if these should be felt then to be desirable.

It is possible to divide the field into two main divisions, thinking first of the inner side, the life of the individual with God, and thinking secondly of the outer expression, the witness to Christ by life and work in the world at large. Is it possible to take one or two specific tasks in each of these large fields and so concentrate our thought and effort upon them that the whole Church will be deepened in its spiritual experience and help more effectively to bring Christ into the life of China ? One thing at least we all agree, namely, that Christ has a word of life and power for this country, that if men could but see and follow Him a new day must dawn for them as individuals and for the country as a whole. He leads us to know God as our Father; He saves us from the sin which separates from God ;


He drives us forth to service ; to take Him seriously is to tread the way to peace and righteousness and the reign of universal love. Further, if Christ is to meet China’s need He must be seen by the people of Ghina through the lives of those whom he has won to Himself.

Taking this central conviction as our starting point we might think of such activities as would help to bring Christ more truly into our hearts, our homes, our neighbors’ lives, the community as a whole. In each of these directions we might specify one method on which the churches could concentrate during, say, twelve months. For example we might seek to bring Christ freshly into the hearts of all His people by promoting an effort for a Bible reading Church, or an effort for a deeper prayer life or by concentrating upon deepening the worship in our churches and schools. We might seek to bring Christ more truly into our homes by a new effort for religious education by parents of their own children, by stimulating family worship, by strengthening the link between church and home and so forth. We might seek to help our neighbors to find Christ by more personal evangelism, by a united campaign of meetings, by a great use of tracts or in other Avays. We might seek to work out the Christian way of life in the community by attacking the opium evil, by a campaign for better health conditions, by educating people in regard to the evils of gambling, bv helping them to see the peaceable nature of the Gospel or in a thousand other ways.

Now what, if anything, shall we concentrate on ? To name all these matters and methods bewilders and almost overwhelms. To pick out a few gives one a sense of direction and a hopeful feeling that something can be done even where the Church is weak and poor. The first item in each group is the one which, at the present moment, has found favour, but the lines of the programme and indeed the question of having a programme at all must wait till the Annual Meeting of the Council, October 13-20. Therefore anything sent in by way of comment, criticism or suggestion will be greatly welcomed. Above all .let us pray that the Holy Spirit may lead us forward to see God’s will for China and for the Church in China in these momentous days and let us believe that He has for us something very much better than anything we have experienced in the past. It is for us to use all the powers He has given us to discover together what is His will and then with all our might in courage, humility and confidence go forward.

THE WEBT CHINA MISSIONARY NEWS 35

CHRISTIAN EMPHASIS IN MISSION SCHOOLS.

Several months ago three delegates from each of the ten mission fields of the American Baptist Foreign Mission Society met in New York with representatives of our several Boards to consider what changes in our Mission Policy should be made, so as to make it more nearly conform to the changes that are taking place on all the mission fields. A report of that Conference on “ Mission Policies” has recently reached West China and its findings lay great stress on maintaining the present Christian emphasis in all our mission schools. Whether that Christian emphasis can be best maintained by making all the religious courses elective and not have one course required the conference has left to each mission to decide. Not to be able to require at least one course in a School of Religion, or Theological Seminary would be unique to sav the least.

The findings of the Conference, as related to the Christian program of our mission schools, are as follows :

1. “ The paramount aim of the Christian missionary enterprise is to lead men everywhere to accept Jesus Christ as Saviour and Master, through whom they may find the Father.

2. “ I n the program of evangelizing the world Christian education occupies an indispensable place. While the schools are direct and conscious evangelistic agency, bringing to their students the challenge of the Christian gospel, their primary educational aim is To JDe v e l o p e a S t r o n g C h r i s t i a n C o m m u n it y w i t h a n A d e q u a t e T r a i n e d L e a d e r s h i p a n d a n I n t e l l ig e n t a n d R e s p o n s ib l e L a i t y .

3. “ The standards fixed by the government or by educational associations should be adopted so far as they do not conflict with our objectives. However, such standards should be recognized as minimum requirements and efforts should be made to set standards and work out methods better adapted to the development of Christian character.

4. “ The claims of religious education should be first in conducting all the activities of the school, the selecting of the staff, the planning of the budget, the shaping of the curriculum, the conduct of religious exercises ajud the general life of the school. To this end Bible study should continue


to hold a preeminent place in the curriculum. However, whether or not such courses should be made compulsory is a question which must be settled according to the best judgment of each mission.

5. “ The Conference urges as an immediate goal that all schools be staffed with Christian teachers and have enough Christian students to insure a Christian atmosphere sufficiently strong not only to dominate the schools but to reach beyond the students to their homes.

6. “ If schools face the situation of accepting money from any private source under conditions which would, by stipulation or implication, seriously abridge the opportunity of the schools to offer religious instruction, or control the character of its teaching, the financial aid should be rejected.

7. “ All governmènt grants should be rejected, if accepting such would in any wav destroy the distinctive Christian nature of thè school.

8. “ Missions should seek government registration and recognition for their schools so far as this is possible without imperilling the officiency or Christian character of their work.”

NEWS OF THE CHURCHES.

Ghengno.Bishop Mowll has notified his autumn visitation of the

Eastern Szechuan stations, and hopes to visit Suiting Oct. 17. He invites us to Paoningfor Nov. 7 for his enthronement as new Bishop, succeeding Bishop Cassels I am writing from Chengko. this lonely little city among the mountains which divide Szechuan from Shensi. It is a long journey of nearly 300 miles from Suiting— through wild and beautiful country, though along bad roads made worse bv heavv rains and they appear dangerous as they go along narrow ledges, overhanging precipices, which affect the nerves of some people.

This station was opened in 1915 on our return from furlough. Shortly after our arrival, Lo, the mandarin, invited me to do them a favor. As the New Army was approaching— would I go out to meet them ? In those days —we had no experience of this kind before - so it seemed an opportunity of


doing good and I went ; a friendly spirit was the result and no fighting.

Somehow this place lends itself to romance and even tragedy. Its isolated situation and difficulty of access make it a popular place with brigands. It is also on the road from Shensi to Szechuan, so a back door to the province. I have not time to give the history of this place for ten years, only noting that the beginning of the work impressed the people so favorably that crowds wanted to join the church and simply hundreds want to put down their names.

For three years a marked interest kept up ; but gradually the unspiritual members began to drop off and the church suffered from men of influence regarding it as a sort of insurance office— with temporal benefits. This is what we have had to fight against.

The next year, Liu Chih Si, the Mandarin, was murdered bv his soldiers. All along there have been thrills. We have tried to visit it each year and leave a catechist in charge. Six years ago a house was built with gusst-hall and chapel. The church had a membership of about fifty and a country outstation at the village of Siucenpa, with twenty members ; some embers died off and some left the district.

Last year was specially difficult at Siucenpa ; as a band of brigands attacked the defenceless people, looted and carried oil all their richer people for ransom, including Mr. Chao, the Church Leader, his son, brother and old father. However they released the others but kept Mr. Chao following them for many weeks travelling about in Hupeh. Finally he got away without paving and returned home to the distressed village and found his little church scattered. He tells us he had plenty’ of food as a dozen chickens were killed every day for the table and plenty of la-nih and other good thiDgs.

We find the opium has worked great havoc not only among the coolie class and other classes but among the Christians. It makes them partly ashamed, also drowsy and dead to spiritual things. We feel the time has come for opening opium refuges, like in olden times. It is a huge enemy in the way.

Mr. Lo a Christian shoe maker has just come in to break off—-after eight or nine days he returns home looking a new man.A Tragedy.

I have mentioned opium as our great enemy and trouble here. Another obstacle has been the crowd of 1000 rather illmannered soldiers, billeted in this small city causing a stop to business, devouring the food stuffs and sending up all the


prices, and of course preventing people coming to our meeting. The men go to hide in the country and the wives stay at home, as the “ la fu” is terrific.

Two months or more back a band of brigands came from the Kaihsien district, several hundreds. They waited till the small band of soldiers left the city for the country, then suddenly entered the city and raised a levy of silver. The Chih Si had fled but they followed him and stole all his effects and silver. So he returned to Suiting to tell General Liu of his treatment and made charges against seAreral local officials as being in league with the brigands. Every one here says it was pure spite.

Ao Hwa Nih, a popular man and of upright character was specially charged, also three others. On our arrival July 7, we warned him of his danger and advised his leaving. A week later the instructions arrived to deal with these four men. The soldiers under Pen Yin Chang made a fusilade of gun firing and put these men into chains. He then took the soldiers to Ao’s country house and stripped it of everything. The aged parents, over eighty years, were roughly handled and fainted, bystanders thought they were dead. Next came three or four weeks of demanding money or being shot. Ao is a fairly rich man, collected over $3000. and the son came to ask me to act as “ pao ren” to hand on the money to Pen. As Ao is a church member, and as during the morning it was decided not to send them down to Suiting, the money was paid. At this point the other three refused to pav money, making Ao the scapegoat; so the pardon was cancelled and next morning they were started off for Taiping and Suiting Ao must have passed a night of terrible distress. The next morning he was said to be dying. They strapped him into a ‘hwakan’ to carry, the other men were all treated as common felons— their chains taken off made to walk in barefeet, no hat or covering for their heads from the fierce sun. A o’s fourth son accompanied him. At Panpiemkai, thirty li from the city. Ao passed away; as the crowning act of cruelty his son was dragged out to take his place and to carry nearly a load of things.

A. POLHILL.


EDUCATIONAL UNION NOTES

D e a r F r i e x d s :—

The question I have been asked oftenest the past two weeks is, “ Will there be a Board Meeting this year, and when and where ?” Since being without a General Secretary, we are forming the habit of letting the Executive Committee decide big questions. The Executive Committee has not had a meeting since last Spring, but in talking with different ones the impression is that we should try to have a meeting, i f the Mission representatives will attend. There are several important questions to be considered and these will appear in next months ‘News’. We are glad to have ideas and recommendations from teachers and principals, Some are already in from summer gatherings of teachers. Let us have more.

Bulletin No. 8 of the China Christian Educational Association has just been mailed to all schools registered with the Union. We are also sending one copy to each of the Higher Primary foreign principals. There are not enough copies for other foreign workers. This number is specially good in its articles and plans for Primary Scripture, work. Encourage your teachers to file these bulletins, to read them, to discuss them, and use them in their own daily work. We have a few copies left over of the Bulletin No. 7 which specialized in Primary History. If any foreign worker cares for one of these please let us know.

There are a few matters in regard to Examinations, past and future, that should be settled very definitely. In June 1927 the Lower Primary and Higher Primary will have papers set on the N e w S y s t e m only. The Junior Middle Schools will be offered papers on both the Old and New Systems. We would be grateful if Middle School principals would let us know very soon which type of papers they will require for the 1927 examination. The examination for the Senior Middle Schools will be on the Old System. Please keep these notices in mind and check up on the textbooks your teachers are using. There will be no examination on Wen Hsioh for Junior Middle School, neither will there be examination on Civics.


We had a new examiner in Physics this year, and he was too far away for us to consult with him as to the nature of the paper. The wrong type of paper was prepared and came in too late for reviewing here. However we made due allowance when the grades were being recorded here, and hope that none have suffered more than they would otherwise.

We have a good supply of Sample Examination Questions on hand that will be helpful in setting local tests. They sell at 5 cents a booklet and in some cases three subjects are in one booklet. We handle these in our office, not from the Press.

If questions come to you in your work that we might be able to answer, please write them out and send to either Mr. Wha, or the undersigned.

Yours with best wishes for the work,

B e u l a h E. B a s s e t t ,(English) Associate Secretary.

A u g u s t 28, 1926.To the Editor

West China Missionary News.Chengtu.

D e a r E d i t o r ,

For the benefit of your readers I send a few lines re conditions here.

Rumour has it that Wu Pei Fu is defeated, but not having heard of anv big battles we cannot understand this rumour.

However the serious condition is that the ‘-Reds” from Canton have reached the Yangtze at a point near Chen Ling Ch’ i west of Yoh-chow.

The China Merchants steamer Kweilee was on her way down to Hankow from here but on reaching the point mentioned she was subjected to heavy fire and compelled to anchor. The Compradore went ashore where he was told by the General that he must turn all passengers ashore and throw cargo overboard and hold the ship in readiness for his use. After hours of palaver the Compradore persuaded them to accept money to hire


junks in lieu of holding the ship. He returned to the ship and collected $6,800 which he handed over. Then the soldiers gave him the tip that if he wanted to escape further trouble he had better return to Ichang, which they did, bringing back $100,000 that they were carrying for the bank. How sore the militarv will be when thev find out what a haul they missed !

Mr. W. H. Warren of the C.I.M., who has been travelling for 11 months in Yunnan and Kweichow left here on Thursday morning at daylight on the Butterfield and Swire’s steamer Tungting. They reached Shasi and discovered that all ships were being fired on further down so waited while they wired to Ichang for instructions. During August, owing to the flooded condition of the river no steamer (thus no mail) came to Ichang for 10 days. Now again it is many days since a steamer arrived from Hankow. We hear B. and S. and Jardines both have a boat coming up in a few days under the escort of a British gunboat as far as the fighting line. Steamers going down will wait there and go down under the same escort. But under these conditions the British steamers are not allowed to carry any Chinese passengers. The Agent therefore wired to the Tungting at Shasi to discharge Chinese passengers and proceed to the point where the gunboat meets them. But every passenger refused to budge and after a delay of over 30 hours at Shasi she had to return here to get rid of the Chinese passengers. Thus Mr. Warren, instead of reaching Hankow this morning arrived back in Ichang. The high water and flooded fields now necessitate anchoring each night. Today we are told the “ Reds” have mined the channel in the Yangtze, so we do not know quite how steamers are going to manage to get through. B and S;s ship Tungting and Jardines ship Siangwo are both leaving here enroute to Hankow tomorrow morning. We are told troops are marching on Ichang from three directions, the needle that draws this magnet being 40,000 chests of opium lying here !

Should further difficulties or dangers occur I will let you know. At present all is quite quiet in Ichang and the people do not seem to be much alarmed.

Yours sincerely,

H. J. S q u ir e

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