Upload
safa-aslam
View
213
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/22/2019 The Ways in Which IT is Used - BH
1/23
The Ways in Which IT is used
8/22/2019 The Ways in Which IT is Used - BH
2/23
a) communication applications(such as the Internet, electronic mail, fax, electronicconferencing and mobile telephones);
b) applications for publicityand corporate image publications (such as business cards,letterheads, flyers and brochures);
c) applications in manufacturing industries(such as robotics in manufacture and
production line control);d) applications for finance departments(suchas billing systems, stock control and payroll);
e) school management systems(including registration, records and reports);
f) booking systems(such as those in the travel industry, the theatre and cinemas);
g) applications in banking(including Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT), cash machines,credit/debit cards, cheque clearing and home banking);
h) applications in medicine(including doctors' information systems, hospital and pharmacyrecords, monitoring, and expert systems for diagnosis);
i) applications in libraries(such as records of books, borrowers and issue of books);
j) the use of expert systems(for example in mineral prospecting and car engine faultdiagnosis).
k) applications in the retail industry(stock control. POS, EFTPOS, internetshopping,automatic re- ordering).
Knowledge and Understanding
SECTION 7
The ways in which IT is used work related
8/22/2019 The Ways in Which IT is Used - BH
3/23
Computers and Work
Examples of new jobs inthe IT industry Programmers
System Managers
Network managers
Technicians Data Processing
Systems Analysts
Network designers
Web designers
Technical authors Trainers and consultants
New Industries as a result
of computer technology
- Mobile phones- ATMs
8/22/2019 The Ways in Which IT is Used - BH
4/23
Retailing
When prices change,pricing labels have to be changed
by hand.
Thepriceshave to be manually enteredinto a till.
Itemized receiptshave to be hand written.
Checking the stock levelsin the shop and re-ordering
have to be done by individually counting the different
product lines
Small shops where computers are not used
8/22/2019 The Ways in Which IT is Used - BH
5/23
Retailing
Large shops/stores that use computers
Stock Control Bar codesdetails about the productend with check digit
Goods do not need to be individually priced
EPOSbar code scanned - price held centrally on a database
and sent back to POS terminalenables itemised receipt Re-order level- stock levels are automatically updated.
When the stock of a product gets too low, the product can be
automatically re-ordered from the warehouse and delivered
the next day. Sales Figures- Supermarket managers get instant access to
sales figures - they can see which items are selling well at
any branch in the country.
8/22/2019 The Ways in Which IT is Used - BH
6/23
Retailing
loyalty cardscontain customer details. Purchase details are
added
Store knows what each person buys and whenmail shots Store encourages loyalty cards with discounts
No need for cash
EFTPOS- Payment by credit/debit cards - swiped through a
reader. Money is automatically transferred from buyers
account to the supermarket's account.
Buying Patterns
8/22/2019 The Ways in Which IT is Used - BH
7/23
E-Commerce
Using the Internetfor e-
commerceand selling
goods and services direct to
customers is worth millions
of pounds.
http://d/XML/glossary.xmlhttp://d/XML/glossary.xml8/22/2019 The Ways in Which IT is Used - BH
8/23
Banking Systems Process Cheques
MICRreads numbers at bottom of
cheques (transfer money from
account to account)
Salariesautomatically paid into
accounts and bills paid using direct
debits. ATMs
Allow customers to withdraw cash
and check their account details -
throughout the world. Enable customers tobuy goods
and services at retail outlets - cost
automatically debited to the
customers' accounts.
Cheque processing using MICR
8/22/2019 The Ways in Which IT is Used - BH
9/23
Home banking
24 hour access
Transfer paymentsfrom one account to another easily while at
home Reduces costs to banksstaff and office space
Problem of security
Salaries paiddirectly to banks
8/22/2019 The Ways in Which IT is Used - BH
10/23
Computers in Schools
CMIS Produce timetables
Class lists
Attendance registersuse of OMR
lead to absence lists and reportdetails
Mail merge for pupil reports
Finance software for accounts
Benefits
Less time spent reproducing the same thing
Information circulated easily
Problems
Cost of equipment
Training
Use of internet and
intranet
CAL software
Interactive boards and
projectors
Teaching and learning
8/22/2019 The Ways in Which IT is Used - BH
11/23
Manufacturing
Computer-aided design and
manufacturing (CAD/CAM)is
in widespread use as computer
systems are used to design and
make products.
IT in manufacturing
industries
Robotsare used in the electronics and vehicles industries. Unlike
humans, robots do not need a break. They can save on labour costs
and can work in dangerous conditions.
8/22/2019 The Ways in Which IT is Used - BH
12/23
Computers in the Office
E-mailsused internally Intranetdocuments produced and made available on the intranet
Presentationstraining
EDIto transfer information, invoices etc
Benefits
Paper costs
Find relevant information
quickly
Problems
Cost of equipment
Training
Security
camera and microphone
connected to computer
Multi people connected
Real time
Reduces costs
Teleconferencing
8/22/2019 The Ways in Which IT is Used - BH
13/23
Computers in Medicine
Sensors detecting how much a
part of a body absorbs rays
Build up an image of the body
cross sections or 3D
Allow detection and treatment of
such things as tumours
Body scanners
Patient monitoring
Sensors attached to the patient todetect changes in pulse, heart rate
blood pressure etc
Data logged over long term
Linked to alarm system if there are
changes
Organ transplants
Database of organ and patientdetails to help find matches
Patient records
Database instead of paper-based
records as patients are transferred
around the hospital
Includes personal and medical
data
8/22/2019 The Ways in Which IT is Used - BH
14/23
Computers in the Home
Games
Internet and e-mails
Use of major applications
PCs
Control
Burglar alarms
ACs / Central heating
Collects data from input sensors
Information sent to a processor to decide what to do Output
Embedded computers Microwaves
Video recorders
Washing machines
Remote controlled devices
8/22/2019 The Ways in Which IT is Used - BH
15/23
Cars and Traffic Management
DVLA Database
Data on all cars- knows when tax and MOT are duesends
reminders
Data on all driverspersonal details and penalty points;
accessed by the police
Control
Traffic lightsfixed time or vehicle activated
Speed camerasuse light sensors to measure speed
Car park managing systemscalculate how many spacesavailable
GISto plan routes
8/22/2019 The Ways in Which IT is Used - BH
16/23
Computers in other Industries
Weather forecasting
Use of data logging
Weather map produced by GIS
Fed into a computer model to see patterns
Estate Agents Database of houses
DTP software to produce house details
Use of digital cameras for virtual tours
Interior design and garden planners Use of 3D modelling packages
8/22/2019 The Ways in Which IT is Used - BH
17/23
Pressure sensor
Temperature sensor
Time sensor
9. Empty the water
10. If clothes are very dirty, Goto command 2
11. Bring water in
12. Spin the clothes to rinse them
13. ?
14. Spin dry the clothes
15. ?
1. Lock the door
2. Bring water in
3. ?4. Heat water up
5. ?
Control the Washing Machine
6. Bring in powder
7. Spin
8. ?
8/22/2019 The Ways in Which IT is Used - BH
18/23
How Can Computers Measure Things?
A sensorcan be connected to a computer. The computer
monitors the signal from the sensor, reacting to changes, or
records the dataat predefined time intervals.Note: If the sensor is an analogue one then an analogue-to-
digital convertor(ADC) will be required.
Where is Computer Measurement Used?
Anywhere that data needs to be gathered regularly:
Scientific experiments
experiments set-up and run with a data-logging systemmeasuring things like the temperatureof a liquid, etc.
Weather stations
placed in very remoteareas to collect data about rainfall,
temperature, wind-speed, wind-direction, etc. Data needs to
be gathered all day, every day. This data can then be used by
weather forecasters to help predict the weather Environmental monitoring
Computer-based data-logging is used to help gather evidence
of these effects: thelevel of waterin a dam, the speedof
waterflowing down a river, the amount of pollutionin the
air, etc.
http://www.igcseict.info/theory/0/anadig/http://www.igcseict.info/theory/0/anadig/http://www.igcseict.info/theory/0/anadig/http://www.igcseict.info/theory/0/anadig/http://www.igcseict.info/theory/0/anadig/http://www.igcseict.info/theory/0/anadig/http://www.igcseict.info/theory/0/anadig/http://www.igcseict.info/theory/0/anadig/8/22/2019 The Ways in Which IT is Used - BH
19/23
Why Use Computers to Measure Things?
Computers do not need to take breaks- they can logdata all day, every day, without stopping
Computers take much more accuratereadings than
humans can
Computers can take data readings more frequently
(1000s of times a second if necessary)
Since the logged data is already in a computer, the datacan be analysed more quickly and easily(graphs
drawn instantly, etc.)
Data logging systems can operate in difficult
environments(e.g. in the Arctic, or on top of a
mountain)
People are free to do other more useful tasks (ratherthan watching a thermometer)
8/22/2019 The Ways in Which IT is Used - BH
20/23
How Can Computers Control Things?
A computer control system, like any system is
made up of three parts...
1. Inputdevices called sensors feed data intothe
computer
2. The computer then processesthe input data (by
following a set of instructions)
3. As a result of the processing, the computer can
turn on or offoutputdevices called actuators.
The best way to understand how a
computer can control things is to think
about how a personcontrolssomething...
For example, how does a human
control a carwhen he/she is driving?
The person looksahead at the road to
see what is approaching, thinksaboutwhat he/she has seen, then actsupon it
(turns the steering wheel and/or
presses the pedals).
In other words the person reactsto
what is happening in the world aroundthem.
Computer-controlled systems work in
a similar waythe system detects
what is happening in the world around
it, processesthis information, and
then actsupon what it has detected.
8/22/2019 The Ways in Which IT is Used - BH
21/23
Sensors
Sensor What it Detects
Temperature Temperature
Light Light / dark
Pressure Pressure (e.g. someone standing on it)Moisture Dampness / dryness
Water-level How full / empty a container is
Movement Movement nearby
Proximity How close / far something is
Switchor button If something is touching / pressing it
A normal PC has no senses. We can connect sensors to it...A sensor is a device that converts
a real-world property (e.g. temperature) into data that a computer can understand
8/22/2019 The Ways in Which IT is Used - BH
22/23
Actuators
A normal PC has no way of affectingwhat is happening around
it. It cant turn on the lights, or make the room hotter. How do
we change what is happening around us? We use our musclesto
move things, press things, lift things, etc.
we can give a computer the ability to do lots of things by
connecting a range of actuatorsto it
An actuatoris a device, controlled by a computer, that can
affect the real-world.
Actuator What it Can Do
Light bulbor LED Creates light
Heater Increases temperatureCooling Unit Decreases temperature
Motor Spins things around
Pump Pushes water / air through pipes
Buzzer/ Bell/ Siren Creates noise
8/22/2019 The Ways in Which IT is Used - BH
23/23