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The War Ends. Key Terms. Hedgerows Battle of the Bulge V-E Day Harry S. Truman Iwo Jima Napalm. Manhattan Project V-J Day United Nations Charted Nuremberg Trials. The Third Reich Collapses. D-Day was a success Many fields had hedgerows Hedgerows-dirt walls covered with shrubs - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The War Ends
Key Terms
Hedgerows Battle of the Bulge V-E Day Harry S. Truman Iwo Jima Napalm
Manhattan Project V-J Day United Nations Charted Nuremberg Trials
The Third Reich Collapses
D-Day was a success Many fields had
hedgerows Hedgerows-dirt walls
covered with shrubs They were built to
separate cattle and crops
Germans could hide in them
Third Reich Collapses
Tanks could not drive through them
Battle of the hedgerows ended June 25, 1944
2500 American bombers blew a hole in the German lines
August 23 Paris was liberated
Battle of the Bulge
Hitler’s last desperate offensive
Wanted to cutoff supplies from Antwerp
December 16, 1944 American defenders
caught by surprise Battle of the Bulge-As
Germans raced west they caused a bulge outward in the Allies lines
Battle of the Bulge
Germans surrounded the Americans at Bastogne
Bad weather grounded American planes
General Patton’s troops arrived quickly
Weather cleared Allied airpower struck the Germans
Battle of the Bulge
On Christmas Eve-out of fuel and suffering heavy loses Germans stopped
Patton broke through German Lines
United States won the Battle January 8, 1945
Germans had 100,000 causalities and lost many tanks and planes
War Ends in Europe
Americans and British Liberate France
Soviets attack Germans in Russia
Germans driven back to Poland
February 25, 1945 Soviets 25 miles from Berlin
War Ends in Europe
February 1945 American troops were at the Rhine River
April 16 Soviets on the outskirts of Berlin
April 30, 1945 Hitler commits suicide
V-E Day- Germany surrenders on May 8, 1945
Japan is Defeated
President Roosevelt dies April 12, 1945
Harry S. Truman- was vice president, becomes president
Although Germany surrendered, there was still war with Japan
Truman had to make many difficult decisions
The Battle of Iwo Jima
November 24, 1944 bombs fell on Tokyo
B-29s flew for 1,500 miles
Needed a closed air base
Iwo Jima- island located half way between Marianas and Japan
Battle of Iwo Jima
Terrain was rugged with cliffs, ravines and caves
Japanese had build vast complex of bunkers
February 19. 1945 40,000 Marines land
Sank to the ankles in the soft volcanic ash
Battle of Iwo Jima
Japanese artillery pounded the invaders
Marines used flame throwers and explosives on the bunkers
6,800 Marines were killed
Admiral Nimitz wrote “uncommon valor was a common virtue
Firebombing Japan
Curtis Lemay orders B-29s to drop napalm
Napalm-jellied gasoline designed to not only explode, but also start fires
If B-29s missed their target the fires would burn it
Firebombing Japan
Firebombing very controversial
Killed many civilians Curtis Lemay-thought it
would destroy Japanese war production
March 9, 1945 Tokyo was firebombed
Firestorm started and sucked out all the air
Killed 80,000 people, burned 250,00 buildings
Invasion of Okinawa
Despite firebombing Japan not surrendering
Okinawa invaded to prepare for invasion of Japan
Okinawa only 350 miles from Japan
12,000 Americans died
June 22, 1945 Okinawa captured
Terms of Surrender
Emperor urged government to surrender
America demanded unconditional surrender
Japanese wanted emperor to stay in power
Americans blamed emperor for the war
The Manhattan Project
1939 Leo Sziland learned Germans had split the atom
Worried Germans were working on a atomic bomb
Albert Einstein warns Roosevelt about the powerful bomb
Manhattan Project
Roosevelt gathered scientist to study this
British scientists also working on the bomb
Manhattan Project- Americas secret plan to build a atomic bomb
1942 built the first nuclear reactor
Manhattan Project
Scientist organized secret lab to build atomic bomb
Los Alamos, New Mexico
Robert Oppenheimer detonates first atomic bomb on July 16, 1945
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
William Leahy chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff opposed the bomb
Killed indiscriminately
He believe in economic blockade and bombing
Secretary of War Harry Stimson wanted to warn Japanese
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Stimson would let Japanese keep their emperor
Secretary of State James Byrnes wanted to drop it without warning to shock Japan
Truman was warned of massive casualties if U.S. invaded Japan
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Allies threatened Japan with “prompt and utter destruction”
August 6, 1945 the Enola Gay dropped the first atomic bomb
‘Little boy” was dropped on Hiroshima and important industrial city
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Bomb destroys 63% of the city
Kills 80,00 to 120,000 people
Three days later bomb dropped on Nagasaki
Emperor orders government to surrender
V-J Day- August 15, 1945 Japan surrenders
Creating the United Nations
Roosevelt believed a international political group could prevent another world war
1944, 39 countries met to discuss the new organization
United Nations- UN a new international organization
Creating the United Nations General Assembly-
every member had one vote
Security council would have 11 members Five countries would be
permanent members United States, Soviet
Union, China, Britain and France
Each member had veto power
Creating the United Nations April 25, 1945 United
Nations was organized
Charter- constitution on how organization would be run
General Assembly given power to make resolutions To choose non
permanent members of the Security Council
Creating United Nations
Investigate any international problem and propose settlements
Take actions to preserve peace
Ask members to use military force to uphold a UN resolution
Putting Enemy on Trial
Allies declared their intention to punish German and Japanese leaders
United States, Britain, France and the Soviet Union formed the IMT
International Military Tribunal
Held trials in Nuremberg Germany
Putting Enemy on Trial
Nuremberg trials- 22 Nazi leaders were prosecuted 3 were acquitted Seven given prison
sentences 12 sentenced to
death Lasted till 1949- 24
sentenced to death, 107 given prison sentences
Putting Enemy on Trial
IMT held in Tokyo 25 Japanese leaders
were charged Allies did not indict
the emperor 7 sentenced to
death, 18 to prison War crimes trial was
part of trying to build a better world