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Lehigh UniversityLehigh Preserve
Theses and Dissertations
1960
The vortex tube as a mass separation deviceJohn M. DrennanLehigh University
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Recommended CitationDrennan, John M., "The vortex tube as a mass separation device" (1960). Theses and Dissertations. 5015.https://preserve.lehigh.edu/etd/5015
. ' ,, '
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. . . -,-;:;_; . :·.~w-· ,.;\....,,.;, ... ..:~~ ....... ;.;......,,:---~"- ,_,.._ .,,,.,. -
The Vortex Iube
As a Mass Separation Device
by
John ii. Drennan
J.... Report
Presented to the Graduate F&culty
Jf Leji.gh University
in Candidacy for the negree of
riaster of Science in Chemical Engineering
Lehigh University
, 1960
. .. ,. ,·· .. •- ~ ~- - .. - . . ..
This report is accepted and appr8ved in partial
f fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of r:
I i l ' !
Mo,ster of Stience in Chemical Engineering~
()~ Cl, /f{o •
Professor in Charge
Head of the Department
11
Acknowledgement
1 w'Juld like to thank the fuculty uod
staff and my fellow ~rad0~te students of the
Che~ical Engineering Dep8rlment whose su~gestions
and assistance w~de this research much easier~
h: r ticular· lhci nks z.o tho Dr. Le:>(wrd A. ·1.-ei1z,e1
and ~r. Williaili Gzuloorski.
111
l
I j
TABLE Of CONTENT§
Acknowledgement ••••••••••••••••• •
Abstract.•• ••••••••••••••••• •
Introduction • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Theory • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• ~ •
Plan ot Research • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • Development of Design ••••••••••••• , •
Ueecript1on of Apparatus ••••••• , ••• , •
OperAt1ng Procedures •••••••••••••• •
Disousslon of Heeults •• • • • • • • • • • • •••
Appendix • • • • • • , • • • , • • • • • • • • e •
Table of Nomenclature. • • • • • • • • • • • Semple Calculations •••••••••• , ••
Data, Tables •• , •••••••••••• , •
Data, Graphs •••••••••••••••• •
Callbrat1ona, Data ••• , ••••••••• •
Bibllogra}il.J • • e • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
iv
PAGE N01
111
1
2
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11
14
19
23
27
35
36
37
44
65
75
83
\i
1.
Abstract
The vortex tube is an arrangement of circular flow
channels which c~uses a high velocity ~as stream to
separate into stre~.us havinr: different static and stag-
nant temperatures.
It was thought that three illolecular char8cteristics
wi~ht be impartant in 8 :uuss separation. These are
~olecular weights, moleculAr complexity, and the cow
oination of tl:lese. Gas pair .. of l1ydrot:.en, refri~·ercnt-12,
rraon represe~t each af the molecular characterisl~cs.
The vortex tube will function as~ mass separation
cevice. The sepers tin::r ability .:iicplayed is s1uall.
INTRODUCTION
Tho object of this research is to determine if' the
vortex tube would funotton as a moss separation device.
It 1 t would, how well would 1 t function?
Commercially available gases would be employed at
:room temperature. An attempt was mnde to araploy the
uniflow tube.
The vorteit tube is an a>?:t?0.ngement of circular flow
channels which oausae a high velocity gas strorun to
separate into streAma having different static (a..~d
stagnant) temperatures.
As uoually constructed, it consists of a small hole
tnngentially entering a much larger tube. The larger
tube is blanked off here, forcing the gases to t:rovel
helically 1n one direction. Some provision is made to
obtain the center gas stream without the peripheral
stroe.m. The r1ov1 pat;tern will be discussed later in
thia Introduction. Figure 2 shows Vortex Tube V, which
was used 1n the final experimentation.
There 1s a resemblance to a cyclone. Since the con
ditions ot separation in the vortex tube ere much different
from the cyclone, an analogy will not be drawn.
Georges Joseph Ranque patented a tubular device 1n
1933 tor the creation of streams ot hot and cold gases
rrom a ~igher pressure system.
2.
·1
j
During the Second World :.;ar, Dr. Hudolph Hil1h
developed the tube end incorporated it in a small a1r
11qu1fe.ct1on plant for his le.boratory at the Phys1kal1schen
Institut, Erlangen irntvo:rsitnt, Germany. Shortly efter
1945 he published an article popalarizing it •
. A fl 11.rry of interest in the device ns a refrigerntor
died when :tt was shown to be much less efficient than
the present equipment. Sovm:~al a.ppl1co.tions were made
in the meastir•ement of gBs ten1peretures. rl'ho attempted
exploitation tmco,1eJ?ec1. several fundamental problems AB
to just bow the energy was distributed. Experimentotion
and theorization hl'ls continued at a diminished bu.t
heal thy pace.
,:or more than ten years 1nte:t·eRt has been slowly
growing in the posalb111ty of separ~t1ons being obtnined
through the radial fo:1:•ces existent. A brief chronolog
ical history shows the following:
A. Ji'• /ohneon ( F•5) found no sepnrntion of air
in 1947 •
• f. R. Corr ( Irl•l) round no separation of air in
1948.
s. Comaeser (P-26) obtained no separation or air
or combustion gases using en Orsat ane.lyser and a mas1
apectrograph, 1951.
l I
i J
Elser end Hock's (F-10) sepnrations of combustion
gases were "consistently ••• although ••• poorly quantl•
tat1vely reproducible", 1951.
r :• n. No\ler end H. ;J • Mur·tz ( F•9) were able to ,
separate Hg and co2, obtaining a. separation factor, £,
ot 2.s. They also claim some separRtion of the natural
isotope mixture of argon using very smnll cold fractions.
They have promised further work.
~f'he major characteristics or the flow pattem
w:i.th:1.n the tube have been well established by McGee
{ P-12), :3ohaper 0 .Jr. ( P-24), Parnett and F.okert ( P-41, 42),
Scheller ( T•46), and mrmy others. .A description of the
flow pattern follows.
Because of the pressure drop existing between the
supply or inlet tube end the large or hot tube, turblllent
air is delivered near the apeed of sound. The inlet tube
is mounted tangentially on the hot tube and the juncture
is known as the nozzle. The air, on leaving the small
tube, follows the wall of the large tube, developing
circular flow. The presence of more nozzles improves the
shape of the vortex. 1J'h1s flow becomes helical because
the blank in the large tube presents 1nt1n1te resisttnce,
whereaa, in the other axial direction, little resistanoe
is encountered. The gns proceeds helicallJ down the
,.
l
l ., ~
s.
tube, losing kinetic energy to the wall end its own heat
capacity. '110 obtain the character1st1c pressure balance
of the tube, a valve is necessary. Most of the helienlly
flowing gas, which has been growing hotter, exits to the
atmosphere. Some of the air, however, i.a reversed by the
valve and flows along the axis of the tt1be toward the
blenked end. This a.il.1 becomes cold. If a hole in drilled
1n the oenter of the blank, this, cold ai:r will flow ottt.
This describes a counterflow vortex tube. At H cross•
section of the tuhe, the flow is, very roughly, of several
regimes I boundary l.aye:r nt the wall, ir1.,otntional or e.
freo vo1~tex up t,o, say, one-third of the radius from the
wall, then becoming tmoharacterizable, and finally becoming
rotational or a fixed vortex neai~ and nt the center, w1 th
nn opposite axial component.
'11he uniflow tube is quite similHr oxcept 1n the vrny
the cold stream ia sepnrated. In this tube, the center
core of air is intercepted before it reaches the end ot
the hot tube. All the air travels only S;n one axial
direction. The design comes from ~Jen1g'e idea (P-23)
that the CJ:-{Jtltion of hot and cold. streams occurs immedi•
ately upon establishment of circular flow. Noiler and
Murtz (F-9) used this design successfully.
THEORY
The idea that the vortex tube might function as a
mass separation device prob~bly came from experiences
with "contrti'ugal fo1 .. ce•1, AB the :;rm has a high anguler
velocity. The expression for centripetal force, P, for
constant enguls.r speed, a, ie
F =
where m is a small maae ttnde:r consideration and r is the
distance from the axis of that mass. ~\'his equation may
be converted to a unit volume basis by u.aing the density,
P, as 2
P = . e V s - r
where Vis a small volume aasocisted with the small mass.
Cons:tder two unit volumes of gna spinning st the same
speed and radius about e. common axis. I1~ the unit volumes
contain gases of difforlng densities, tben the forces
experienced \dll be different. Carrying this thinking
to a smaller scale where the volume is only large enough
to contain a n10lecule, molecules ot different mass would
alao expe:rienoe different rorcea. The molecules are not
flung to the OQts1d~ because that motion la resisted bf
the pre1111N gradient, whiah ls constant at AllJ r-t:1.dlu.1.
In a gaa mixture, the constant resisting force 1a not
exactly equal to the differing centripetal forces. The
ditterence in forces would be expected to separate them.
This would happen s!mply if the unit volumes were 1n
isothermal laminar flow, which is not tho cnse. An
expression is needed for the resistances to d18placement
by turbulence and thermal diffusion. A short but compre•
hens1ve survey, "The Theory of Diffusion", has been
presented by Mr. R. Byron Hird.1 It is cleor that the
problems solved thuB far nre limited in applicAtion
because they nre simple oases. t.iessrs. Opfell and Sage
have reviewed the topic 11 'I'urbulence on ·fuermal and
Material Transport", 2 and show even a smaller number of
treatable situations. Prom the above, it appears thAt
experimentation will continue to have the major role for
some time to come.
The situation is not nearly so clouded in the are~
of heat and momentum transfer now. A short sunmiary ot
the average d1st~1but1on theories follows.
The most comprehensive treatment to date is due to
Scheller (T•46) 1n 1955. By using a somewhat perilous
l Th011188 B. Drew and John w. Hoopes, Jr., Advances 1n Chl!ct! Enalneet~ Volume 1, Acndem1c· freaa, Inc., l9· , _ew firli, PP• 5&•219.
2 1b1d., PP• 241•282e
"
orosapl~t ot extrapolated values, he found that the air
enters the hot tube by an es~entially isentl"Op1o expan
sion. Depending on whether the nxlal or rAdial component
1a larger, on element or gas will move tovrnrd the center
or towerd the valve while spinning :rapidly. He took
extensive data and proved that viscous stresses are im•
porto.nt only at the orifice plate, the center and the
walls of the tube, and th:;t the flow ie m1ther one of
constant a.ngulnr velooity or constant angular momentum.
Thus energy must be transforred by theories bneed on
differences in static temperntures of the moving r,as. He
calculated heat transfer coefficients which were similar
to that of film condensation; conduction is negligible.
Hanque (F-6), the inventor of the vortex tube,
expected
"The compressed external lnyers only have
a low velocity while the expRnded central layers
have the greatest pnrt of their energy in kinetic torm and rotate at a very high angul~r
velocity. (The central ln.yers are now mllch
colder becnuae of the expansion· and the high
velocit7; J'.D.). It follows that such a distribution of
velocities gives rise to considerable friction
between one layer end the next, suob that it
the layers are long enough, an equilibrium will
tend to be established 1n which all the layers
acquire the same angular velocity. Therefore
there is a oentr1t'u.gal migl'ation ot energy, the
central layeJ'a giving their velocity to the external layer,.''
H1lach•a theor1zst1on (F-4) is the same as Ranque•a,
e.
J
1. e •, a tree vortex dee aying re.di ally.
Kassner and Knoerechild (G-3) Assumed that a free
vortex was converted into a forced vortex while moving
in the axial, not radial direction. They used a turbu
lent eddy viscosity in their explanation which was a
multiple of the laminar viscosity.
"Tho distribution or states across the section is assumed to be that of reversible and adiabatic changes of state of the amall pockets of gas as they move in and out radially in the turbulent flow, lending to tha eouat!on p/pk = a constant." - from Pulton {P-7)," P• 479.
Pulton ( P-7) contim1ed along the line of Hanque end
Hilseh, but added a Himpl1f1ed math8'mat1cal analysis end
the ideA of heat transfer. He conceived kinetie ent':)rgy
wee passing outward much faster than a temperf.'.ture d1f•
fe:rence oould transfer heat inwar.d. von j)eemter ( F'-16)
cites an e:r.z,or by PuJ. ton with regnrd to a tur1,ulent heat
flux.
VJebster ( P-21) postule.ted Em elemental expan.sion
analysis in which each element of gas did work on the
preceding element. Ultimately, friction at the tube
wall caused the energy to appear as e temperntuPe rise.
His data indicated the whole tlow was of constant angular
velocity. His theory was discredited beca~se expansion work
cannot be performed.in the system he postulated.
Schaper, Jr. (P-24) envisioned heat transfer alone
aa the cause of the temperature "sepGitation". Hla
j
j
coeft1o1enta were not high enough therefore he did not
exclude the poas1b111ty of other mechanisms aotlng.
Dornbrand ( G•S) developed a two dimensional lrun1nar
vortex theory which neglected heat transfer. He recog•
nizee its very limited application. It is interesting
because 1t considers a froe end a forced vortex acting
nea.r oaoh other.
10.
J11rst, a successful tube would be developed using
air, thus allowing exploratory work. The criterion of
acceptability would be comparison to other data in the
literature. An attempt would be made to make the uni•
flow tube workable. If this proved difficult, the
conventional count ertlow tube would be developed.
Second, the experimental gases would be used in the
euceesstul design to determine whether n separation would
occur.
It was thought tha·l; three molecular chaPacter!stios
;
might be important in a 1u11par~1tion. 'l1hese ere molecular
weights, molecular volume (complexities), and the con1b1-
?lat1on of these. The original intent w~s to investigate
this three variable system by 'b1nnr1es. grich of the
gases represent one of the molecular charaotor1st1es.
Through consideration of cost and physical properties,
the following were chosen:
Hydrogen, MW = 2.0, o.00518 lbm/tt3 at 70°F, 1 atm.
n-12,
Argon,
MW = 121.0, 0.333 llY.in/rt3 e.t 74.5°1?, 1 atm.
MW= 40.0, 0.103 lbm/rt3 at 7o°F, l atm.
The Plan ot the Experlmente follows as Table :r.
12.
TABLE I
Plan or the Experiments
Gns h-12 Argon l1Jdrogen .
Purity commercial 99.95::-~ 99.5•8% refrigerntion dew points -es0 ,-97°
Compoait1one 100 0 X '76 25
of :tuns in X. 50 50 25 76
Percent 0 100
X '15 26 X 50 50
25 75
75 25
X 50 50 25 75 0 100
Huns were made rt1ith as.ch mixture. E; ach run included
operntion nt 51 7.5, or 10 atm. inlet pressure. At a
pressure level, equilibrium dAta were tRken for varioue
valve settings.
When some experience had been gained with the system,
1t was decided to el1m1n~te the runs with high concen•
tra.tions of R-12. l11urthar, the 50•50 runs were omitted,
since comparison of 75•25 and 25-75 runs wotlld produce
almost ns much 1ntormnt1on. The column of x•e above
1ndiaatea the l'WlS omitted.
Ternary Diagram showing Rune actually pertol'lllede
Argon 96
ss
59,96,96
59 Hydrogen 69 + 33
,iauge pressures nt which rwis were performed are shown
outside of the diagram at compoaltion points.
11.
. ~
DIWELOPMENT OF THE DESIOI
This oocu?'l'ed in two stages. The ff.rst included
development ot optimum dimensions and characteristloa,
and attempts at constructing uniflow tubes. The second
stage included improving techniques of fabrication.
The literature wna searched for dimensions and
operating characteristics of tubesJ these were compiled
and examined. Generally, incomplete data were found on
tubes ranging from 4.4 mm. to 3" in hot tube diameter.
A graph was made having the gas rate in lb. moles per
hour as the abc1sea. The ordinates were the squares of
the ratios D0/Dt and Dn/Dt' i.e., the area r·Fi.tios of
orifice to hot tube and nozzles to hot tube. It WAS
hoped that these area vs. flow plots would show a trend,
or at least some grouping, About the only thing common
to the tubes was that the gas rates were within a factor
of 4 of each other. The wide dislocation of the var1ou.s
"opt1mum" tu.bes we.a not encouraging.
Because a number of suoceasful tubes employed these
ratios, the following were chosena (D0/Dt)1 • J.20 • o.25
and (Dn/Dt;)2 • o.oe with Pn >105 pstg. Much of th11
could have been avoided had DombraP.d's pap81" (G-S) been
available earlier. The concltl81ona above ore confirmed
bJ bte tlnd1nga. It ls interesting to note one ot
Tube
I
Ii
III
IV
V
Dt Do
1.ncbes
3/4 l./4
3/4 1/4
T AJ?.LB I:I
Speo~f~cat~ons of Vortex Tubes
% Ltt r"c (Do/Dt)2 {Dn/Dt)2
Dt units
1/16 l.7/3 16/3 .1l.l. .007
l./32 17/3 l.6/3 .111 .004
Gas Rate
SCFM
nozz1e bl.ocked
not nte8sured
3/4 23/64 2:x1/8 32. 32. .23 .or1oa 35.
sq.
1/4 1/8 2d/64 40. 4. .25 .0896 9.
sq. 8x(4/64) (.159)
1/4 l./8 2x3/64 40. l.. .25 .0896 4. to 9.
V'r Tube IV was f·1n1shed { l.arger) than designed.
·-----· -·- ··--···--------·---- ... -.------·----·- -·-··
Comment•
bras•• ao1dered• unlf1ow
bras•• so1dered• un1f'1ow
luclt.•• we1ded. counter-f'1ow
1uc1te. we1d•d• counter-:now braa•• screwed• coun~er-f1ow
... GI •
Dornbrend • a tubes. His 5 lb. per minute tube achieved
a maximum 11 T0 of 56°c while Vorte~c 7ube V achieved a
maximum .A T0 of 38°c !n Pig. 3 at o.6 lb. per min.
Aa an example of how this wa.s aµplied to the design
of a tube, the compu.tations of Vortex Tube III are prae
aented. The plastic tube had a nominal inside diameter
of 3/4". The limits of the 0>0 /Dt) 2 r~ti.o chosen yield
Bfl orif'ic e diameter rn.nge of o.336 to o.~75". rrhe drill
size chosen wns 23/64n. Similnrly, the nozzle diemeter
v.rould be 0.184". HmH3ver, 1.t was desirf)d to have two
nozzles. The choice he:re is somewhat rirllitrAry, but
the ner,rest t;otal E:1quivnlent nrea vrns chosen. r,eca.use
of the difficulty of machining ctr•cular shnpes in the
tube rat this point, square flow channels were necessary.
'I'he side of the square would be ().1156". 1I1he closest
practical size woe 1/A", giving a ( Dn/Dt) 2 of 0.0'708.
The liternture indicated that the gns rate v;ould be 15
RCF'M. When placed in operation, the tube had more
capacity than the 35 fiCJNvi ,Toy compressor. A 1:,ru.anee we.a
strt1ek between the compressor and the expansion tube
between 56 and 60 PSIG.
The tube desipJl history follows. 1.I'he un1tlow tube
was attempted bec~use it should be more efficient and for
the novelty. Solder obstructed the nozzle ot the first
16.
J
tube and 1t is possible thnt the tangentially drilled
hole passed the tangent point in both tubes. Because
1'7.
the second tube gave somo indics.tion or :running "backward",
it was decided to switch to the counterflow design. The
third tube incorporF,ted a munber of improvements, these
being use of tLo diRmete1"' rntios, lucite for observati.on,
solvent welding, two nozzltiS, and a mu.ch superior plenum.
'This le.st item wns sugizested by ,Iohn P. f/ahoney. It also
included the beat nozzle design, a split nhort spiral
found by Ma.rtynovaki a.nd JUekseev ( ?0'•8). Vortex 1rt1be III
was quite successful, prodncing 29° and -l"l0 c simul•
t , l t ,.U'\ upru·· iw.eous y a .. JV ,. ,.) • Unfortunfltely, it conswned more
air than tho Joy ttmchine could compress. S'uhe IV was a
scnled•down version of the s.9me design. ll.e in 'i'ube III,
the nozzles we!'e hand-contoured with a small power tool.
Dental burrs which were near•l;y- 3/64 inch in diameter were
used on the lnter tube, hut lAck of 1:;;ood control brought
the nozzle c1•oss-section to n(rn.rly 4/64. ·rube IV per•
formed PS well as T11be III, yielding 56° and -6°c n1mul•
taneously, nnd conswned 9 FCPM at 97 PSIG. rP.he lucite
tube failed in the tollowin15 fashion townrd the end ot
the 90 PSIG run. De<rnuse of tte increasing heat and
slip)lt pressure, the tube wall deformed outw~d, starting
about one-third along the hot tube length. The section
t' , .. . ,.
:i l
'
became half a circle and halt an 91,lipse, For safety,
testing was discontinued.
With the passing of four months, a good design had
been achieved, Vortex Tube V was machined from brass
(see Fig, 2) and at first employed a lucite connection
to the cold cross, This broke a nwnber of times and a
brass one was finally substituted, An attempt was made
to cut down the heat transferred by using thin Teflon
tape between the orifice block and the connection,
Eventually all the threaded joints were faced with a
refrigeration sealant. A paper gasket between the hot
tube and the orifice block failed and was replaced by a
sheet metal one. This was thought necessary to assure
no leaks about the nozzles; the nozzles were positioned
by a set o.f fixed dimensions.
All data 111 the Appendix was taken with Vortex
Tube V,
1e.
' f :: ,{·
I
!
eESCRIPTION OF THE APPAUATUS
The apparat1 employed fell into two groupings,
corresponding to the stage or the work. The t1rst
grouping, used to achieve a satisfactory design, 1noludedl
19,
1) Compressor. A Joy machine located 1n the basement
of the Chemist:ry building and capnble of 35 SCFM at 160
PSIG. The cut off was set nt 120 PtUG. ,Joy Mfg. Co. Type
K, Model B 352-sa.
2) Dura Gauge 0-160 PU,IG.
3) Vortex Tubes.
4) Leeds and Northrup Cat. #8667 Potentiometer.
Leeds and Northrup strmdard (: 1•1/2°F) copper e.nd
constantan wire for couples. Centralab standard rotary
switch.
The first group was assernbled and run in the Unit
Operations Laboratory.
The apparatus for the second group consisted ot
system charging equipment, a compressor, a recycle valve,
storage tank, gauges, the vortex tube and tubing, thel"ftlo•
couples end potentiometer, and a thermal conduot1v1tJ
anal7ser. The flow die.grem is Figure 1.
,.
-' -·--·- ·---------------- ·-" ....... ~-·-~~~'1"'""'":::'1<21¢1':lQ'~~....,....._.~"e""':~=•--~- ... -,--....... ~ ... ------·-· _ - -- ------------- ..
ao.
1) System Charging Equipment. When being run on
air, the system was charged by opening the valve on the
inlet aide of the compressor. ·When run on the experimental
gases, a cylinder was connected and the VAlve "5" opened
until, the desired pressure had built ~Pin the storage
tank. I1' two gases v.,ere to be ru.n, this was repeet ed,
the storage tank pressures always being less than those
of the cylinder.
2) Compressor. 1'his machine was s Worthington type
V4A3, Model 1225, Size 2,:, which normally can produce 12
SCFM at 3000 PSIG. For these operations, the third stage
va1s discolUlected. The seftond ste.ge safety valve blew at
635 PSIG, although usually the tank was r~!sed to 650 P~IO
at the highest,
3) Heoycle Valve. This was a 1/4" PPT Hoke high
pressure stninless steel bar-stock valve.
4) Storage 1fisnk. This was a wartime stainless steel
oxygen tank. It was hydrostetically tested to 610 PSIG
and had a computed esp aci ty or 1.23 6Ue rt.
5) Gauges. All in PSIG except vacuum units.
0•5000 Compressor Discharge
0•1000 Lonergan GM Storage tank
0•3000 He1ae Storage tanlr, 2 lb. sllb• divi1lon1
. /i /i ,, ,, ,,
' . '
r
m..
Dul"a Gauge Inlet to the vortex tube
Olapp Discharge ot the vortex tube
Asstd. Two stage cylinder pressure reguhton
6) The Vortex Tube. Described under Development of
the Design.
'1) Tubing. The majority of the tubing wns 1/4" OD
high pressure copper tubing. The return line from the
vortex tube was 3/8" OD tubing. Most of the valves used
we:re Hoke cast steel 1/8" FFT.
0) Thermocouples and Potentiometer. 'l'he four
couples were made of Leeds and Northrup Standard (i l•l/20F)
copper and constantan wire. .A centralab standa1•d 1 .. otarJ
switch was used to connect the tt1,ee variable couples in
series with the fourth oouple (maintained at o0c) and the
:potentiometer. The Leeds and Morthrup Cat. #8667
potentiometer was used. The calibrations ere Figures 11
and 12.
9) Thermal Conductivity Analyser. rP.h.1s was a Gow•
Mac Laboratory Model 210, serial number 4439. It operates
on a 1 SCFH stream each or reteranoe end sample gaa.
10) llow Meter. A Fischer and Porter B6•35-l0 tube
. j''
with a BSVT-84 float was used. The oalibration 11
Pigure 16 and was taken from data supplied by the company.
Figure 13 shows the air consumption by Vortex Tube V for
various inlet pressure and valve settings.
The second group of apparatus wa.s assembled end run
1n the Graduate Hesearch Laboratory in the west end of
the Powerhouse.
••
f
METHOD OF OPERATIOII
I. St9.1'tup
a) lras Charging
See Flow Diagram, ti'ig. 1.
The cylinder contnining the gas to be charged
was connected to the line including Vnlve 51 Valve 6
opened to the tank, and the rest of the aystem isolated.
A small pressure above atmospheric was permit·ted tA)
develop by opening the pressure rGgulators and Valve 5•
This constituted e. low pressure test for leaks 1n th1a
part of the system. The line to the 0•3000 PSIG Heise
Bourdon tube gauge ( herenftar referred to as "P ") was B
blown. Then the lines to the 6ompresaor were blown.
The 6ompressor was started (see Compressor, below) and
the gases vented from the second stage disengager. The
compressor was permitted to develop a v@cuum on the
inlet side, including the tank. The tsnk was again iso• \
lated and simultaneously the recycle valve opened,
preventing the compressor from developing too great a
y,acuwn.
Oas was bled into the storage tank to approximately
the pressure which would give a gas m1xtUX'e total
pressure or eso pb1. Because ot its nearness, the 0•1000
PSIG Lonergan gauge (hereafter referred to as "PT") was
...
. : r; p
·· 1il ' i:
. i: l1
Ii /l ! i f, ',
•
·I
',, ·i
uaed. Having obtained this nominal pressure, PB was used.
Then computation was made giving the total pressure to be
obtained on adding the second gas. The addi tlon was
mel'ely a repeat of part of the above pl'Ocedure.
b) The Compressor
The second stage discharge valve and the recycle
valve were open at the start. The cooling water was
turned on and the compressor started. By closing the
recycle valve, the compressor would evacuate the system.
After a sllffioient time, the recycle vnlve was opened
pnrtly ond the disengager valve closed. Th1e permitted
the system to be purged and yet not overload the compree-
sor.
c) Mixing
The valves were opened to connect the compressor
to the rest or the system and circulation commenced. The
recycle valve vrns used to control the system pressure by
permitting only a fraction of the compressed gases to go
to the storage tenk and vortex tube. The system was run
tor a minimum of ten minutes, whioh would al.low five
comi,lete circulations on a total displacement basis. By
the time dAta was being taken at the first valve setting
equ111briwn, usually quite some time had passed.
at.
''; • ·l
II. 'NoJlffl81 Operation
a) Valve Setting
Since the 1/B" IPS bronze globe valve used to
throttle the hot tube flow had a regul8t1ng range of
Oto 1-5/B revolutions, these beemne the limits.
Experlmentatlon quickly confirmed the expected, that the
lowest temperature attained occurred nt 15/16 • 1-1/2
•••
turns generally. Other settings were ohosen to try to
cover the rest of the ro.nge. A run would begin with the
valve wide open, causing very little ~as to pass through
the orifice. 1he valve was progressively tightened nf'ter
each equilibrium. 'l'his plan reached the lower tempera.tu.res
quickly and then built up to the highest temperature.
By altering the recycle valve setting, the
pressure in tl1e exhaust line to the compressor could be
altered. Thia valve was set so that the pressure in the
line was juat about atmospheric, thus preventing leaks 1n
the exhaust system.
b) Equilibrium
The test was taking all the tem.per~tures and
then taking them at least once again. Only if there was
no change would the data be recorded. On runs involvlng
analyses, the s~ procedUl'e was used after the tempera•
tures had stabilized.
. o) Gae Analyses
The 1natruct1ons tor operating the gas thel'm81
oonduet1v1tf analyser provided by the manufacturer were ' '
....
tollowed. ~ietly, they consist of zeroing the scale,
setting the flow rntes and current, setting the end ot
the scale, and reading the meter deflection wr.en a gas
sample is passlni; through. This data was not used.
A qualitative procedure was used later. It consists
of sott1ng tbe high pressure stream reading near the mid•
point or the scale and noting deflections when ges snmples
a.re passed through. The deflections would be positive or
negative depending on which discharge stream were analysed.
All analyses were performed on e. continuous basis,
1.a., the srunple gas wo.s a frnet1on or the particular dis•
charge stream. 1.l'he sample was ta.ken at l SCFH from a
minimum of 4 SCF'M.
i
,_.·.·,,_ .•..
·1
) ".1 ?l . , .
i :1 \ ,.
' i •,
'II.
DISCUSSION
The vortex tube will fu.nct1on as a mass separation
device. This is shown by the relative deflections ot
Table III •
'11 ABLE III
Composition f Net Deflection
Lo
.ae -1.1
.36 -1.4
.20 -3.3 -0.1
.22 -4.2 0.3
.aa •3.3 ~.o
.41 -4.6 1.0
.25 .4.0 o.z
25~, R-12, 75;$ H2 .33 -3.0 2.2 r
f
peia nun
73.5 pp 65,66
73.5 pp 70,'71
73.5 pp 67,69
Because it is not known whether the meter scale is linear,
and what the error may be, no quantitative estimate will
be made. It should be noted that the O m1d 100 soele
readings associated with the analysis meter reading have
•• no known s1gnlt1cance. Noller end Murtz (F-9) observed
·aeparatlona and reported them aa separation faotora, t.e.
I
/as anal.
.64
.18
-.03
.07
• 48
.22
.07
• Li2
' "
Thia coulcl not be done wt th the data on tJ,and. Ir the
scale were linear, a sort or mass balance might be made,
where def. is the deflection noted and mis the total
mass.
defp x m =
or I
_JI= net defH
----net defH - netdefc
In generel, the correspondence was poor. See Table lII.
The use of two plastic tubes enables these obser
vations on the helicel flow pattern to ba made. As the
gas moved down the hot tube, oil traces developed a
greater and greater pitch, Th1s amounted to a four or
five-fold increase 1n a tube having an 1ti/Dt of 40., The
cold air emerging from the orifice into the oold tube
had a short, lazy helix. While Vortex Tube III was
running, it was noticedthat threads of water advanced
down the hot tube at moderate temperatures. Occasional
droplets would follow these threads exactly, ns if were
confined to a path, 1.l'his suggests that the streams of
air emerging trom the two nozzles retain their identity
and 11ohaso" eaoh other through the helical path. The
pltoh or these water courses ~so increased with dlstfl'lce
from the nozzles. Additionally, the di~taioe between
water traoes 1noresaed, !nd1oat1ng that the streams were
.. anding axially.
r
l\. !i ,I
I\ "
While operating "1th the throttle YAlve or Vortex
Tube V ahu.t tight, a h1gh•p1tohed wb1atle was hDal'd. It
the valve were not q111te t!.ght, the whistle was pulsed nt
more than 2 pur second. The aound would begin at high
trequenc7 and tall rspldly. Th&ee shou.ld not be contused
wlth the t-wthlng grui noises mA.de by the vortex tube
during normal opei-ation. A Rte~d~l, h1t';h•p1.tchod whistle
on closing the vslve oompletely had been reported bJ
other 1nveet1gatore and vrna he;Arcl in the othe1~ vortex
The oolti :.as frQctinn, p, has 'be$;11n cor1'l£1oted for
the tfoule•'I'hoP.1non effi~ct eharnoterlzsa A i~P.s flowing
through tho vor·1:aix t;uhe, tt is not nttributabla to the
vortex tube itself. J\n ideal t~1u1 could he passed through
the tube 1:md a tempe:roturtl diff,:,renoe obtnlned even though
rooted 1n ordHr to have a direct eomproJ!non to the lf.tere-
,Jo\lle-'fhomaon effect cor1·(~ctton or f.ts om1seton yi.elds
results s1mtler to n1r. It is aaru.1mod th1.it rill gnaea
ahoulcl yield cunea s!mllar to alr in tho ma1n. By ob•
sol*'latlon it was not1c84 that TP aho~ld be somewhere
••
between the unoorreoted and the corrected values. By the
cut and try method, 1 t appeare that 60:t ot the ditrerenoe
w111 produce a satisfe.cto~y graph. See Figures. Because
of the small coefficient of hydrogen, tha eorr•eoted nnd
uncorrected plots are no different.
Oons1,lerat1on waa given to the kinetic energy pos•
sess'ed 'by the ga& when leaving the tube. The rel~t1on
betwt1en the stngnati on and static tempez•atu:re is
= (Mach)~
'J.ihir. cor?ect1.on amou..111;s to several degrees in some onses.
Howeva1", since an enthalpy balance was trAditionall;,r been
used to oorrels.te d8.ta, the totBl enthalpy o:t" c,ach stream
is desired. When the gos is bx•ought to rest, the kinetic
energy can be r,3covered sa a temperature rise. 'Ihe thermo•
couples, being stationary, measured the stagnation
temperature. Because of the r•elati vely low velocities
encow1tered, a 1•ocovery factor of unity v1as assumed and
the measured tempert'lturee used directly. It is interesting
to note that 112 and n-12 had small kinetic energy in all
cases.
Heat transfer by conduction within the brass body
waa ocna1dered. Ir there were no metei feces and gas
films, a proportionately great amount of heat could be
;\
'j ... t ' :,
transtewed. However, all surfaces were either covered
with a blue refrigeration sealant or conted with oil.
Also, paper gaskets were used on joints in the radial
planes. Because of this nnd because the joints formed
regions, it is expected that little alteration of the
gas strenm temperatu:rea occurred. Me.rtynovsk1 and
Alekseev ( F'-8) used mi insulated oouper tube e.nd energy
balance to correlate their results.
Home heat losses at high temperatures ere shown b1
none of the mass f:r::ictionr, nppronohing unity nnd svzna
exceeding unity.
~ressure drops vrnt'A calculated for flows in the
high pressure line and the exhaust manifolds. In all
01-1ses it was small. 1he losses were n.ct calculc:, t,::d in all tables because. the magnitude changed only slightly.
1Jth0 thermal conductiv.ity Analysis measurements ho.d
to ba perfonaed nt very low sensitivities, e.g. 0.004 on
a sea.le of 100 possible units. l~ven on this hnsis, the
a.nalyaes showed only small ohanges • In vieVJ of the un-
n.
£rnt1 sfa.ctory situation, Dr. 1:;enzel SU.f:Jsested a qualitative
procedure. It consists of setting the high pressure stream
l"fJad1ng near the midpoint of the scrila. ( ~Phis could easily
be done even with a aensit1v1ty of 100.) If r:1 sepe1"ntion
ooourred, the hot and cold streams would flhow neflections
from the set point, one higher, the other, lov1er. This was
actuallJ observed and :ts shown 1n Table III.
The manui'actUl'er or the analyser, oow-Mac Inat:rument
Company, :l.ne1st that the system be leak-free for reproducible
measurements. 1.rhe unsatisfactory performance of the
analyzer eertn!nly could be explained by leaks. M8ny hotUts
were spent el1m1nat1ng leaks; the unscotchable leaks were
caused by over-generous thx•ead cutting on certain external
connections of the vortex tube.
'lbe viscosity, /, of J'rtr, I:Ja, nnd A v1e.s taken i'rom
Figure 17, P• 371 of tho 3rd edition of Perry. The v1.s•
cosity of well superheated gases ie note function or
preesure over mod,1rHte ranges. Therefore, the values at
one ntmosphere were used. The v1scos ity of H-12 P..t one
atmosphere wns taken from the same source. 1'h.e viseosi ty
of n-12 at higher pressures wns iinken from Makita..1
'l'he dens! ties of Air, H2 , and A were cru.oula ted by
P( I~ll ZHT = p
=rable IV show:J that Z = 1.00 for Air, H2, and A.
The specific volumes or R•l2 were ta.ken from Figure 14
which 1s a plot of the data appearing on pp, 261, 268 of
Perry, 3rd edition and Thermo. Props. of "Preon-12" ot
Low Pressures, Kinetic Chemicels, Inc., 1942.
1 Makita, T., "'rhe Viscosity ot Freons Under Preaslll'e", Hev1 fhl.•e Chem. Japan, Volume 24, PP• 74-80, (1954).
I/ cl ,.
The gas designated H-12 is dichlorodifluorometh~ne
und 1e .sold under the name Genet:i:1on-12 by the Oenerel
Chemical D1v.is1on of tr.a Allied Chemical Coi,,. The H2
nnd A were obtained from Air Products, Inc.
n.
In rune involving pure H-121 sever~.l times the flu.id
was clearly 1n the liquid region based.on properties.
However, the performenee of the tube wna no different than
with all gas flow. Therefore, sub-cooled vapor is suspooted,
Tho caloulntions (noted) were perf'ormod u.sing ext:n:ipolnted
( s11b-cooled) vapor densities.
rlb.e J oule•'l'homson correot'-011 for rt-12 was taken
d iractly f'rom a r-H diagrmn, F'igure 1:1 which ls n plot of
the data appeo.ring in :l'el"l'Y, 3rd edition, PP• 261, 262.
11he coefficients for hydrogen was to.lren from sor:1e of Joule
and 1l1homson I s work. 11.he coefficients .ror argon ware taken
from p. '78B ( not P• 789) Hoebuok snd Osterberg. 2 1Pha data
from the ~1igures on these two pages do not agree. 1'he
date employed give larger, conse~vetive velues.
Difficulty was encountered 1n the analyses because
n-12 was strongly adsorbed in the silica gol deasio8llte
In retrospect, this could have been avoided by vemov1ng
the gel. The gases could have been dried in n2so4, as it
is important to be annlyzing constant moisture gases.
2 Roebuck, J. R., and Osterberg, H., n ,Toule•ThOIIIJ'on
Etfeot 1n Argon", Pb:l•• Hevtew, Volume oi6, P'P• 785•90,
1 (1934).
JV!
I
'
A aulturlo acid bubbler probably would have removed an7
traces of 011 also, although oil 1s not thought to have
been present to any large extent. The possibllitJ of oil
arises from the tact tbat the Worthington machine was
still passing oil, having been rebuilt.
The mixed gas compositions were deter~ined by
Dalton's Law of partial pressures.
The measured diameters at the thermocouple locations
were "c" 0.5 "
"p" 0.36"
"H" 0,27 11
It is not possible to esti~ate concentrations in
the hot and cold gas streams because, of the three inde
pendent variaoles, only mass fraction and inlet concen
tration are known. Thus an estiillate of the separation
factor cannot be made.
!:
i: !I 1, i: 1! I' t'
35.
Appendix
i !, ,.
r t
:: " -·~
(·
j
'
<j
' :j
' \,
r i
D
t
D1mneter
tr1otlon factor of Brown, et ale
1c c/c,, L length, gas analysis
MW moleouJ.ai, weight
;, . P:reaetU'e
R Un1 vers al Gas Const ant
r rad1u11
He Reynolds :~lumber
s volwaetl"1C flow r8 te, rt3 /m1r, •
'l' Tempct'at\ll'e
V Speo1f1c Volum~
u linear voloc1ty
Z oompress1bil1ty fautor
1J viscosity
J> cold gaa mans frRction flowing
p densltJ
Suba9£lpt11
B C B D n 0 t p r
pertalnt.ng to the lfo1se gaus• p•nalnlng ,o the cold fraot1on pendnt.ng to th., hot ~aotlon pertalnlllS to the dl•ohAl'S• penatnlng to the von•x t(lbe nozzl.e(s) pene.lnlJIR to the vonex tube orltloe penalnlna to tb.e vonex tta'be hot tube penalnlntJ to the oompresaed ga1 penalnlns to ,he room
'lb• tnefllOOOUl'l•• tlt1118!JlV•• are ret•red to as "c", "B", .,.. .
'I
~ ... '. ..
APP!mDIX
SAJ!WLE CALQULATIONS
Cold Mass Flow Fraction, )1 An overall heat balance 1s
where the specific heat is expected to change little over
the temperature rnnge involved. l)laeing the aqua 11 on on
a l lbmass basis end expanding the hot gas term,
t=
Px-eeaure Drop in ~rt1bing
D ,v p
' =
4W fl-D ~
= 3'78.8
where s = t'low rate 1n rt3/min
D = d imneter in inches
J = v1scos1ty 1n op.
p o . density, lbm/tt3
., ..
"t", the tr1ot1on tector, w&s taken from Fig. 125, p. 140,
ot BJ-own, et al, Unit Operat1ona.
Generali
• A pf • ..!.£ p L v2 D
• ,fpLv2 =
2 D 8c lbm tt tt2 l tt3 ft sec~ 8o
V =
s p =
• A Pr=
where - ~Pr w
D
p
L
p/p
w p A
VJ
s =-A
r L w2
P n5 ,
t L fip s p X .001008
r,5 p
= pressure drop in PSI
= flow rate in lbm/m1n
= diameter in inches
= density in lbm/tt3
= length of flow 1n inches
- pressure rati~, ~nlet/tube)-l -
!'.
r
(~-J----, / I
G·AS FLOVIS
All gas flows were corJ.Oeoted tor deviations 1n
pressure, molecular weight, and temperature bJ m9ans ot
the tollowing formula taken from P• 335 of Dodge.
s = s 0 ....
p
T M 0 9
T M
The subscript "o" indicates the eondi tion of orig,inal
measurement.
'°• ·,·
''i:..t ·',
). . d
!)
j ·,. ·1 . ; TABLE IV
'
·;
;.r '\
fl
Compreasib111ty Factors Prom Reduced Properties ' :~ ··A
;i ':~
I'~ ( !'i.
·, ,,:
Fol'lllUlaet j
T p Hydrogen 'I' = 1 .... PR = R Tc + R Pc •B
Others TR = T PR p ,;
~ = -,;- ·J
Gas 'l1emp p TR PR z
Oc atm
Ha 2.016 40 1 '7.6 .048 1.00
40 10 .,, .a .48 1.00 r ,!
A 39e94 40 l 2.074 .0200 1.00
40 10 2.0"/4 .200 .995
H•l2 120.92 40 1 .814 .0253 .98
40 10 .814 .253 .7'1
20 l .762 .0253 .974
i'
11 20 5 .762 .1263 .ea ! ~{
i' l
A1:r 28.9'1 40 1 2.37 .0269 1.00 ::
40 10 2.3'1 .269 1.00 it ', H l ·1•
I f
\ ·' Oompress1b111ty tacto:r trom smith (1949), PP• 69, '70. '
-;1
.,;
j Cr1t1eal properties trom Dodge, 160, 662, 663. i
:t PP• -'j
_;:
-~*
Pages 41, 42, and 43 ~eve not been ~sed.
va1,,.._
Se~tlng
0
1/2
1
1-1/2
1•9/16
1-1/e
a.s 2s.2
-4.3 27.4
-9.9 32.3
-a.o 6?'.3
5._3 83 •. 2
-9e.3 41.6
23.7
23.5
23.5
22.4
18.5
18.5
RUN 41
DATA •.rABLE l'.
COMPOSITXON: A!.r
23.4 .oe
.12
.21
.oo
.84
.45
p nom. ps!.g
58.8
, c· •• ,-,,~.;...,;. .. - ' • . ;. _, • •
Notea
meter readS.nga
.. ... •
..
Val.ve-- T C er
h 'l' p
Setting OC OC OC
0 2.6 26.8 25.o
l./2 -4.3 29.0 24.5
l. -u.2 34.5 23.7
1-1/2 -1.2.0 61.2 2!::.4
1-9/16 2.1 92.6 1'7. 7
0 .9.3 29.7 21.1
1/2 -10.2 29.4 23.7
1 -9.3 35.3 25.6
1-7/16 -5.? ?'8.6 23.o
1•9/16 3.4 94.0 17.8
1/4 -3.5 32.0 21.2
HUM 42-DA':i:'A TABLE I
'·. : --.·.--.. ~·-
(; OUPOS rrIOM: Air
'l' y p r nom.
OC psi.g
23 .o74 96.6
.1.35
.24
~\ I /
.03~~- ,
.22 132
.l.5
.22
.66
.• 78
.304
. ,~·
Le Lii L p notes
meter rea.di.ngs
i ij
I ! ! I I ! ' ! I'
j l
PD= 6,.5 J !
! s.s I 7.25 I
'
Val.Ye
Sett!.ng i
0
1
1-1/16
0
1/2
1
1•7/l.6
, _____ ...... -----~- ·-- -~---~····--·-----" , .......... _ . .,.. ______ ·- --- ·----~--------·--·---
23.7
23.'7
2s.2 6.6
23.'7
27.4 -4.3 23.5
34.5 -11.2
23.'7
'78.6 -s.?' 23.0
hUNS 41• 42
DA ''A 'fABLE I:t
COMPOSITION: Air
P sa1r
-PSIA sc:f'm
ysp 1/p
1 atm.
14.7 4.2 13.5 .018
16.5 6.95 .515 13.5 .010
20.1 6.5 .482 13.5 .Ol.8
14.B 4.2 13.27 .01a 14.8 o.o 12.4 .0171 73.5 4.2 13.5 .018
14.8 .202 13.'7 .0102 14.8 .om 12.2s .0166 73.5 4.3 .318 13-.5 ~0180
16.8 .394 14.15 .0184 16.8 .121 11.9 .0165
111.0 6.95 .515 13.5 .• 0180
20.5 .278 17.7 .0200 20.s .142 12.16 .0168
146.7 s.s .482 1.3.5 .0100
MW: 28e9'7
D He
in.
.3].l. 21.soo
.3l.l. 34.800
.311 32.600
.311 21.200
.3J.1
.180 359900
.311 ie.900
.311 2.710
.100 37.200
.3ll 2s.100
.311 a.950
.180 so.200
.311 17.000
.311 10.soo
.1eo 56.400
L AP
.0252 12 .13'1
.0225 12 .335
.0229 12 .40"1
.0255 25 .289 14
.0224 50 1.sv
.0260 25 .22'7 14
.0223 50 1.83
.024 25 .456
.on 14 .oaea
.020 60 2.54
.026'7 25 .m.&
.omo 14 .0857
.0204 50 1.'71
POOR'
PSll
14.8
18.8
20.&
15,1 14,i,8 '71.9
is.o 1, •• '11.9
1'1eS 1a.a
1oa.,
·~· so.a 1•.o
,~
& -
• ,.
• ... •
~
~
.. ..
.
. •
0 s.o 28.7 26.3
3/8 2.6 28.8 26.3
3/4: -s.2 32.5 27.4
1-1/4 -s.1 62.3 27.9
1-19/32 21.0 94.6 28.3
...
'
RUN 52
DATA TABLE I
COMPOSITIONS Air
25.0 .10
.10
.14
.so 25.6 .90
p nom. pal.g
56.6
-·.:-,;;.,,..,._.' ., ... -· :~.
me'ter read!.nga
;,.
• s
•
~
.. .,
.. .. .. " . • ,.
Notea
Po• 4.5
4.6
4.6
4.4
8.4
.I.
RUB 52
DATA TABLE II
cortPOSIT:ION I Air
Val.Ye T p Salr Smlx p D Re L .AP Poorr
Setting OC PSli aotw o:f'm 1n. 1n. PSll
27.0 19.2 6.95 7.9 .0957 .0102 .311 00.000 .0208 12 .516 19.V
20.S 0 28.'7 19.'7 19 • .,
s.o 19.'7 1oa.a 26.3 111.3
20.s s/e 28.8 19.8
2.6 19.8 19.8
108.8 26.3 111.3
so.a 3/4 32.5 19.8
~.8 19.8 19.9
108.8 27.4 111.3
19.8 1-1/4 62.3 19.6
-s.1 19.6 19.v
108.8 27.9 111.3 ia.e
1•19/s2 94.8 18.6 ·21.0 18.6
1S.9 109.
2e.s 111.s ~ ..
_ .. ._,.,.'.·;
.. ..
. .
.. ..
Se"lng
0 -:s.o 25.2 22.7 (19.3)
3/8 -9.0 2?.2 23.'7 { 20.3)
15/16 -1.3.3 32.8 2S.'7 {20.3)
HUB 44
DATA TABLE :t
COMPOSITIOHI 100;,i .Argon
.09 (.21)
.10 (.19)
.20 ( .27)
p n01a. pslg
96
"
meter readinga
l
Note•
PD• 1.9
Paren~aes lndloate ve.1ues corrected for Joul.e-Thomson effect.
"' .. --<.,-·:_;_···:.,," ' •w.-,~·- _;:" ''· ·• ' ~·· .,,;~ ·, ,-;.., -·- ••.:.::.; .;:., • • .r-.:·.' -:...-:·.-.-· . ...-~•S;;;.:..._·~-,,), ·>J.....<S.~.· • ,__..:··'.;:;-::, ·~,• ·~·:·. -i(' .i~~, ... ~(£,~:ib.SZ:-~:..:',/,;....;..._:..~:-i.;,.--.
,
Val.Te T
3/8 23.?
0 1a.o 16.0
110~7
3/8 16.B is.a
l.l.C).7
15/l.6 16.8 16.8
110.7
p
PSll
16.6
25.,2 -z.o 22.7
27.2 -9.0 23.'1
32.8 -1s.s 23.7
HUN 44
DATA TABLE :II
COMPOSrPIONt l.00~ Argon
JJSP p D
'1s6 .64!1 .1152 .0222 .311 6.4
.563 .116 .0221 .s11 7a5 .057 .128 • 0205 .3ll. a.n .64 .rrr2 .0224 .iso
"196 .584 .1151 .0220 •. 311 .063 .131 .0200 .311
A._i .647 .'77 .0222 ~180
7105 .484 .113 .0225 .311 .119 .1331 •. 0198 .311
5.94 .603 .77 .0222 .100
- . ·. -·-.
Re
35.500 .014
si.ooo .0232
60.ooo .0193
32.400 .0230
61,,400 •. 0199
56,.900 .0204
·-'.·\'·;.,~- ' -,- - ~<:~: ,.·. ,_- .,.·.; · .. -. e_ •• -~;r-• · .. -· · .. · .--:.: ,_-· ...
L AP
in.
12 .211 16.8
25 .55 1"1.4 neg1 • 16.8
50 2.74 108.0
25 .59 17~4 16.8
50 2.ee 1011.a
.s96 1'1.fl 18.8
50 2.ss 108.1
Yal:ve
settiag
0
15/16
3/8
1-19/32
0
1•1/16
1-19/32
. ..
. ...
•
1.6
-4.3
-1.5
13.0
18.5
3.4
19.9
•
23.0 26.0 (9.0)
34.0 2'7.6 (12.4)
28.7 a&sS (l.O.O)
'12.1 22."1 (6.1)
24.0 aa.s5
(19.1)
28.'7 25.8 (18.3)
56.2 19.5 (10.6)
RUN 46
DATA TABLE :t
COMPOSITIONS R-12
25.9 -.094 ( .65)
26.2 .1'7 { .56)
2s.a .oe (.62)
26.4 .84 (1.12)
24.B -.52 (.89)
.12 ( .a.)
25.0 1.04 (1.26)
p nom.. ps1g
95.6
95.0
95.0
95.0
59
59
59
meter read!.nga
Under11ned quantltlea are 1n two phase re!lon. Parentheaea indicate va1u.e corrected i-or ou1e-'l'homson ef't'ect.
Not;ea
(II ... •
\ '
\ '
I I
..
RUN 46 DATA TABLE zz
COMPOSITrOlf: R-12
Val.Ve 'f p :.,a,: psp 1 7 - D Re L AP .Poorr :gz
p
Se1;tlng OC PSl:A 1n. in. PSli
1-19/32 22.1 16.'7 4165 2.ae .819 2.78 .0122 .31]. BJ..700 .0186 12 .144 16.8
0 23.2 15.1 .311 25 .1 - 1&.2 1.6 15.1 .311 14 .2 16.3
as.o 110.2 .180 60 2.9 1ov.s
15/16 34.1 14.8 .311 25 1.4.9 -4.3 14.8 .311 14 1s.o 2?a6 l.09.'7 .iao 60 10.,.2
3/8 28.'7 14.e .311 25 15.0 -1.s 14.8 .311 14 u.9 as.a 109.7 .180 60 10'7.2
1-19/32 '72.2 14.8 .311 25 14.8 12.9 14.8 .311 14 .16 16.0 .22.7 109.7 .180 so 1.06 1oe.e
0 24.0 14.7 .529 3.9 .Ol.24 .311 52.000 .0207 12 .0935 14.8
24.0 14.8 3.9 .Ol.24 .311 25 14.9 18.5 14.8 !.2 .311 14 1, •• 26.8 73.'1 2.06 .529 .sa .180 60 72.4
1•1/16 28.'7 14.8 .609 3.24 .0126 .311 so.700 .0199 25 .m 1s.o 3.4 14.8 .0496 2.93 .0117 .3l.l. neg1. 1,.s
25.e 73.7 .659 .s? .0136 .180 101.900 .0178 50 1.318 v2.,
1•19/32 56.2 14.8 0 3.58 .0133 .s11 14.B QI
l.9.9 14.8 3.7 .se 3.lS .0122 .311 58,,000 .0201 14 • 1025 1, •• IO
19.5 7Se'7 i.si .58 o.5"1 .0135 .180 90.000 .01es 50 1.02 72.V •
I'
I \ i l
1 I
. ,,, .. .. ~
•
>c
··,l - + •
• t
,.. ... • .. .. .. . + .... ~
+
- \, ... ... ..
.. • + •
• . " •
.. \-
·-..... ~-- __ ...._.._
-Val••• oo
20.5 24.5
1 0
. . .. .. . .. :-~:
..
•
• .. ~
. • . .. . ..
.
• •
-
RUlf 49
DATA TABLE I
COMPOSITIONS R-12
26.9
27.6
f
--~237 (.66)
~0125 ( .62)
.835 (1.1)
~1002 (.70)
p nam.. paig meter read!.nga
•
.. . ,.
..
.. ..
. -·.l
: l~:i •\t
9.1
9.l.
a.a
._ ~ ..... ,,. . --.;'
-.},,.· .. _.,.:i
" -.. ~ .. ff"· .(_.~
· ... ~\ .. i§
• :r,•
,-'l' ... .. '
. ; r ,1-l<J,<,t,
Jolll.e-'l'homaon ef'fee't fractions oal.cul.ated f'rom entha1p1es •. P~rentheses indlcate
values corrected I'or Joule-Thomson e~fect.
Underljninc indicates sub-cooled_ vanor. = •
-·.--- ---. --:---
. . .
~., - -
··-·-·-·-- ···- ... ·, .... ,. - ,.N,;..~e'.., .... • • ,<
~'.' ;,, ., } ''';..:: ,.·::~~ . ,,;:;..:,· ··~·' .. ..... : -..:·-... ' .. -·~.--'"-·--- - ...... :-· .
RUN 49
DATA TABLE Il:
GOMPOSI1B:ONi n .. 12 MW: 120.92
Va1ve T p s•fl Sp 1 ? D Re L LlP p 80 -
~ p OU..
Setting OC PS:tA in. 1n. PSD.
0 24.5 17.6 715 1.379 2.67 .0122 .311 137,600 .0168 12 .364 1'1.8 3.68
1-19/38 a2.1 16.7 4166 2.2e .819 2.78 .0122 .311 81.700 .0186 12 .144 16.8
0 20.5 J.7.8 .48 2.57 .0122 .311 48.ooo c021. 25 .108 1"1.9 3.6 17.;e 7.5 .93 2.43 .0118 .Sl.l. 96.200 .0181 14 .185 18.0 24.5 111.3 3.68 1.41 .35 .0148 .180 200.000 .0155 50 2.90 ioe., -1 24.o 17.8 .49 2.61. .0124 .311. 25 17.9
0 l.7.8 6.94 .s1 2.40 .on., .311 14 1a.o 24.3 lll.3 3.4 1.30 .35 .014? .180 186,000 .0158 50 108.8 -
1-19/32 62.7 16.8 a.12 .0134 .311 85 16.8 14.o 16.8 4.65 .819 2.70 .0120 .311 93.000 .0181 14 .159 1'1.o 2811 111.3 2.28 .819 .333 .. 0153 .180 112.aoo .01'16 50 1.05 110·.s
3/4 26.2 l.7.8 l..<Yl 2.62 .Ol.25 .311 25 1e.o 1.3 1.7.8 7.6 .27 2.41 .0117 .311 14 17.9 23.7 lll..3 S.68 1.34 ~ .0149 .180 50 108 .. 8
: •
~ _;_ - .... ;:, .. -
VaJ.-.e- -
Sett.lng
0
· 3/4
1-1/s
1-19/32
•
• •
11..9 25.0
e.2 27.0
o.s 34.6
17.2 70.4
.
.
22.7 (25.3)
23.3 (25.9}
23.5-( 26._1)
23.5-( 26.1)
RUB 5?'
DATA TABLE I
COMPOSIT:ION: ~
21.7 .176 (.0229)
.197 (.0586}
.325 (.247)
._88 (.838)
p· nom._ ps1.g
32.5
L p
meter read1.ngs
Parenthesis indicate va1ues corrected for Joul.e-Thomson etfect.
..
.. ..
...
Notea
Va1Te
Settl.ng
0
3/4
1-1/e
1-19/32
25 ll.9 22 • .,
27 a.2
23.S
z..s o.5
23.5
'70.4 1"1.2 23.5
p.
PSL\
14.8 l.4.8 47.2
14.8 14.B 47.2
14.8 14.8 4."1.2
14.'7 14.7 47.2
RUN 5V
DATA TABLE ll
COMPOS1I' :ION: H2
:C-11 :ix
3,: 41 u.o
3a45 ts.1 ·
3!t43 13.i
310 11.4
JJSP
.055
.Ol.18
.om
.054
.0133 .om,
.0456
.0219
.0675
.0070
.0516
.058"7
p
.00512
.00535
.0166
.oosu
.00544
.0166
.00498
.0056
.0166
.00446
.00626
.0166
D
in.
.. ooae .311
.0086 .31].
.oose .180
.ooaa .311.
.0085 .311
.ooea .180
.0090 .311
.00835.311
.ooas .100
.0097 • 311
.ooao .311
.0088 .180
MW& 2.016
Re L
ln.
7.610 .033 25 .189 15.0 1.630 .036 14 negl.. 14.8
16.030 .027 50 .OM ·~--7.480 25 16.0 1.seo 14 14.8
16.100 50 47.2
s.010 25 14.8 3.115 14 1,.a
16.150 50 .. .,.2 856 .0715 25 neg1 • 1, • .,
7.120 .0333 14 .176 14.9 J.4.040 .028 50 ff.2
I •
Va1Ve9!"
Setting
0
3/4
1-1/e
1-z/a
1-19/32
+
•
.. •
17.4 27 .. 4
13.5 31.6
4.2 40.7
3.6+ 44.7
28.4 97.7
...
{26.3)
(30.5)
(31.5)
(32.3)
(2'1.6)
RUB 64
DAT!\ TABLE X
C0MP0Srt'I0Nt H2
.113
23 .. 4 .04
.252
{.30)
(1.01)
p nom. psig
58-.8
· meter re nd1.ngs
Parentheses 1ndics e vel.ues corrected ror Joul.e-Thomson eff'eot.
• ... ..
~
•
•
. + ..
_, ... ·:· ·-' ·, ~~·
Notes
p -7.4 D pslg
Va.1,re
Setting
Dlaoha~ 26.0 1ead n.4
0 2'7.4 1.,., 2e.o
3/4 31.6 13.5 m.2
1-1/8 40.7 ,.2 31.a
1•3/8 44.7 s.6
38.0
1•19/s8 97.'7 81.4 27-.s
p
PS:IA
22.1 21.s
22.5 22.3 73.5
22.a 22.a 73.5
23.1 ss.1 73.5
22.4 22., '73.5
21.9 21.9 '13.5
RUN 64
DATA TABLE II
COMPOSITIONS Hg
!c-11 :gx
412 ts.s
4.3 15.2
4.27 is.I
4a14 n., §s6S
12.s
)' Sp P.
.1164 .00?6 .0089
.095 .0077 .0089
.J.001 .00'16 .0089 .• 0163 .07791 .008'7
.1184 .0257 .0089
.097 .00771 .0090
.0003 .00821. .008'7
.1172 .025 .0090
.0864 .00-,59 .0092
.0303 .0086 .0084
.116"'! .0251 .0090
.ma,1 .0098' .0093
.ozse .oo .. .ooa,
.1092 .0251 .0090
.005"7 .00611 .0103
.1008 .00744 .. 0090
.0951 .0255 .0089
D
.31.l.
.3l.J.
.SJ.1 • 3ll .180
.311
.311
.180
.311
.311
.180
.311 -.311 .180
.311
.311
.180
Re
J.5.950 .027
J.S.,,800 .0283 2.2ao .35
27.600 .023'7
6'74 .095 13-630 •. 0283 22.soo .oss
L
in.
12 12
25 14 50
25 14 50
25 14 50
25 14 50
.LlP
.2
.13
.am negl •
3eS4
n•f-• .. 1 2.38
p corr
PSIA
22~8 21.e 22.6 22·.S 70.8
23.1 ea.a 70.2
23~Z 2a.2 '70.2
22'4'6 • •• '70~1
21.e 1'-2 .• 1 71.1
I ••
Val.ve
Sett1ng
0
3/4
1•1/8
1•9/16
1•9/16
1•1/8
3/4 '
9.25
1..e
-6.4
+9.8
-s.4 1.0
<'' ,~-· .••
2s.o 24.7 24.7
30.7 25.7
~9.2 25.5
94.2 20.2
40.0 23.l.5
30.4 24.4 26.4
RUNS 65• S6
DATA TABLE I
f
.J.176
.l.73
.300
.676
.~63
.204
p nom. psig
58.8
58.8
58.8
58.8
58.8
sa.a
_,.;: ,,~~- .- ---·· . ~·:·., .' .... ,
..
.. ...
Notes
meter read1.ngs
46.9 so.1 48.0 Special. Anal.ys!a
44.7 46.4 46.1 " fl
40.6 43.8 43 .. 9 II ·"
Va1ve
0
3/4
1-1/a
1-9/16
·1-1/e
3/4
'I'
o C
25.0 2s.o 28.0 9e25
2a.o 30.7 1.e
2e.o
39.2 -6.4 25.B
94.2 9.8
19.9
40.0 ..Se4 2S.45
30.4 1.0
24.'7
JJSP
14.7 .J.92 16~3 .192
16.4 .161 16.4 4s2 .0308 73.5 6.64 .192
16.2 .165 16.2 4.3 .0318 73.5 6.8 .19'7
·1s.1 .138 16.l 4.28 .0573 73.5 67.6 .195
15.5 • om. 15.6 3186 .156 73.5 6.1 .177
73.5 4128
4a3 78.5
RUUS 65• 66
DJ\llA TABLE I:t
p
.029
.0322 .0122
.0318 .0122
.05387
.J.453 .0122
.0246 .0141
.os2 .0117
.14VJ. .0121
D
in.
.311
.311
• 3J.l. .311 .180
.311.
.311
.100
Re
J.9.200 .026
l.6.100 .027
33.200 .0228
16.270 .027 30.800 .0232
... -~
L ..4P
1n.
12 .l24 16.,
85 .191 l.6.6 14 neg).. 16.4 50 1.55 72.0
16.4 16.2 72.0
16.3 16.1 72.0
neg]. • is.·, 14 .0995 1&._a 50 1.32 72.2
16~8 16.1 '12.0
16.4 a 1e.2 • '12.0
Settlng
0 1Ze3 24.0
3/ 4 s.o 2a.o
1-1/e -1.9 33.1
1-3/8
RUNS 67 • 68• 69
DATA TABLE I
-·,·.,.·,·.··
COMPOSITIONS 74 •• Jia• 25.~ R-12
21.e .206
21.6 2.2
21.4 .334
p nom. psig meter rencll.ngs
49.5 44.3 46.5
51.7
..
..
__ ._,.·_·_. __ ; .. , .. · ... ·
Notee
Specl.al. .Ana1J'SII
ff " It " ft •
• •
\ f
Val.ye
Setthag
0
3/4
l•l/8
T
23.0
24.0 13.3 23.45
26.0 s.o
2s.2
RUNS 6?• 68• 69
DATA TABLE IX
COMPOSITION: 74.S;t; Hg11 25.~ P-12
p
PS:IA
14.7
14.8 14.8 '73.5
14.B 14.8 '73.5
4.2 4.0
413 i.io
ysp
.388
.310
.01'77
.328
.29
.047
.337
p D
1n.
.082 .0097 .311
.oaoo .0097 .313.
.085 .311
.410 .0097 .180
.0814 .0097
.0871
.410
33.1 · 14.8 .237 .0795 -1.9 14.8 4128 .0965 .0899 23.o 73.5 4.o'I .334 .410
Re L .AP
!.n.
41.200 ,0227 12 .124
85 .24 14: neg1.
71.300 .. 0192 50 1.35
p OOJ!tl'
PSU
14.8
15.0 14.8 112.1
1s.o 14.8 72.1
15~0 1,.e 72.1
,.
+
...
•
+
3/4 -2.7 26.3 20.0
3/4 -3.5 26.5 19.9
1-1/e -1.1.s 35.0 19.8
1-3/8 -14.4 42.3 l.9.0
7/8 -7.2 20.2 19.5
RUBS 70• 71
DATA TABLE I
COMPOSITION: 74.6% A• 25e41'; H2
p nom. ps1g meter readings
25.l. .21.7 58.8
25.1 ~ 42.5 47.0 46.7 .2.2
.526 39.7 46.0 43.0
.41l. 57.5 43.0 ~-a.o
.246 35.7 40.0 39.7
•
• ,. ..
..
" ..
. ~
Note•
Speo1.a1 Anal.yell
ff "
" " .
tt It
w •
,,_:,,;
Val.Ye
Settlag
3/4 ( RTgd.)
1-1/8
1-3/8
7/8
'1'
21.s
2e.4 -3.1 21.5
ss.o -11.5 21.4
.;2.3 -14.4 20.6
28.2 _.,, .2 21.1
·---····- ~-·-·-
,-, ,., ,• •',.•••w
RUNS 70• "11
DATA TABLE ll
COMP0Srl'ION: 74.6~ A• 25e4'f B2
.P
PS:U.
14.7
14.8 14.7 73.5
14.8 14.8 "13. 5
14.8 14.8 73.5
14.8 14.8 73.5
.31l.
.255 4~3 .056 4.2 .3ll
4.28 4.19
41!1 .. 4.05 .2997
4.3 4.2
p D
1n.
.074 .0186 .311
.0729 .01as .~11
.oaoa .0174 .311
.39 .0188 .180
.3915
He L AP
1n.
20.400 .0255 ].2 .137 14e8
16.400 .027 25 .137 15.0 14 neg1. 14.8
34.000 .0225 50 1.49 '12.:0
1s.o 1c.e '72.0
1, ... 1,.a
1.38 .,s.1
15.-0 1, •• .,2.0
-- -;·-:;,, _.,.,.;, .. '.~'v·.,. -~-. ·,·1· .._.
.·.
i: ! I
:i: l \: r ,, I
! I. I· ,,. I.
I' y
l :I l
• • • • • • • • • •
. . .
Compr.
1/8" It~_l
Second Stage Disengager
Air inlet and vent
3 8" OD tubin
cylinder
Recycle
gas ~---1Dn-~~~~--1
All copper tubing;" OD
unless otherwise noted.
All pressures are PSIG
inlet 5
Throttle
6
Figure 1
...... ~; ~:;:-; . ~t
'."·-·· '\
.. ·•~ ... ,L ·-· . '
3000 J ,;~·~. ·
Volume
1-:.; cu
21.s
8/4 2e.4 (a,rgd.) -s.1
21.!S
1-1/8 36.0 -11.5 21.4
1-3/8 .a.s -JA.4 ~-6
'1/8 aa.2 -'1.2 21.1
RUNS 70• 71
DAT A TABLE :tX
COMPOSITION: 74.e,g A• 25.4'11: H2
p
PS:IA
14.'1
14.8 14.7 ?'3.5
14.8 14.8 73.5
14.8 14.8 73.5
14.8 14.8 '73.5
413 4.2
4a28 4.D
4a16 4.05
418 4.2
p D
1n.
.311 .074 .0186 .~ll
.255 .0729 .0189 .~ll • 056 .oaoa .017-4 .n1 .311 .39 .0188 .180
.2997 .3915
He L AP
1n.
20.400 .0255 12 .1S7 1, ••
16.400 .02"7 25 .1S'7 J.S.o 14 neg1 • 14.8
a.t.eoo .-0225 50 1.49 '72.0
16~0 1,.a '72.0
1, •• 1, ••
1.38 '12.1
1&.-0 1, •• "12.0
t .:\
' .
• > •
' . .
\ ..
Compr.
1/811 I~~-.t-
Second Stage Diaengager
Air inlet and vent
3 8" OD tubin
cylinder e;as inlet
Throttle
.All copper tub.ing !" OD
unless otherwise noted.
All pressures are PSIG
,,:1j'.,· .. '.,,·-.,;.
:r,,~~~~;? ~~·~ fl. ~.'\.-1'-- _~/"? ·~:·?>·; .,,~.-:~~·.:~r.i::~.:: ''r.."~ i ,··.·.
Recycle
5 6
Volume
lt cu ft.
FLOW DIAGRAM
Figure 1
MISSING
.. PAGES
I
! I ' i ! "· i
0
80
60
40
20
.,._ :~ .-·: .... ,: ..
_: -- - -__:·....:.... . - .. ··-· ~- - .. - -· --.-
'I'.emperature Differences
f'rom inlet temperatures
vs.
Cold Mass Fraction
Air
0
0
Uncorrected f'or Joule-Thomson Ef'fect
D 0
D
0 73.5 PSIA .Ll 111 PSIA a 147 PSIA
Figure 3
-4u------------------'---L--------'-..L--'---:----_J__-------1'---------L..-----'-------Oo8 Oo9 loO 0.1 o.J 0.5
Cold ii-Tass Fraction, JI=
7C
50
30
10
0
-10
-30 0
'-·-"'·~..,. ~---:.:,.·-·-.~--.-·. -----::...--- .- .-·.·; .. ·.- ----· .-___ .. _~ .. -=-=---==-~--··--·- .. - ·:-.··
fro::i inlet tc~erat1.1res
Cold Ha.ss Freet ion
R-12
CorrectLon mace for
Joule-Thomson Eff6ct
0.2 0.4
Cold Mass Fraction,
Oo-6
~$
<>
TH
TH
o.8
Tp
TC
loO
·· >-. -~_:\:· -.:.:--· . ?·\:.-! ~·?"":-:.,:=::~::.'.tftf·1·~~f-: r~~~ -·--,;._;;.,-:. . ·"?-·
····-·-=----.. - --- ·-~--·..;;-.:::--.......::.:.· --~.-~· ,,..:....--,--
.3 ·46.49'
Figure 4
lo2
_-.. - - ~-...... - :;7'- <",.,.'
__ i
Bo
60
40
Tc - Tp
4i. 0 0.1
)
Temperature Di'f'ferences
.from inlet temperatures
vs.
Cold Mass Fr8ct·1cn
Air
0
Uncorrected fer Jc,i;..le-T~"lcr::1.so:i. "C.ffect
R,,ns ,., l.S> c2 _........_. ~,.·• :J ~.'-, :;)
D 0
Oo.2 O.J 0 0 L;_. o • .s
Gold Hass Fractio::-1,
,; ': ';:,
0 '7'"' 5 ;~. PSIA ~ 111 PSIA a ~ 4..,
J_ J : PSIA
....:
Figure 3
Co6 0.;7
TH - Tp }' =
rn T ... H C
i
, . I I i
70
50
30
·io
0
-10
-30 0
Temperature Dif'I'ere:1.ces
f'rorn inle:t t0;,;.-perat-ures
V ... -. •
Cold Ha:JS Fraction
R-12
Correction mace f'or
Joule-Thomson Ef'I~·ect
0.2 0.4
Cold Mass Fraction,
Oo6
.P"•
<>
TH TH
o.8 loO
Tp 'I' C
c. ,3 46 ,49
Figure 4
1~2
. I
.~
·----~
' i i.
- ~..,.,_._ ...... __ ··-· _ .• _, -~··~ . . •:..--.C~.-. -=:--:=... .• - .. -· --~-----·- ,.,.., ...... ~ - -~---·- ~~---. ~.:v_ .·~-- __ ..._ ---- . . ;: ' _-·.:::::--:-=::.-· ..... ·-.
60
40
20
-40 -0.2 0.0
Temperature Differences
from inlet te:upe:ratures
VSo
Cold l~s.ss Fract.ion
R-12
Uncorrected for
Jocile-Thomson E.ff'ect
0.2 0.6 o.8
Cold Mass Fraction,)' ::
Figure 5
i,
I I
.. i
"
Bo
60
~ .-L~. I ~ I
TH - T p
T C
-20
-4C·
0
0 Oo2
·-· ·- _-.;;.7-::.--·-----~- ~~ .. --.-· .
Temperature Dl.ff'erences
i'ron; inlet te.rripera.ture·s
VS"
Ccld ~ass Fraction
TF co~rectcd t~ ~3i~s
40% of' the J 2·:J.lt:· -
Oo4 Oo6
Cc~c ·1'1t·.~.::; Fract 1 er::, JJ --
4S, 49
Figure 6
008 lob n,
Tp .;_H
TH -Tc
~-.. ,
....J 0
-.. •,
I
I.
l: ) ' ', i
rr, ... H
Tc
... Tp
- Tp
60
40
20
0
6
-20
Temperatw.-"e Diff'erences
from l!1let temperat1.l.I'es
vs.
Cold Mass Fraction
A
Corrected .for Joule-Thom.son Ef'f'cct
Figure 7
Runs S7, 6~.
-40 -----------------------------------~__;..i..__ __ ~ __ ~ ________ i_ __ .;;_ __ .......
0 0.2 o.s l.O
TH Tp Cold Mass Fraction, f = .--,,,,-----,,,,....-TH Tc
! .! '
.~. . '
Bo
60
20
i TH _, Tp
0
Tc - T.p
-20
0
,~-.:--,~ •.. ,-.5'""~. -_·-,-, .. _·
Ter :per at ure Dif'f'erences
f'rom inlet temperature
-..
Cc•rre ct ed f'or
Joule-Tho~son Cf'f'cct
o.-~.
Cold Mass Frar-tton,/= '.i.'c
Runs 6S, 66
Pressure 59 PSIG
Fie;u.re 8
40
20
0
-20
-40 0
Cold Mass Fraction,
Temperature Di.f.ferences
. .from inlet temperatures
JJ =
vs.
Cold Mass Fraction
Figure 9
Inlet pressur~ 59 PSIG'
Co::.,rected .for
Joule-Thomson E.f.fe.ct
Run 70, 71
o.8 1.0
Tp_
40
0
-20
-40 0
·~>'~, r"' "'-" .... ~.-.-.: -~::· -:ir•--.r· :!- t". "., ......
Temperature Dif'f'erences
f'r 0 om: inlet tem;·er9:tures
vs.
25-:,,; R-12
.R • 'Z1 s 6 7 , 6 S , b 9
Correctec.i f'or
Joule-Thomsoh Ef'£ect
20
0
T D
.-20
-40
T .. , I
.!. (" V
0
Argon
Run 44 LU1corrected corrected
Joule-1'homs op, E.f'f'e ct
corrected
·0.2 ·0.4 -
Figure 10
I I ! i
I
I
T e m p e r a t u r e s
in
Oc
21
19
17
15. Thermocouple "C11
·13.
11.
9
7
5
3
l
-1
-3
-5
-7
-9
-11
~13 o.5 -0.3 -Ool Ool Oo3
Millivolts
Thermocouple
Calibration
Curves
Figure 11
Thermocouple "P"
Millivolts
75.
I "
[._;....--------------____;~------------""""'-...:::::::::=========::: 100
'i· < ~ ; ; i
fi1 : I 90 . ,fl Calibration of
11 :;,: I Thermocouple n H" .1.),
11
II' ii 80 ii 11 ! I
T e m 70 p e r a t u 60 r e
~ -'-
n 50
40
JO
Fi.gure 12
Millivolts
H
r· :7,':
'',; i. l,: :'.1'
,;_
I/ ..
; f
II i
Ii I•
11
1:
l I' \; !I ,I I
1;
I
I i
i
1· ,!, '..i 11
I.' 11
Standard
Cubic Feet
per Minute
of Air
9 Tl
8 132 paig or 147 ps1a
7
6
96 psig or 111 psia
5
0 I+ J.. ----------- 59 ps1g or 7315 ps1a
3
2
l
0 0
0 40 ps1g or 54.7 psia
Throughput of Vortex Tube V
Figure 13
Measured ~t 70°F, 14.7 psia
1
Valve Setting
i,!' " I
d
:,1· t· r:.I
r Ii ,,.. ri
... t. ,.,· i
9
8
T·
6
5
4
3
2
1
0 ' -10
10
s p e C
1 f 1 C
V 0
1 u Ill
e
1 n
lb mass
per
cu foot
10
11.8
-------
0 0
30 50 700 90 Temperature in F·
78.
Specific Volume
of Refrlgerant-12
vs. .
Temperature
F 1.o;ure 14
20
30
70 ·ao
I oo G> llO
110 130
11.;0
130
120
110
100
Pressure 90
of' 80
R-12 70
in 60
PSIA 50
40
30
20.
10 70
P-H Diagram
of'
Rei'::., i,zeran t-l2
75 80
\ \ \
4:14
\
\ \ \
90
76.7
,o.o 71.2
Figur.e 15
95 100 105 110 Enthalpy in Btu/lbo above saturated liquid at -40°F
30
Stdo CFM
Air
metered
at
l.4. 7 psia·
70 0 F
25_
20·
1.5
1.0
5
0 0
=-·· ... ;.;;_-,- __ _,. ~------ .. - ~~-;,::; ...... ,..._.,_·-.· --- -_ -·-
Cali brat ion of' B'low Meter
50
- ____ -.· _ _-c_--··.··.-·--·----_-. - .
Fisch~r & Porter Coo
Hatboro, Pennao
Fl·oat BS VT-64 ( st~in.less steel)
copied f'rom their
Dru-wing C 30917
7.5 ioo
Tube S.cale -Read i:ig,.. % o_f' Maxi:-r.um Flow
Figure 16
I!
I: r l
I t I'
i:·
ji 8' #':
1 .. , I· ., I· 1: I .. • \,,:,
THERMOCOUPLE CALIBRATION
Because the "c" and "P" couples broke during experi•
mentation and repair work was done on the wiring, it was
necessary to combine the following data to obtain Figures
11 and 12.
All of these were taken with the "Z" couple in an ice•
water bath.
Couple
C
H
p
C
H
p
H
p
mv
0,94
0,95
0,98
0,71
0,83
o.a4
oc
24,8
24,8
24.9
24.2
22.'7
22.7
mv
o.oo
o.oo o.oo
o.oo
OoOO
o.oo
OC
0
0
0
0
0
0
mv oc
4.20 99.3
4ol4 99e3
4.24 100.0
4.27 100.0
The limits of error appear to be~ 0,5°c for H,
! o.7°c for P and, very little for c,
,, . .!/S.
. i
i': r: k \ I: I' •
r .. 1·1 I~!
E! l;i ~: ·1 ~:: :li .· L
'
, ..
-·•··---··-~····-·•""- ·~=~~ ..... ·.·-···-·-.··., ..... ·--=-~-. o·,.._~,-•.".""'·
PRESSURE GAUGES
Only three gauges were used in operation, the Dura
o-1eo psig, the Clapp 0•30 psig and the Heise· 0•3000 psig.
It was not necessary to apply a correction to any of them.
The first two were tested over their range with a dead
weight tester and fowid to be very close to the indicated
values. The Heise gauge was calibrated at the factory
and was certified to be accurate to one part in a thousand •
The scale was in 2 psi subdivisions, thus readable to one
half psi.
,~. j(,.
'
-----
'I
'::
i I '
- - - - - - - - -- ________ .....,.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PUBLICA1rI0NS Ambfoee, w. I The H!lsoh 1P.11beJ Carnegie Technical, Dec.
149, PP• e-10. Discussion or P•B and F-5. Early
Application of Kinetic Theory.
Hlaber, M. P.1 Simply Constructed Vortex Tube for
Producing Hot and Cold Air Streams; Journal of
f.;c1ent1f1c Instruments, Vol. 2'7, .rune 1950, PP•
168•169. Notes, graph, dimensione.
"Blowa Hot ruid Cold"J 1i10rtune, Dec. 9 46, PP• 180-183.
News article.
Curley, w. R.J Report on the Hilsch Vortex TubeJ
Journal of the Boston College f.hysics S..~~iet1,
May 19501 PP• 3-9. Notes. Math analysis.
Demon Again, Thel "Low Temperature Hoseerch", Industrial
end Engineering Ghemistn;, Dec. '46, pp. 5•14., #12.
(Advertising Section) Four writers.
Engineering Previews ]"o;y,er Bng~neer!pg, May '50, p. 8
Mews article.
1:iulton, c. D. J "Ranque Is Tube" J R,-tr1se,1atS;na Eng1neer1ng.
Vol. 58, #51 May 1950, PP• 473-479. Substantially
the same d18cuss1on as presented 1n T-4 and T-5.
nevlew ot theorf.ea and mathematloal comparlaon. P•?
83.
!
·~ ')1 '.~
1 i
. i):
' -
' ·I
1l:,; -di .. ·i:1:
:t,,'
Jjt ;rii"/
"
:1 I I, 1: •I'
l,i / 1i !i I!
~ I:: f.. 11 I I;
l
H11eoh, R.J Use ot the Expansion of Gaees 1n a Oentrltugal
·Field as a ~olllng Procesa J Review ot ~.o1ent1t~~ . ' . '· . :
Xn!trwnente, Vol. la, Feb. '47, #2, pp. 108•113.
Alao E91lneer'• Digest ( British Ed1t1on) March 148,
Vol. 9, #3, PP• 82•84. The original e.rt1ole was F-4·.
Conatructlon, variables, most favorable eond1t1one,
84-.
results, ettioienoy based on Carnot. P-B
Home-made "Maxwell's Demon" Blowe Hot and ColdJ fopuJ.ar
S-eienc,e, 'fol. 151, #5, Nov. '471 pp. 190-192.
" ~ How to make.
Hot-Cold 1'ube Phenomenon hxplainedJ Compressed }. ir
Magazine, Vol. 521 August 1 471 p. 206. :(eader•s
p.g
letter• he's wrong. P•lO
Kramer, A. w.J Common Phenomenon Are Not S1mpleJ Power -f-i1SD!•r!Rs, Jun$ '50, pp .. 79-80. Simple descrip-
tion or mechanism, P-11
MaoOee, Roy, Jr.a Fluid Action 1n the Vortex 11ubeJ
Retrlger~t~i Ensinee.rlng, Vol. 581 #10, Oct. 1501
pp. 9?4-975. A short description of the work done
on a Boston Onivorsity thesis (T•3l), includes work
on multiple nozzles done after thesis was comp~e)ed.
Plot\ll'es o~ tlow patterns at multiple nozzles.
Sllggeate unitlow.
ii ,t' ._;'
I & EC neporta, "Maxwellian Demon nt Work", I & EO, Vol.
38, f/5, Moy '46, p. 5 of Adv. Sec. Shot't descrip•
t1on of Hllsch 's ( 1ii.4 and P•B) vortex tube• P-13
Maxwell I s Demon Comes to Life J · Popular Science, May • 4r,,
PP• 144•146. Description ot tube (F'-5 and P•B). P•l4
Parlett, A. c.a Max.well'a Demon and Monsieur rlanque1
Astounding sc,-ence lllj.otion, ~ran. '50, Vol. 64, #5,
pp. 105-110. Couni;er:t'low tube discussion.
Penney, G. W • I Hot-Cold Pipe J Sc 1ent1f1o American, July . . 1 47, ·vo~. 177, #1, P• 29. A nm.all description of
?-15
Westinghouse's lfi" tube. P•l6
Stories of Research; Westingpolu1e Engineer, July '47,
pp. 108-109. P•l6
·r-Tube Both Heats and Cools Air J Comore§Sed Air Magazlpe,
May '47, P• 131.
Turns Compressed Air into Hot and Cold Air Without Moving
PartsJ Iron A~e. May a, 1947, Vol. 159, #19 1 PP•
145•146. Dimensions. P•l6
Pow~r. July 1947, P• 480. P•l6
Power Plfl91:1 !9slnee111ns, August 19471 P• 87. P-16
,. ,','1
8S.
Whirling IN Semple Tu.be Separates Hot and Cold AlrJ
SS,1enoe Nows Letter. April 281 194V, P• 263. P-16
Plank, Re J The Centl'!fugal ~TetJ RefrigerAti!w Engln!ering,
Vol. 57, #5, May 19491 PP• 448•449. An abatract ot
the art1clo by Btwkhardt ( F'-2). A little on tbermo•
dynamics. P-17
Plank, R. J · ''Digest of Significent Articles Appearing in
bore1gn J'oumals - 'l'he Vortex ':[lube"; Hefl"ie;eratina
b:ng!neerins., ~r en. 1951, Vol. 59, r:t1, PP• 521 53. An
abstract or the article by Sh11lz-Grunow ( p .. 7). Early
theorization. P•l8
rtoebuok, tT. H.; A Hovel Porm of HefrigerntorJ Journal qt
AJ?Plied Phyelc~, May 19451 Vol. 16, #5, pp. 285-295.
Details of the des:tgn, theory, and possible uses of
a refrigerating device that is similar to tre vortex
tube. Possibly this was done at the University of
Wisconsin, Dec. 1944.
Vonnegut, B.J Operation Ci~rus Usee Principle of Hilsch
rrube to MeA.su1~e Temperatures I H.etr1gerat1ng Engl•
neer1ng, Vol. 68, March 1950, P• 267. Vortex
Thermoraeter works well. See P-481 G•7.
Webster, D. s.J An Analysis of the H1lsoh Vortex TubeJ
He(p15ere.tlng Eng1neei-1ns, Feb. 1960, PP• 163•171.
P•l9
P•20
i: /: ]:; i1:
lj ! I.;
Ii
I~ (j ff p
ii I fl
l
I ! . \' . . '• t.·
,1.
jf fl f·
_, t~ '
(' . . JI (t·
J.
Elanental e:31,panslon theory, later d!•o~edited. P•Sl
Macaee, Roy c., Jr.J The Vortex Tube Toda7J Power
Engine•rlng, Vol. 55, #3, March 19511
pp. 82-83.
Note on tlow patterns.
Solid :;'ects Undo Old Theories; phemiofll Englneerins,
Harold Wenig, doctorate stud,.ea at rw, Dec. 12,
1953, Vol. 60, #12, p. 140. Good. Suggests
uniflow tube. P-23
~cheper, G. w., ,l'r.J The Vortex 'l'ube - Internal Flow
Dr:1ta and Heat Transfer '.l'heoryJ Refrigeratipg Engl•
nee£1ng, Vol. 59, #10, Oct. 19511 PP• 985•989 And
p. 1018. Pirst heat trans.fer theory, also expe:ri•
mental work. See P-51.
Hooper, F. c. and r. s. Juhasz; An 1!:lectr•io Dew Point
Meter Cooled by the Vortex Tube; Hefr1gerat1ng
Eng1neerirJ!, Vol. 60, #11, Nov. 1952, pp. 1196-1197. P•25
Comassar, s., The Vortex TubeJ The American Society ot
Naval Engineers, Ine1 , Vol. 631 #1, Feb. 1951,
pp. 99-107. Excellent.
Fulton, c. D.J Comments on the Vortex TubeJ Retr1gerat1ng
Eng1ne,r1ng, Vol. 59, #10, Oct. 1951, P• 984.
Excellent early summar7.
B7.
).
.. '
Shepard, c. B. and c. E. LappleJ Flow Patterns and
Presa11l'9 Drop 1n Oyolone Dust Oolleotor11 Induatrl,&
and En.g1nter&na Chemistrz, Vol. 31, Aug. 19391 PP•
972-984. Nothing. p.aa
Also J & EC~ Vol. 32, #9, 1940, PP• 1246•1248. Nothing. P•28a
Flock, E. F. and A. I. 09hl.J Use of Thermocouples !n Hi.sh
Veloc1tJ Gas St~~wnsJ JoumaJ. of the ,American Socletz
ot Nav!l F.pglneer1, Vol. 60, P• 139, Aug. 1958.
?Jot directly related.
Yao-Tsu Wu, T.J "Two-Dimensional Sink Flow or a Viscous,
Heat-Conducting, Compressible Fluid" J Q,~rterl.z. . .2.t
Appl,., tlathu Vol. XIII, 1)4, Jan. 1956.
Plank, a. P.J "Cold Air He.frigerating Cycles"J Refriger-
ating Epginee~1ng, July 1948, P• 58. r,othing. ·· P•3l
!lr1pendra Nath Sen, u.sc. J On Vortex Hings in Compressible
Fluids, Vol. XVII, 1986, Art. 4, P• 29 1 of the
Bu1l~t1n ot the Calcutta MathtmttioJ!l Speietz•
~"low same as inoompressihle fluids.
I
Terazawa, Kwan-1ok1J On the l)ecay of Vortices 1n a V1scoue
Flu1dJ Japanese Journ~ ot Phzs1ca1 Traneactlons, Vol.
l, #2, p. 7. Equations, solved for varloua
conditlons.
Hettner, F. E.J Pertormanoe Charaoter1stloa of a Water•
Cooled VoJ1tex TubeJ Journal ot the ASHRA,1, Vctl. 1,
8 8.
i; ".i
I I
l l
l /. ll
:~_,'. '1 .. ii'.
~-· .
t· t.J.~ I ,f .
i:1_.: · . . . :·· . .. ·
' ' I,
·· 1;::i .. ·.· ii:i
n/: :" ·;·,
#~, PP• 44•47 and 71. See T•Gl. Attempt to improve
retr1gerat1ng ettect and coefficient ot pertor-
mance. P•3'
Rushton, J. Henry1 Low Pressure Liquefaction of AirJ
Hetrigerstlng Endneer1ng, JAn. 194'7. llothlng. P-35
Coll1nn, s. C. J Proposed Turbo-~xpander Design or Air
Liquefier; Refrigerating Eng!neel'in.S., Ap~il 1948. P-38
Scheller, w. A. fa G. M. Brown; '11he Hanque-Hilsoh TubeJ
I & BC, Vol. 49, ,June 1967, PP• 1013•1016. See
Pengelley, C. DeemondJ "Plow in a Viscous Vortex" J
Jou.:rnal gt' Applied Ph1s1c1, Vol. 28, Ill, Jan. 1957,
pp. 86-AP Office of Scientific Rosettrch of Anne,
Contract #18(600)•1540. Laminar flow analysis
extensible to turbQlent flow. P-38
Hubesin, M. w. and n. A. JoruisonJ "A Critical neview
or Skin Friction and !foot Trnnster Solutions of the
Laminar Boundary Layer of a I11lnt Pla.te" 1 Trana,
ASME, Vol. 71, 1949, PP• 383-388. Nothing. p.39
Eckert, E. !1. o. J Developments 1n Convection H~at Tranefa
ReaearehJ Proceedings ot the Second Midwestern
Conterenee on Fluid Meohan1ca, 1952, Ohio Stat•
Presa. p.40
! I
l~kert, E. R. a. and J. P. F..artnetta Investigation of the
Energy D1str1but!on in a High Velocity Vortex Type
FlowJ Tech. Rpt. #3, June 19551 Untv. of Minnesota
flea~ Trenster Lb. ,
1£ckert, E. R. G. with HEU'tnettJ E:xpertmental Study ot the
Velocity and Temperature Distribution in a High
VelocitJ Vortex Type [o~ Tube] Flow; Tech. Rpt. #6•
Sept. 19551 Univ. of Minnesota B. T. Lab.
This also appeA.rs as an article in 1958 Preprints or Papers, 9th Heat Trru1sfer a~d ~lu!d Mechanics
90.
Institute at Stamford Univ., Stamford, Calif.,
June 21, 22, 23, 1956, PP• 135•145. P-42a
This also appears as a article in the ASME Tryaactione,
195'1, Vol. 79, P• 751,i'f. Some simple flow ceees
analyzed, also experimental work.
Curley, w. and R. MecOee, Jr.J Bibliography of the Vortex
Tube. Retr1,ge~at1ng i~nsineerlng, Vol. 59, #2, Bebe
1951, PP• 166, 191•193. Oood. P•43
Martynovsk11, v. s. and v. P. AlekseevJ soviet Ph7s1os -
Technical Physics, Vol. l, #10, 19571 by the Amer.
Inst. of Phys., Inc., pp. 2233•22431 a translntlon
of F•Be P•44
Measlll'lng Cloud Tempel'atures J o. E. co., 1i:duat1onal
Servioe News, Vol. II, #6, Maroh 1950, P• 4. P•G
--~-;'11
_,,,i
I
\ ~ .
i l (
! il. ·.l l' ·. Ir
cl ... ~
Paoker, L. s • and N. c. BoxJ " Vortex. '1\J.be Free Air
Th 1t r ermometey J ASME Pll)er l55•A•22.
Vonnegut, n. J "Vortex Thermometer for Measuring True Air
Temperature and True Air Speeds in F'light"J Review
of Sols Instrs., Vol. 21, ff2, Feb. 1950, PP•
136•141. (GE Research Lab. u. s. f-ignal Corps
Gontract Mo. W-36-039-se-38141.) Sea G-7. P•47
Martynovsk11, v. s. and v. P. Ale~ev; Refrigerating
Bng1neer1n.s, 1955, f13. Nothing 1n March (l,+-3) 1955.P-48
Martynovsk11, v. s. and v. P. Ale~eevJ ;1eat B'nere;eti,!.!•
1955, #3. Very difficult to obtain, if it exists. p.49
Applegate, M. J "\rortex Tttbe Applicstions"; Proceedings -:;f
the Conference on Cooling of Airborne Electronic
hquipment, March 1952. Ohio State University.
Engineering Bulletin #148 Bngineering Series, \bl.
XXI, #-2, July 1952, pp. 20''!-209. hxperimentAl work
and applications. P-50
Soheper, u. w., Jr.J "Internal I'1.ow Dnta and a Heat
Transfer Theory for the Vortex Refrigerating Tubo"a
Heat Transfer end iiluid Mechanics Instl tute (held
at Stamford University), June 1951, pp. 159-176.
See P•24. P-51
91.
l, . 1-
Bertin, J.1 1Modttled Hilaoh Apparatus for Producing Hot
and Oo~d Air Streams"; Joumal of Sp!., Inatl'a,, Vol.
28, #B, Aug. 1951, p. 251. A:rticle pn the French
Patent, No •. 52117361 S~pt. 1946. P-52
Ruskin, Schecter, Merrill., and Dingers nvortex
'l''hel'mometer for Measurement of True Air Temperature
in Flight"; Naval Reeearoh Laboratory Annual Meeting,
American Meterological Socie.ty, New York City, ,Tan.
1952. p.53
"S1ra 11'echnical news" J ( s l'N .21), Mny 1953. P-54
Lay, J. E.; "An Experiment0.l nnd Analytical Study of
Vortex-Plow Temperature Separation by Superposi t1on
or Spiral and Axial Plowe", in 2 Parts; ~rrans 1 ASME,
Series c-Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. Bl, Ber1es c,
p.55
Doissler, H, G. and M• Perlmutter) "An Analysis of' the
Energy- ~epe.ration in Laminar and Turbulent Compreaallle
Vortex Flow" J Heat Transfer end Fluid Meehantcs
Institute, Stamford Univ. Presa, 1958.
Kreith, F. J "The Influence ot Curvature on Heat Tranater
to Incompressible Pluids"J Trans ASME, Vol. 771 1955,
, pp. 1247-1256.
i2. I
r . -1: .
11 1·
1.
r l ·· 1 ,. I
'l ll 1:
! j' j
.J
l l
.1
9 3.
Yeh, H. J , ~Boundary La, er Along Annular Vi al.la in a SW11'11ng
Flow"J Trans. ASME, Vol. 801 19681 pp. 7GV-"17'1. ·P-58
Kre1th, F. and D. Margo11ss "Heat Transter and Fr1c1i on 1n
Swirling Turbulent Flow" J Heat Trenster and Fluid
Mechanics Institute, Stamford University Press,
1958.
Einstein, M. A. end M. Lil "steady Vortex Flow in a Real
Fluid" J Heat Transfer and 1?1.uid Mechanics Institute,
Stam.ford University Press, 1951.
G err1ck, I. E. and c. KaplanJ "On the Plow of a
Compress! ble Pluid by the Hodograph n1ethod: II -
.Fundamental Set of Particular Flow Solutions of the
Chaplyg1n Differential Equat! on"; lIACA Tech. Ret.
790, 1944.
Por1taky, H.J "Compressible Flows Obtainable from Two
D1mens1onal Flowe Through the Addition of a Constant
Morm.al Velocity"J Journa.l of Appl. Mechanics, Vol. 15,
Tr~.,s, ASME, Vol. 681 1946, pp. A6l•65.
Schapiro, A. H.J "The Dynamics and Thermodynamics ot
Compressible Fluid F'low"J Vols. I and II, The
Ronald Press Co., N. Y., H. Y., 1953. Textbook. P-6!
'J•
L 1:
J,
I l,. ·.·. I ·~
; '-•~ ··- -·'
94.
T:fmSES AND TERM PAPERS
MIT -Eames, w. P., Jr.1 Energy Transfer 1n a VortexJ thesis
ME Dept., Sept. 19481 7 and 24 PP• I'Jnthematieal
thesis attempting to analyze .the flow in a vortex
tube. Better descriptions of works 1n F•l6. T•l
Corliss, H.J. end H. L. Soln1cka Bxperimental Investi
gation or Vortex Hefrige:ration1 ME Dept. thesis BS,
Sept. 1947, 5 plus 40 PP• Experiment Al thesis
t1sing various orifices, inlet pressures and cold
pipe lengths.
.?r1ttah, M. M. and A. N. SwoenyJ Experimental study of
Centrifugal Hefr1gerat1onJ ME Dept. BS thesis, Sept.
1947, 4 and 65 PP• Experimental thesis using thermo•
couples and pressure taps in the face of the orifice.
Photographs of the otrnrt of flow in the chamber 1n
the counterflow vortex tube. Convergent-divergent
nozzle.
Ji'ulton, c. D. J thermodynamics of the Vortex He:t'r1geratorJ
ME Dept. term paper #1 tor Course 2.452, 21 PP•
~~ermodynamic discussion or the vortex tube. (May
27, 1948) See P-7.
! '. f
-. ---~--·-----=~-·,,..~...---.: ---~:~.::-....... _.;_,--·,_<'' - .. - .. ---~-
Fulton, c. D.J P:nergy Migration in the Vortex RetrlgeratorJ
ME Dept. term paper #1 tor Course 2.,sa, eo PP•
May 21, 1948. Mathema.tieel anal.7s1s of e counterflow
vortex tube. See p.7.
ureene, n. t.; A 8tudy of Centrifugal HefrigerationJ
ChE Dept. lJIS thesis, JM. 194'1, 4 and 34 PP• Exper1•
mental thesis with experimental work performed with
Mayer and Hunter (T-8). Heport on the ehenge of hot
tube vAlve in e.dd:ltion to the results 1-;iven in
T-8.
Haddox, R., Jr.a J. w. Hunter, and w. H. Plunkett;
ngxperimente.l Investigation of Centrifugal Refr•1e;er•
ation°; ME Dept. BP, thesis, June 1947, 4 and 50,61
PP• Experimental thesis using A diffuser on the hot
tubeJ also inlet temperature varied.
Mayer, n. H. and J. w. HunterJ Centrifugal Refr1gerat1on1
ChE Dept. BS thesis, Jan. 19471 34 PP• Experimental
thesis with variation of orifice size, hot tube
length, chet1ber size, nozzle size, and inlet
pressure.
Nickerson, R. J.J Vortex Flow of a Compressible PluictJ
ME Dept. BS thee ls, May 1949, 5 and 14 PP• Mathe
mat1oa1 thesla involving the theories or Burkhardt
T•B
95.
,· f .l
· ...• :_J' . :. . ,. ,,
ii :,; l
------
(.F-2), B.ames ( T•l), and Kassner and Knoerach1lcl
(P•I) • . Better descriptions of work.a 1n F•l6.
. .
Reed, o. A. J Vortex Tube Hei'rigoratlonJ Aero. Engrg.
Dept. MS thesis, MAJ 19471 38 and 37 pp. Bxper1•
mental .and mathemat1cnl thesis. Experimental work
involving temperature and pressure probes At various
distnnoee do,,n the hot tube. Internal flow dAta rind
altered tube configuration. T•lO
tustick, L. s.; A Theoretical Investigation of the H1lsoh
1'ubeJ ME Dept. thesis, Sune 1950. 'l1hermo1 Mathe•
mat1cal analysis of the vortex tube.
Sochor, .. J. J.; A Heport on the Hilsch Tube; GhE ]ept.
May 21, 1949.
Arthur, P. D.J Operation and 1'heory of the Hilsch Tube;
ME Dept. Ms thesis 1948. txperimental work on
several vortex tubes, tempernture, pressure, and
velocity invest1gnt1on of e.ction in the tube.
Boston UgiversJtz
MaoGee, R. c., Jr.J The Vortex Tt1beJ Physics Dept. AM
thesis 1950. Experimental thesis showing picturea
of the flow pattern 1n a counterflow vortea tube.
T•2l
9C: . '
', .'i,
i . .1
Stene, J. A. J A Study of the Hilsch TubeJ ME Dept.
thesis.
Up1on College
Scheper, G. w., Jr.J "F'low Patterns e.nd a Heat Transfer
't'heory for Vortex Hm1ting and hafrigarnting 1I'u.be";
MS thesis May 1949.
Northwestern Un!versitz
T-41
Scheller, w. A. J Fluid Dynamics of the Hanque-Hileoh •rube;
June 1955, 104 pp.J Prof. o. M. Brown. Not nvaileble
for loan. Microfilm available. H:xcellent study. T-46
Cornell Aergnauticel Labor~tor1, Inc,, Buffalo, N.Y,
l~nnamore, o. l1.J".A Method for the Experimental Inveet1-
gat1on of the H!lach 'lube"; Heport No. HF-566-A•l,
August 30, 1948, A TI-35748 Air Doc. Div. Attn.
M8IDXD.
Chapman, s. J "The Hanqt1e-H!lsch 'rube and its Applications
to Air Temperature Measurements" J BJ.i1•686•P•l, April
1950. T•52
97.
·,, ' - . ·-. -.~ .. :
Paoker, L.- s. J "Phase A. Report Vortex Ii'ree Ail'
Thermometer" J Report Mo. IH-'1?5•P•l, C ontract No.
a(S)51•832•C, Physics Department, Feb. 15, 1962. T•53
~enaaelaer Polytechnic Inst1tste
Levitt, a. B. J "A Study of the Characteristics of Con•
verging Vortex Flow" J A'rI-66647 obt,dnable from
c. A.D.o., June 1949. T-56
Wayne State .~Jp1vare1JiI
Heffner, P. E.; 1.ihe Vortex Tube; 195111 8ee abstrActed
paper P•34. T-61
pew York Universitz
Wenig, H.J Mech. Engrg. Dept., PhD thesis, 19153. '11-66
98.
1, ~·
School& at wh1ch work is being done or publ111hment
not located, or interest diap18Jed
Un1vei-a1ty of Tol'Onto, Physics Department
Un1vers1tJ .of New Hampshire
University or Minnesota
University of Missouri
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
California Institute of 1l'echnology
Puke University
Simmons College
Un1verA1ty or Wisconsin
Johns, Hopkins Uni versi tJ
Michigan State University, Pro.feasor .r. E. Lay
University or Michigan
University of ColorRdo
College ot Aeronautics (Aerodynamics Department), Cranfield, Bedfordshire, England
E T H Inst1tut rllr Aerodynamik, ZUl"ioh
Phys1kalishen Instltut, Erlangen, Germany
lllino1s Institute of Technology Hesenroh Foundation
Northeastern Un1vers1t7
99.
European So1ent1t1c Notes, Ottioe of Naval Research London
Branch, Jan. 1, 1950, PP• 1-3. Deacrtpt1on of
Hllsch' s appl1eat1on. G•l
Hansell, o. w. I Miscellaneous Developments 1n German
Science and IndustrJ'J Heport PD 16381 Publioatlona
Board, Dept. ot Commerce, PP• 36-37, Oct. 1945. This ;,
paper includes a short description of the vt and
analysis.
1 lansell, c. w. a "Low TemperatUI'e Physics"; Mlscellaneoua
Developments in German f!.cionce and Industl'7. C•6
Heport No. 681 June 1945, PP• 29•31. Publielwd by
Joint Intell1genoe Objective /\.gency, Washington,
D. c.
Kassner, Rudolph and l<~ugen ICnoerschildJ "F'riet1 on Lawe
ond Energy 'l'ransfer in Ch:acular Ii1J.ow"; 'l'ech. neport
F· •TR-2198-MD, GS-USAF, Wright-Patterson APB :/}78,
lroject #LP-259, Nov. 1047, Air Material Cornmand.
Motes on others• summaries. nestricted. Converted
vortex theor1 and exper1mm tal work,
Knoerseh1ld end Morgenses1 Application of the Hilsoh Tube
to Aircraft and M1sa1lea. Serial Number .MCRF:.XE-664•
610A, Air Material Command, GS•USAF', Wr1ght•Patteraon
I Oo.
J
A.~ #1281 Dq,ton, Ob1o, June 10, 1948, 45 PP• A Compari
son ot the vt and other oo:011ng methal s 11s the7
Low Temperature Heaearoh at the Univ. of ~ rlangen1
Off1c, o.f Naval Research, London Branch. Tech.
Heport OAMAll-15-50. A short repoi-t on low-temperature
~esearch. Mention of the vt is made as it is nsed 1n
the low-temperature apparatus of nr. Hilsch. G•5
. Method end Appavatus ror Obtaining .from a Fluid under
Pressure Two Cu.rrents o:f Fluid at Different IJ.1empera•
tu.res. Official Gazette of u. s. Patent Office, J,9521
281, 2? March 1934 ( to G. J. Hanque). This is the
original u. s. Patent for the vt. It includes a
description of various types of vt. G-6
Vonnegut, B.J Vortex Tha:nnometer for Measuring True Air
Tempe:iraturt1 and True Air Speeds 1n It1l.ight. Sept.
1949 Occasional Heport #14, Project CirJtUs, Contract
#lY-36-039-so-38141. H:.;port #PB 99102, 29 PP• See
P-47.
Dornbrend, HarryJ "Theoretical and Experimental study of
the VT". AF Technical Heport #61281 June l9SO, u. s.
Dept. ot Commerce, Office of Tech. Services,
Washington 251 D. O. Done nt; Republic Aviation Corp.,
JO I.
J
"
J
l<Jxoellent. o-e
Eckert., E, I "Temperature Recording 1n High•apeed Ou" I
NACA Tech. Mamo., No. 983• Aug. 1941. Not directly
related. G•9
Eckert, E. and w. Weise; "The Temperatu.r& of Unheated
Bodies in a High-speed Oe.a Stroam"; NAC.A. Tech. Memo.
1000, Dec. 1946. Not directly related, 0-10
. /OZ.
l '/,
(
/
Corr, J. E.1 vlhe Vortex Tube. General Electric co.
Research Lab., Mech. Investigation D1v1slon,
Schenectady, N.Y. Data Folder #45289, Jul11948,
57 pp. Rescnroh report involving_ exp. work on
counterflow vt. Dr. Bernard Vonnegut seems to be
involved. IR•l
Hansell, c. w.; ht:.A Transmitter Lab., Hocky Point, N.Y.
See P-9. IR-2
De Havilland Aircraft co., Ltd. J "Vortex Tube Cooler";
r11est Jepo1•t No. T .R. 100147, Aug. 15, 1950.
Structural 'rest House, "E" Blook, De F.. A. co., Ltd.,
Hatfield, Herte1., Lnglond. Application.
Other flesear,09
Westinghouse Electric Corp., FJB.ltimore, Md. al
Kodak Ltd. Hes. Lab., 1~e/dstone, Middlesex, &!gland.
Cttrr1er Coxp.
E. I. du Pont de Nemours Co. f~grg. Research Lab. - - -Hoyal Dutoh Shell Arnst.
York Corpe
A1Reseeroh ?J!fg. Co., Los ·Angeles, C.~ellfe
ilepubl1c Aviation Corp., Perm1ngdale, L.I., N.Y.
o. M. Res. Lab., Detroit, M1oh.
I
103.
I,
104.
Sir George Oocttrey ,,: l>artners, r,tt., Manworth, Middlesex
General Eleotrio co., Schenectady Works Library, T.F • .,;
3294, (194?). "Vo1•tex Expansion with Rxper1menta
Oonoem1ng the g!multaneous Production of Hot and
Cold Air". A trnnsa t1on ot P-6. IR-4
'l'eddington controls, Ltd., i..ta Ceed ~l&Ptha Wyfife•, Wmlos, Cefn Coed Merthr Tydfil
B.s.I.R.A. Labs.
)
Brun, E.a Experiences Sur La Detente Girato1re Aveo
Productions S.Jmultanees D'un Echappm.ent D'a!r Chau.d
Et n•un Echappment D'air Froid. Le Journal de
Ph,:a1que et le Hadtwn ( Paris) a ~fuin 1933, PP• 122,s-
123,s, Vol. 4, !'0er1es 7 1 June 1933. Discussion of
the paper of Ht-inque ( F-6), in French. F•l
Burkhadt, GerdJ Theoretischer·Beit:rag zur Arbe1t von H.
H1lsch Uber das Wirbelrohr. Ze1tschr:tft rf1r
Haturforschung, Vol. 3a, #1, Jen. 1948, PP• 46-51.
Mnthernatical analysis in nerman. See P-1?, F-27. F-2
Haar, D. tar, and H. Wergeland; On the Working Principle
of the Hilsch UadgetJ Det Kongelige Norske
Videnskabers Selskab, 11orhendl1ger Bd xx, Mr 1.5.
Vol. 20, Jan. 1948 (1947), pp. 55-58. "'lhei~ simpli-F-17
fie at ions do not appear acceptable."/ fil athemat1cal
analysis in English.
Rilsch R.J Die Bxpansion von Ossen im Zentrifugalfold
als KllteprozessJ Zeitschrift fflr Naturforsohung.
Vol. 1, April 1946, #4, PP• 208-214. 11he original
article by Hilsch in German. Translation obtainable
1n p.a.
I 05.
!! ir: ·, '!
Johnson, A. F.1 Quantitative Stud7 of the Hilaoh Heat
Separatora Canadian Journal ot Research. Vol. 25,
,Section F, Sept. 19471 pp. 299•302, Discussion ot
experiments and results obtained using air, CO2 and
H2 in a counterflow vt. Notes, data. F-5
Renque, G, J,J Experiences Sur la Detente Giratoire Avec
Productions S1multannes d•un Echappment d'Air Chaud
et d•un Echappment d'Air FroidJ Bulletin Bi•Mensuel
de la Societe Francaise de Physique, 2 Ju!n 1933, PP•
112,s-11s,s, bound with Le Journal de Physique et le
Radium (Paris), June 1933, Vol. 4, Series 7. A
description of the vt by its inventor, in li'rench.
The French Patent is
rec'd, 1932.
applied for 12 Dec. 1932;
Schultz-Grunow, F.J Die Wirkungsweise des Ranque•
V\1rbelrohres, How the Ranque-Hilsch Tube OperatesJ
K'altetechnik, Band 2 #11, pp, 273•2741 1950, Also,
V,D,I, Vol, 961 #361 p, 1018, .An abstract of this
article may be found in P•l8. Ff/I
Martynovskii, v. s. and V, P, Alekseev; (Journal of Tech.
Phys. of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR) Zhur,
Tekh, .l!I_., Vol. 26, #lO, 19661 PP• 2303•2315, A
translation available 1n P•44. Worthwhile. F•8
106.
Nlllff t H. G. and H. J • Murt1 I Trennung von G ae L1111nang
1m Circular Rohren. or something like that.
NatUl'Wiasenachaften, Vol. 461 19581 PP• 382-388.
Ve'Z'Y lmportant - uee or unit'low tube to obte.!n ma.11
separation.
Elser, K. and M. Hock; "Dae ,,erhalten Verschiedener Oaee
Und Die ·rrermung Von Ge.sgem1echen in Einem VJ1rbelrohr".
z. Ne.turforaohung, Vol. 6a, 1951 {Jan.), #1, pp. 25•31.
Very 1mportent•mnes sop9ration achieved. See F-38.F-10
Prins, J. A.1 £12.2.erlandeoh !1djschrift :!!,oor NatuurkundeJ
11 Ur1et aan de Hedectie". Yol. 14, .l\ugust 1948, p. 241. F•ll
Ringleb, F. z. J "K,rnkte L8sungen der Di t'feront1algle1•
echungen einer Adiabat1sohen Gaestr6mung." "Not re-
PP• 185-198•
Madelung, E.; Ann Physic Vol. 43, 1943, P• 417.
Haichardt, He I z. angew. Meth. Mech., Vol. 20, 19401
p. 297.
Hyan, L. Ji'• J "l·,xperiments on Aerodynamic Cooling"J
B'-12
F-13
F-14
Mi t te!lwigen des Inst 1 tll te 1"Ur Aerodyne.mick and er
E1dgen. Tech. Hooheohule, Zurich, #18, 1950, PP•
49•501 /18, 1951, PP• 7•50• # 18,. 1950, pp. 49,50. F-15
\
I 07.
""'\''
von Deeter, J • J. J "on the T.heo.ey ot the Ranque•Hllsob
Cooling Etfect 11, Joum.4 ot AJ2pl1ed .So1ent1th
Htt••s:ctA - Netherlands, Section A, Vol. 3, #3, l9fi21
PP• l?4-l96e
1'Ueetley, R.; 11 A B1bl1ogr,Rphy and Survey of the VT",
College ot Aeronautics, Cranfield, England, CoA
Hote #9, Mtu•oh 1954. Ciood.
F-16
F-17
Ackert, J. J "on Aerodynamic Cooling F:f'feets " , r-i icerca
Soi., Vol. 20, #121 1950,~pp. 1926•192~0 Not re•
lated • F'-18
108.
. ::.oke:rt, E. R. G. and w. Weise; "Messungen den Temperature •
Verteilu.ng au£' der Oberflaohe schell engestrometer
unbeheizte:r Korpe:r", z. P9,rs!3hqn& a.d. Gebeitede
Mot related. Ipgen~,!ilt1rwesena Wag., Vol. 13, 1948,
PP• 246•254. F-19
Sprenger, n.1 "Beobachtungen an Wirbel rohren". Z .. flngew.
Ma th. u Phys-JI (Bwias), J'1ly 1951, Vol. II, #4, PP•
293-300. Interesting var1Rt1ons. See F•3·1• F'-20
Isk1n, I. P. and B. M. Brodienski:t: Journ!l: ot Tech. ?hl8 t
(USSR), 821 ll ( 19 52) • F-21
Oukhman, A, AeJ Journal of Tech. Ph;ts• (USSR), 22, 6
(1953) F'-22
;~ J .,
:f l / tt. ,;
Grodzovak11, o. 1. and Iu. E. Kuznetsova Bull. Acad.
Sc1. USSR, Dt.v. Tech. Soi., 19541 {)10. F-23
Dub1nskti, M •. o •• Bull •. Acad. Sci. USSR, Div. Teoh. Sci.,
1955, #6.
Hilton, w. F'. I "Longi tud1nal Fl.011 :1.n a Trailing Vortex".
H. and M. lB58 (3673). Aeronautical Hesoarch - -£.omm1ttee Teoh. Haport, 1938. "Not Belated". 1"-25
Boor, J. deJ 11 Theorie van de Hanq11e-Lileoh•ltoelmethode".
Naderlandsch Tijdschrift Voor NRtuurkunde, Vol. 14,
Augustus 1948, pp. 240•241. F-26
, ·1Urray, R. c.; "Tht10ratical Contribution 11' the Work ot
R. Hilnch on the V'l1". R, A.E. Library 'l'rn.nslation
i/346, Jwie 19511 F.~tmborough, Hempsh1re, England.
.t\ t1~a.nsla tion of. Burlthadt 's { F-2) work. F-27
Cole, B. N. J "necent Developments in <las Vynrunics ".
fWt51neer1ng,, London, Vol. ll/01 ( 4418), P• 277, 29 s.
t 50. F-28
Comassar, a. J "The Vortex 1l1ube". Jpur1 of British Shi)?
Bllild1ng Hesesl'•ch Assn., Vol. 6, Mar 1951, #5, PP•
F-29
.iokert, E.J Y,D,I, Zeitschr. Vol. 84, 1940, p. 813.
Not Related. F-30
109.
110.
O'Donnell, A.J 110bservat1one on the VT." R.A.E. Library,
Fnrn.borough, Hampshire, England. Trnnslntlon No.
394, Deo. 1951. A transla.tS.on ot F-2:>, F-31
Sprenger, H.1 "Uber tharmische Bffeckte bel Resonanzrohren,"
Heterat gehalten anlJlsslieh der Jahrresversammlung der
Bchweizerlschen Physikl1sken Gesellsohaft 1n Bern am
24 August 1952. Suggested ultrasonic explanation. F-32
Westley., R. J 11 A Hote on the Appli.cation of the VT to
Ventilnted Su.its." College of l\eronautics, Tech.
F'-33
Williamson, u.A.F', and (Miss) J. A. 'l'ompkins; "Practical
Notes on the Desi.gn of a V'r." R,A .• E. 'I'echnieal Note
No. Mech. ll:ng. 67, March 1951. Not t;oo useful. ?-34
Kat'ador and T1echmrum. · :iront1er. March 1952, p. e.
VT applied to in-flight tampernture measurement. F-35
Bickley, w. a. J "some Exact 8olutions of. the Equat1. ons of
Steady Hometropio Flow of an Inviscid G es." Modem
Developments 1n Flu.id Dynamics, Vol. l, edited by L.
Howarth. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 11ngland, l953e F-~
Binnie, A. M. end s. G. EookerJ "The Ha.dial and Spiral
Flow of' a Compressible Flu.id." Philosophical
Magazine, Vol. 231 Jan./June 1937, PP• 597-606. F-37
111.
Ooldewood1 0.1 "The BohQV~~-3' ot Various Oases and the
Spearatlon ot Mlatures of Gases in a VT". R.A,E.
L!bral'f Translation No. 4001 Feb. 1952, Farnborough,
Hampshire, r:ngland. A translation of Elser and
Hocb 1s (F-10) work. F-38
Lunbeek, R. J.J "Da Rnnque-Hilsch-koelmethode".
Nederlandsch TS.jschrii't Voor Matuurkunde, Vol. 14,
/M l F'-39 F'ebr. aart 948, P• 83.
Mace, Mrs. A. G·,1 "A Summary of Literature on the Hanqlle•
Hilsch•Vortee Tube." Brltish Sci. Instr, Research
Assn., B.s.I,H,A, Hese0rch heport No. M.lc;, Nov.
1953. Good. F-40
Schmidt, K. J ";~xperimentelle Unte:rschungen em Hanque•
Wirbelrohr, '' z. Naturi'., Vol. 7a, #7, July 19521
PP• 480•486, F'-41
Schultz-Grunow, 1•'. J ( "Turbulent Heat Tr•snsfer Influenced
by C entr1ful.gs. 1:i'oreos.") "Turbulent er v~YJ:rmedflrchgang
im Zentrifugaltela."
#3, 1951, PP• 65•76•
i•~orachwig. Ing. Wes., Vol. l? •
-1- F-42
Schultz-Grunow, F.; Review of "i:tiurbulenter w\tmedllrchgnng
11'4 Zentr1tugalteld," Forsch. Ing. Wes., Vol. 17,
i!3, 1951, PP• 65•"16. z. angew. Math. Mech., Vol. 51,
Aug./Sept. 1951, No. 8/9, PP• 293•294. F-43
112.
R:lngleb, F.J ·0Exakte Loallngen der D1tterent1algle1schungen
einer Adlabatischen Oasstrlmung. ff Zeit. fir Ang&1'e
Math. u.nd Mechan1k, Vol. ·20, 1940, PP• ·18&•1&8.
F•ll. ·Abstract of this in Journal of the Royal
Aeronautical goo1et7, Vol. 46, 1942, PP• 403•404.
F-44
Hingleb, F.1 "Lxakte Losllngen der DJ.fferent1algle1schungen
einer Adiabatischen Ge.sstr8mung." 7.ett. rflr Angew.
M,ith. und Meehanik, Vol. 20, 1940, PP• 185-198. F-11.
1I'ranslation, "Ministry or Aircraft Production", Great
Britain, a.T.P. Translation 1609, 1942.
Rowe, w. A. J 11 'l'ha Banque Vortex Tuben; Modern Hefrigeration,
Aug. 19531 Vol. !VI, 1/665, PP• 279-280. News
article. F'-46
Modeff! R,eti:~aez•at1on, Hov. 1952. Wothing. r'-47
