Dr Bernard VallatDirector General

The view of the World Organisation The view of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) in support of for Animal Health (OIE) in support of the Biological and Toxins Weapon the Biological and Toxins Weapon

Convention objectivesConvention objectives

Meeting of States Parties to the Biological Weapons Convention Geneva, 10 - 14 December 2007

ThreeThree components:components:whywhy new new strategiesstrategies??

whichwhich solutions?solutions?

the OIE the OIE responseresponse::

Why new appropriate animal healthstrategies became crucial?

Trends in Global Population Trends in Global Population

Less developed countries

More developed countries

706560551950 75 80 85 90 95 2000 05 10 150

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8Billions

TotalGlobal Population: 1950-2015

Source: US Bureau of the Census

Last year, over 21 billion food animals were produced to help feed a population

of over 6 billion people resulting in trillions of pounds of products

distributed worldwide. Projections toward 2020 indicate that the demand

for animal protein will increase by 50%, especially in developing countries.

Safe Food begins with healthy animalsSafe Food begins with healthy animals

Strong Link Between Healthand Welfare

Our ENEMIESOur ENEMIES

PNAS, 2004

There is no where in the world from which we are remote and

no one from whom we are disconnected

Annual Global Trade in Exotic AnimalsAnnual Global Trade in Exotic Animals4 million birds640,000 reptiles40,000 primatesIllegal trade unknown – estimate $4-6 billion

Intent to harm

Lack of political will

War and famine

Poverty and social inequality

Changing ecosystems

Climate change and weather

Breakdown of public health measures

Microbial adaptation and change

International travel and commerce

Economic development and land use

Technology and industry

Human demographics and behavior

202720172007FACTOR

Current and Projected Importance of Factors Influencing new diseases emergence

“Double, double toil and trouble;Fire burn, and caldron bubble.”

William Shakespeare

WorldWorld’’s Most Dangerous Animalss Most Dangerous Animals

Emerging and ReEmerging and Re--emerging Infectious Diseasesemerging Infectious Diseases

Zoonotic potential of animal pathogens60% of human pathogens are zoonotic80% of animal pathogens are multi-host75% of emerging diseases are zoonotic80% of agents having a potential bioterrorist use are zoonotic pathogens Nearly all emerging (new) human diseases originate from animalreservoirsDiseases can now spread faster across the world than the average incubation period of most diseases

Examples of Recent and Current CrisisExamples of Recent and Current Crisis

BSE FMD in UK (2001)AVIAN INFLUENZA in 3 continents (2003-2007 …)NIPAH VIRUS in Malaysia (1999)West Nile Virus in N. America

Most common causes of infection• Incidental (‘Normal’/expected)

• External(Uncontrolled/difficult to control)– Wild animals, migratory

birds– Ilegal trade

• Deliberate spread Agroterrorism

Spanish influenza: 1918-1919 20 - 40 million dead

SocioSocio--Economic Impacts of Economic Impacts of Transboundary/Emerging DiseasesTransboundary/Emerging Diseases

• Strong negative impacts on animal productivity and animal resources (deaths), and economic losses (esp. significant economic impacts to smallholders)

• Threats to human health (in case of zoonoses)

• Loss of trading opportunities in animals and animal products (because of animal health status)

• Increased uncertainty about the stability of production management

• Socio-economic confusion

WhichWhich solutions?solutions?

World Animal Health Organization – OIEWorld Trade Organization – WTOUnited Nations:

- FAO – WHO - Codex Alimentarius- Biological Weapon Convention- Others

Regional Organizations

Current International Sanitary Governance Current International Sanitary Governance in the Field of Animal Origin Pathogensin the Field of Animal Origin Pathogens

World World OrganisationOrganisation forfor Animal Animal HealthHealth (created in 1924)(created in 1924)172 172 MemberMember CountriesCountries ( ( DecemberDecember 2007)2007)

29

51

13

2851

• Five permanent Regional Representations: Bamako, Buenos Aires, Tokyo, Sofia and Beirut

• Four Sub-regional Representations: Bangkok, Gaborone, Panama, Brussels

• Five Regional Commissions: Africa, America, Asia-Pacific, Europe and Middle East

Objectives of the OIEObjectives of the OIE1. To ensure transparency in the global animal animal diseasedisease and and zoonosiszoonosis

situationsituation

2. To collect, analyse and disseminate scientificscientific veterinaryveterinary informationinformation

3. To provide expertise and encourage international solidarity in the controlin the controlof animal of animal diseasesdiseases

4. Within its mandate under the WTO SPS Agreement, to safeguard world trade by publishing healthhealth standardsstandards for international trade in animals and animal products

5. To improve the legal framework and resources of national Veterinary national Veterinary ServicesServices

6. To provide a better guarantee of the safetysafety of of foodfood of animal of animal originorigin and topromote animal animal welfarewelfare through a science-based approach

181 in 30 countries covering101 diseases and topics157 experts

Scientific basis: Scientific basis: OIE OIE ReferenceReference LaboratoriesLaboratories networknetwork

Minimize Threat of Emerging Animal DiseasesMinimize Threat of Emerging Animal Diseases

SurveillanceSurveillanceEarly detectionEarly detection

•• AwarenessAwareness•• High quality Veterinary ServicesHigh quality Veterinary Services

Rapid and transparent notificationRapid and transparent notification• Appropriate national chain of command

Minimize Threat of Emerging Animal DiseasesMinimize Threat of Emerging Animal Diseases (cont)(cont)

Rapid responseRapid response• rapid confirmation of suspects• confinement and humane stamping out• use of vaccination when available and if appropriate

Governance, legislation, policies and resources, Governance, legislation, policies and resources, in compliance with OIE international standards in compliance with OIE international standards

Good Governance of Veterinary ServicesGood Governance of Veterinary Services

Basic requirements for all countriesCrucial need for appropriate legislation and strict implementation through appropriate national animal health systems allowing:

Early detection, Transparency, NotificationRapid response to animal disease outbreaksBiosecurityCompensationVaccination when necessary

Good Good GovernanceGovernance of of VeterinaryVeterinary ServicesServices ((contcont))

Building and maintaining efficient (epidemio) surveillance networks and territorial meshing covering the entire national territory, potentially for all animal diseases, including zoonoses and emerging diseases, is a responsibility of all Governments including developed countries,Concept of quality of Services adopted by all OIE Member Countries,Parallel with WHO/IHR

Key Key tripodtripod for surveillancefor surveillanceOfficial

Veterinarians

Farmers /Stakeholders

PrivateVeterinarians

Tripod

Early

war

ning

Mon

itorin

g

New Disease / Infection Unusual epidemiological event

OIE Listed disease Non OIE listed disease

Emerging disease

Immediate notification

Follow-up reports

Six-monthly report on OIE Listed disease / infection

absent or present

Annual report

WAHIS – Secure Access system

Final report

WAHISDatabas

e

Web

inte

rfac

e

WAHID

The OIEThe OIE--PVS PVS ToolTool

Evaluation of the Performance of

Veterinary Services

a tool for Good Governanceof Veterinary Services

(last updated in July 2007)

The PVS backgroundThe PVS background

OIE international standards:OIE international standards:Chapter 1.3.3Chapter 1.3.3: : Evaluation of Veterinary Services (which include public and private components) Chapter 1.3.4Chapter 1.3.4: : Guidelines for the Evaluation of Veterinary ServicesDevelopment of the OIE World Animal Health and Welfare Fund (to implement PVS and regional capacity building programs)

PVS ProcedurePVS Procedure

Training and certification of OIE expertsTraining and certification of OIE expertsDraft PVS Country ReportDraft PVS Country ReportOIE Peer Review OIE Peer Review Final PVS Country Report Final PVS Country Report Acceptance by the CountryAcceptance by the CountryGap analysisGap analysisInvestment preparation (national and international Investment preparation (national and international channels)channels)

GlobalGlobal Public GoodPublic Good

Global public goods are goods whose benefits extend to all countries, people, and generations.Animal Health Systems are a Public Good

Global Public Good Global Public Good (cont)

In the case of eradication of infectious diseases, the benefits have international and inter-generational spillovers. Countries are depending from one another and an inadequate action by one nation can jeopardize all the others. If one country fails, it may endanger the entire planet.

ActivitiesActivities of of VeterinaryVeterinary Services (public and Services (public and privateprivate components)components)

It is an Global Public Good with beneficial effects on:Poverty Alleviation

- Securing assets (Capital-Animal)- Increasing productivity

Market Access (local, regional and internat.)Public Health, including Food Safety and Food Security

OIE and the BTWCOIE and the BTWC• OIE in support of BTWC (2003,

2004, 2005, 2006, 2007)

• Global surveillance and preparedness

• Inclusion of non-domesticanimals (wild animals)

• Animal diseases includingzoonosis

• Adherence to international animal health standards

• Good veterinary governance

Regional Regional SupportSupport UnitsUnits

PAHOPAHO

OIRSAOIRSA

IICAIICA

ECO/SAARCECO/SAARC

PACE-AU/IBARPACE-AU/IBAR

SADCSADC

GCCGCC

ASEANASEAN

ConclusionConclusion

Early detection, transparency, networksRapid responseLaboratoriesGood Governance, obligations of OIE MembersSupport to OIE standards

Thank you for your attentionThank you for your attention

OrganisationMondialede la SantéAnimale

WorldOrganisationfor AnimalHealth

OrganizaciónMundialde SanidadAnimal