KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, KUMASI

BY: EDWARD YOOFI ANSAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

INDEX No.: 4093915

MAY 2016

THE USE OF METHANE GAS HARVESTED

FROM WASTE AS A BENEFICIAL

RESOURCE TO THE SAKUMONO

COMMUNITY

ii

First and foremost I would like to warmly thank Mr. Isaac Kwame Ansah, my father and the

principal public relations offer of Parliament, for all his contribution to this report- including

his insightful ideas, his skillful editing, and his help with the research, and his patience

throughout the long writing process of this report. His work and assistance made this report

possible, and I am eternally grateful.

I would like to thank my supervisors, Mr. Gordon Foli and Mr. Chiri Amedjoe for deftly

navigating this project past the occasional obstacles that came up, and for all their editorial

and geological advice. They are truly master geological engineers. Also at KNUST, my

thanks go to the Professors who impacted so much knowledge during the CENG workshop,

first up is Dr. Gabriel Takyi on the alternative sources of energy generation, followed by Dr.

E.A. Frimpong on the challenges of power generation and its effects on the economy, Charles

Anum Adams on challenges of transportation, Richard Buamah (PHD) on the challenges of

water and sanitation in Ghana, Ing. E. Kwaku Baah-Ennumh on the brief history of KNUST

and finally T.A. Tuffour on the indicators of economic performance, all in no chronological

order, involved in the CENG 291 project for their energetic demeanor and drive, but above

all, the passion with which they gave their presentation during the CENG workshop which

drove every part of me to approach this report with a water tight level of passion to solve a

pressing engineering problem in my society. Along the way, several people also contributed

with advice and ideas. On the list is Christabel, the GESA general secretary. Our discussion

back at the end of the semester planted the idea for this report. In this vein, I would also like

to thank Nii Gidiglo, Kwame Ntiri, and Nana Adwoa, my good and highly intelligent course

mates and class representative, respectively, for their contributions as well.

Finally, I would like to thank the divine God for blessing me with this opportunity and

privilege to make my society a better place.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

iii

The citizens of the Sakumono community, which is a sub urban community of Tema in the

Greater Accra Region, discard about half a ton of trash every day, from empty pizza boxes,

broken egg shells, leftover food, broken dishes, and old appliances, just to mention a few. In

addition to that, they top it off with human excretory waste, and somehow all of it ends up

being disposed of. This same community lacks a steady supply of gas, fuel and electricity.

The answer to a steady supply of these very vital resources lays in the waste the community

produces on a daily bases.

In this report, I seek to find out how people in the Sakumono community deal with their daily

waste in order to make it resourceful and beneficial. The problems they face with the waste

disposal system and how it affects their standard of living. I delve further to find out the

average waste produced on the average by each household. I look at the basic resources that

are most needed by the community and how available those resources are to the Sakumono

community. I explore the world of waste and discover a very significant gas, known as

Methane gas. I find out and get a deep understanding of what methane gas is how this gas can

be harvested and transformed into the vital resources needed by the community and the long

term benefits of this very gas to the Sakumono community.

Basically, this report teaches us to convert what we don’t want into what we need as a

society. The report also suggests how we as a society can build funds to support this worthy

course to make it a reality. We also discover how to make it a really sustainable long term

project for the society.

This report is so important that, when it becomes a reality, it will make a great impact in the

resource development sector of the community by creating employment for the unemployed

youth in the community, since diverse skills are needed for the smooth and sustainable

running of the project, such as design, facility management and hospitality just to mention a

few.

So in the final analysis this report seeks to go beyond thinking of waste as an end product

than actually thinking of it truly as a resource to the Sakumono community.

SYNOPSIS

iv

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..ii

Synopsis…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….iii

Table of Contents...................................................................................................................... iv

List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. v

1.1 Background on “Engineering in Society” ................................................................................ 1

2.1 Problem Identification ............................................................................................................ 5

2.1.1 WHAT HAPPENS TO THE RUBBISH COLLECTED IN MY COMMUNITY ............................. 7

2.1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO RUBBISH COLLECTED IN THE ADVANCED COUNTRIES ................... 9

2.1.3 WHAT IS METHANE? .................................................................................................. 12

2.2 Map Preparation ................................................................................................................... 18

...................................................................................................................... 20

........................................................................................................................ 21

3.1 The Study Area ...................................................................................................................... 22

................................................................................... 28

............................................................................ 29

.................................................................................................................... 30

3.2.2 Application of Knowledge ............................................................................................. 32

4.1 ............................................................................................................................ 33

................................................................................................................ 34

GLOSSARY.............................................................................................................................................. 37

v

List of Figures

Figure 1THE 17 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS. 4

Figure 2. WELLS INSERTED IN THE LANDFILL TO HARVEST THE METHANE GAS 10

Figure 3. FROM REFUSE TO ELECTRICITY 11

Figure 4. PICTORIAL VIEW OF THE ENTIRE PROCESS 11

Figure 5 AUGUST VON HOFFMAN 13

Figure 6 ALEXANDRO VOLTA 14

Figure 7 BENJAMIN FRANKLIN 14

Figure 8a copy of the endorsed letter of introduction 36

1

1.1 Background on “Engineering in Society”

“Engineering in Society” is a second year university approved course

introduced to first year engineering students of the KNUST college of engineering sciences

at the end of their second semester to bridge the gap between Engineering skills and societal

problems, where the bulk of the work is done during their long summer break. When the

second year commences students will be made to give a comprehensive defense of their

report in the form of a power point presentation where they will be awarded marks according

to their work.

Year in and year out, African universities produce hundreds of engineering graduates but

what we don’t seem to see is how these graduates impact our African societies as opposed to

their counterparts in the western world making huge impacts on their continents, because

Africa still faces major key problems like lack of constant electricity, clean water and gas,

just to mention a few, which are all very significant resources for day to day human activities.

I believe that engineering has the ability to generate cutting edge alternatives to all our

perishable and somewhat decreasing traditional natural resources and also make living

conditions more comfortable and better for our societies and the African continent as a

whole.

The main objectives of this course are outlined below to give a much vivid description on

why this course is very important. The objectives are as follows:

INTRODUCTION

2

To inculcate in students an appreciation of the fact that the purpose of engineering is

to solve societal problems.

To draw a link between students and their field of study, and the application to issues

that confront the day today lives of people

To deepen students’ interest in and appreciation of their field of study and its

disciplines.

To improve students’ sense of innovation and application of engineering to

development.

3

According to the sustainable development goals of 2015, this was gathered; IN 2000, 189 COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD CAME TOGETHER TO FACE THE FUTURE.

And what they saw was daunting. Famines, Drought, Wars, Plagues and Poverty: The

perennial problems of the world. Not just in some faraway place, but also in their own

cities, towns and villages as well.

They knew things didn’t have to be this way. They knew we had enough food to feed the

world, but that it wasn’t getting shared. They knew there were medicines for HIV and other

diseases, but that they cost a lot. They knew that earthquakes and floods were inevitable,

but that the high death tolls were not.

They also knew that billions of people worldwide shared their hope for a better future.

So leaders from these countries created a plan called the Millennium Development Goals

(MDGs). This set of 8 goals imagined a future just 15 years off that would be rid of poverty

and hunger. It was an ambitious plan.

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has been one of the leading

organizations working to achieve the MDGs. Present in more than 170 countries and

territories; we funded projects that helped fulfill the Goals. We championed the Goals so

that people everywhere would know how to do their part. And we acted as “scorekeeper,”

helping countries track their progress.

And the progress in those 15 years has been tremendous. Hunger has been cut in half.

Extreme poverty is down nearly by half. More kids are going to school and fewer are dying.

Now these countries want to build on the many successes of the past 15 years, and go

further. The new set of goals, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), aims to end

poverty and hunger by 2030. World leaders, recognizing the connection between people

and planet, have set goals for the land, the oceans and the waterways. The world is also

better connected now than it was in 2000, and is building a consensus about the future we

want.

That future is one where everybody has enough food, and can work, and where living on

less than $1.25 a day is a thing of the past.

UNDP is proud to continue as a leader in this global movement.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGs)

4

Figure 1THE 17 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS.

Listed in the figure above are the 17 sustainable development goals, the set year to achieve

this, is the year 2030 as opposed to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) which had a

very ambiguous target year, thus the year 2015. We are in the 2016 at the moment and still

facing Millennium Development Challenges. But thanks to the initiative most of the world

challenges are halfway better than it was before.

This report indirectly addresses 8 of the sustainable goals. They are as follows: Affordable

and clean energy, decent work and economic growth, industry, innovation and infrastructure,

sustainable cities and communities, responsible consumption and production, climate action,

life below water and life on land. So kindly take your time to read and understand this report.

5

2.1 Problem Identification

About a week to my summer vacation, I had a bus conversation with the lady

sitting next to me, who happened to be the GESA general secretary elect for the

college of engineering. It started off as an innocent conversation, which ended

up with her telling me about problems she usually goes through at home, which

happened to be how exhausting it is to carry gas cylinders for refill and how

usually there is always a shortage and hence waste of money on transportation

as well. But as innocent as it sounded, I just laughed about it but in my head, a

seed of an idea for my project had just been planted. Amazingly enough I

happened to encounter the same problem she had back at home, which propelled

me to take up this project seriously. So I started to research on how I can get a

cutting edge alternative resource to the usual traditional system we as a society

are used to. My research landed me into a whole new world of waste

management.

To most residents in the Sakumono community, remembering to put out their

trash is quote on quote, the end of the story. But in fact that’s the beginning of

an epic journey. Now I made a comparison between what happens in my

community as opposed to what happens in the advanced countries. And my

discovery was astonishingly incredible. And below describes what processes

each go through after garbage is collected by the garbage trucks.

METHODOLOGY

6

Before we proceed, below is a pie chart of the various sources of energy. From this chart you

can clearly see how the world largely is gravitating towards natural gas, which has its main

component to be methane gas. Only 6% of the world uses hydroelectric power as a

main source of electricity. Clearly the world is advancing while we as a community are still

stuck on the traditional energy sources. It’s high time we adopted an alternative method to

our energy crisis.

BRIEF STATISTICAL KNOWLEDGE

7

2.1.1 WHAT HAPPENS TO THE RUBBISH COLLECTED IN MY COMMUNITY

In the sub Saharan African region, the waste generated exceeds its collection

capacity. This is partly due to rapid urban population growth, even with that, the

urban populace is less than 40% of the sub Saharan African population, with

that being said the urban population is rapidly on the rise. This means that more

real estate projects are under way with no concern shown at all to this fast

growing rate of urbanization. The same numbers of landfill sites cater for these

growing urban areas. Hence, causing pressure on the existing landfill sites,

therefore I believe new and improved strategies need to be adopted to curb and

control the unbearable pollution and increasing pressure effectively for its

advantage and benefit.

The Sakumono community which is found in the Greater Accra Region of

Ghana within the sub Saharan African region is affected by this problem as

well. Waste collection in this community is both on a franchise and contract

basis. The volume of waste generated and estimated percentage collected is not

accurately known, mainly due to poor documentation. On the franchise basis,

which is the house-to-house collection service, is provided to only those living

in the residential estate, which is the high income region of the community.

These areas are well planned with first and second access roads. Each of these

estate houses has plastic container to cater for the waste as opposed to the low

income areas which are not catered for by the TMA waste management

companies, so they then resolve to other ways of waste disposal. These other

ways are unacceptable because they tend to pollute the environment. They

include the gathering of the garbage and burning it up. As we all know, fire

when not controlled properly can cause devastating effects. While those next to

the Sakumono lagoon, tend to deposit their refuse in the lagoon and on its

banks. Some of the low income residents have no water closet facilities so tend

to defecate on the rubbish dumpsites they have created, and other, straight into

the lagoon. All these are potential energy resources for the community. One can

only imagine vast amount of methane that can be harvested from these

locations. But as we have it, nothing significant is being done to address this

issue.

8

On the other hand, waste being collected by garbage trucks in the residential

areas is transported directly into a landfill site without any form of sorting what

so ever. Most of the landfills are almost full. In a recent report from

Citifmonline.com, the director of waste management at the TMA, Mr.

Duneebon disclosed that the landfill site demarcated into 4 cells which was

originally designed to get full within a period of 10 years will be full within a

period of 3 years looking at the current rate of waste being produced. He said,

―But now we are about 14 to 15 months into the start of the landfill and we are

already in the third cell.‖ This clearly shows that there is neither a major recycle

project nor harvesting of the vast amount of methane gas emanating from the

landfill site. And this is what I seek to address in this report.

PICTURE 1Fire service personnel’s putting out a refuse dumpsite fire which was not

controlled properly. Kudos to the fire service personnel’s, if they hadn't appeared, so

many lives would have been lost on that day.

9

2.1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO RUBBISH COLLECTED IN THE ADVANCED

COUNTRIES

Trucks carry waste, deposit their loads at a sorting center. To you and me it just

looks like rubbish but to the discerning eye, there’s gold within those hills. Each

truck load is worth a lot of money but no one is going to pay for it in its present

state. First, these vast amounts of trash need to be separated into various

components of paper, metals, plastics and glass. Doing this by hand will require

a small army, so it’s good to first pass it through a garbage sorting machine. In

this machine the first thing that happens is , high powered air blasts a jet of air

through the trash suspending lighter paper, metal and plastic leaving the heavier

glass bottles to fall into a separate pile. Next a steep conveyor bounces the

garbage across a series of rubber wheels; this causes the light paper products to

continue upwards while heavier metals and plastics drop down unto yet another

conveyor belt. Powerful electromagnets then whisk away anything made of

metal leaving behind the other plastic materials. Unfortunately that’s where the

machine runs out of tricks. A conveyor transports the remaining waste to a team

of operatives to grade the plastics into various bins. Once this is done the waste

is prepared for sale and transportation, so it’s fed into high powered bailing

machines which turns everything into identically sized cubes. Each bale of

paper is worth a lot of money somewhere in the region of $200, while a bale of

aluminum is worth ten (10) times as much. Thanks to the uniform shape, they

can be easily lifted and loaded onto trucks which carry them away to start a new

life as exercise books, pizza box, cardboard box or coffee cup just to mention a

few.

But of course some garbage is just garbage; this stuff is no good to man or

beast, so it’s sent to a trashy hell from which nothing returns and it’s called the

Pit. The Pit, it’s huge, it’s noisy and it stinks. It’s as deep as a four story house

and the size of a football field. Every week this monstrous cabin swallows up

the waste from over 1 million people. The garbage is heaped in at an

extraordinary rate, but where does it go. Underneath the pit is a never ending

line of massive 18 wheeler trucks which park beneath an opening allowing a

combination of bulldozers and grabbers to fill them up, No sooner has one trash

been filled to the brim and another appears ready for loading. Each truck carries

five times as much garbage as the average garbage trucks and once they have

accepted the load, they head for the burial ground, 31 miles of journey the

trucks finally arrives at the landfill site, right now it’s like a barren landscape of

10

some unfriendly planet but todays landfill is tomorrows golf course. Stuck

underground sits, 1.2 billion tons of waste, a massive basin lined with clay and

huge impermeable membrane made from high density polyethylene and

geotextile is filled up with garbage, this lining means each basin acts a bit like a

giant plastic container preventing the waste from contaminating the surrounding

soil and water table, almost half of this waste is organic material, rotten

tomatoes and the likes and as it decomposes it generates potentially explosive

gases, what’s more, any trapped air could cause potentially dangerous

subsidence, so to remove the air and make the trash good to build on, it needs to

be squashed. And that job is for the Lords of the land fill, a team of enormous

bulldozers and compactors. With over 7,000 tons of waste coming everyday

they must work quickly. First up is the compactor with a pressure of nearly 40

pounds per square inch, its 50 ton wheels act as giant rolling pins crushing the

waste into solid mass, next is the bulldozers turn, they cover the waste with a

layer of soil and recycled components known as AUTOFLULFF. This is what

helps to seal in the smell and deter scavenging animal.

Finally everything is covered with a permanent layer of soil, but that’s not quite

the end of the story because this buried waste is put to good use. And this is the

part I want to focus on the most. As the rubbish rots it gives off valuable

methane gas which is harvested by wells scattered across the site, the methane

extracted feeds a gas turbine which produces enough electricity to power over 6

½ thousand homes, what’s more there’s also a pilot project to turn some of the

methane into liquid natural gas which could be used to eventually fuel the cities

fleet of refuse trucks.

Figure 2. WELLS INSERTED IN THE LANDFILL TO HARVEST THE METHANE

GAS

11

Figure 3. FROM REFUSE TO ELECTRICITY

Figure 4. PICTORIAL VIEW OF THE ENTIRE PROCESS

12

2.1.3 WHAT IS METHANE?

Methane is a chemical compound with the chemical formula CH4 (one

atom of carbon and four atoms of hydrogen). It is a group 14 hydride

and the simplest alkane, and is the main component of natural gas.

The relative abundance of methane on earth makes it an attractive

fuel, though capturing storing it poses challenges due to its gaseous

state under normal conditions for temperature and pressure.

In its natural state, methane is found both below ground and under the

sea floor, when it finds its way to the surface and the atmosphere. It is

known as atmospheric methane. The earth’s atmospheric methane

concentration has increased by about 150% since 1750 and it accounts

for 20% of the total radiates forcing from all the long lived and

globally mixed greenhouse gases.( these gases don’t include water

vapour which is by far the largest component of the greenhouse

effect). Methane breaks down the atmosphere and creates CH3 with

water vapour.

UNDERSTANDING METHANE GAS

13

As the old saying goes, “the deeper you go into history,

the further you can see into the future”.

In November 1776, methane was first scientifically identified by an

Italian physicist called Alessandro Volta in the marshes of Lake

Maggiore straddling Italy and Switzerland. Volta was inspired to

search for the substance after reading a paper written by Benjamin

Franklin about ―flammable air‖. Volta captured the gas rising from

the marsh and by 1778 had isolated the pure gas. He also

demonstrated means to ignite the gas with an electric spark.

The name ―methane‖ was coined in 1866 by the German August

Wilhelm Von Hoffman.

Figure 5 AUGUST VON HOFFMAN

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF METHANE

AS A RESOURCEFUL GAS

August Hoffman was a German chemist. After

studying under Justin Von Liebig at the University of

Giessen, Hoffman became the first director of the

Royal College of Chemistry in London, in 1845. In

both London and Berlin , Hoffman recreated the

style of laboratory institution established by Liebig

at Giessen, fostering a school of chemistry focused

on experimental organic chemistry and its industrial

applications.

14

Figure 6 ALEXANDRO VOLTA

Figure 7 BENJAMIN FRANKLIN

Above are the pioneers of the discovery of methane gas. Please do well to read more on these fine

gentlemen from old. There’s so much untapped wisdom you can learn from them.

Alexandro Volta was an Italian physicist,

chemist and a pioneer of electricity and

power, who is credited as the inventor of the

ELECTRICAL BATTERY and the

discoverer of methane. He lived from 18

February 1745- 5 March 1827.

Benjamin Franklin was one of the founding

fathers of the United States of America.

Franklin was a leading author, printer, political

theorist, politician, freemason, postmaster,

scientist, inventor, civic activist, statesman and

a diplomat. He was an avid chess player as

well.

15

THE DOWNSIDES OF METHANE GAS

1. FLAMMABLE AND TOXIC: Methane gas can be tremendously

dangerous in a case of a leakage. Such a leakage may lead to fires and

explosions. The gas us highly toxic when inhaled into the human faculty.

Due to the gas being odorless, unless some form of odorant has been

added to the gas, it will pose great danger. So for this reason methane gas

must be suffused with odorants, so that in the event of any leakage,

detection of the gas is easy, so immediate and appropriate actions can be

taken. Underground leakages pose the most threat, since odorants become

weaker, so the gas may go undetected, thereby making residents very

helpless.

2. ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE: Carbon dioxide is known to man

to cause global warming and climatic change, methane gas on the hand is

cleaner as far as its byproducts are concerned but leakage of methane gas

can cause serious consequences as methane is more toxic than carbon

dioxide. Hence its climatic and global warming effects may be very

devastating to the environment.

3. EXPENSIVE INSTALLATION: The infrastructure involved in

the production of the methane an alternative energy resource is fairly

expensive. This includes separate plumbing systems, specialized tanks,

specialized garbage trucks and a very strong pipeline to transport the

methane. And even including man power which fairly expensive

expenditure.

4. COMPLEX PROCESSING: In terms of using methane as a fuel,

the major issue is that from the landfill, the methane gas harvested

contains other gases which are a form of impurities which include other

hydrocarbons (i.e. ethane, propane, butane, pentane, etc.), helium, carbon

dioxide, hydrogen and nitrogen which involve complex processes to

extract these gases in order to obtain the pure methane gas.

DOWNSIDES OF USING METHANE GAS

16

1. :

Methane gas when harvested and treated properly

under the right conditions can be fed into gas turbines

in order to produce electricity. Electricity generated

from these gas turbines can be used to power

thousands of homes, companies, hotels, churches and

any other structure that requires electricity in order to

run. The amount of electricity produced will be

directly proportional to the amount of methane gas that

is harvested. Therefore with all this being said and

looking at the rate at which waste is produced on a

daily basis I think that methane gas will be a perfect

alternative source of generating electricity, which will

in the long term curb our electricity problems as a

community and a country at large.

2. : If you have

ever stood in a long cue waiting to fill your gas at the

gas filling station, and at the end of the day, those in

charge announce that the gas is finished, you’ll know

how important gas is .Methane gas can be used as an

alternative gas source in the community. The gas

harvested from the landfill sites goes through a process

known as pyrolysis in order to produce the appropriate

form of methane gas for human use. The flame

UPSIDES OF USING METHANE GAS

17

produced from methane gas is clean and ecofriendly

since it’s by product and carbon emission is less than

the conventional gas we use. It can be used in the

kitchen for cooking, boiling and grilling. It burns

faster than the conventional gas, so hence you save

time and energy in the kitchen.

3. Methane gas can be

liquefied and used to fuel vehicles. An advanced

country such the United States, use a liquefied form of

methane gas to fuel the fleet of garbage trucks they

have in their cities. So in turn the garbage is actually a

fuel resource. I honestly don’t see why we as a

community and a country at large can’t follow such a

great initiative.

4. In spite of all the downsides which can clearly be

controlled and prevented, the entire process of

producing, transporting and making use of methane

gas provides an energy efficiency which is best among

all fossil fuels. It also proves to be less harmful to the

environment when it comes to pollution.

18

2.2 Map Preparation

My warmest appreciation goes to the Google mapping platform. Through this platform I

managed to prepare three (3) maps. These maps depict the entire Sakumono province with a

demarcation in red being the Sakumono estate, which happens to be the high income area,

with what surrounds it being the low income region. The final map shows the location of

Tema Metropolitan Assembly waste management department and the various landfill sites

that serve as dumping sites for most parts of the Greater Accra Region, with the Kpong

landfill site being the main landfill site for the Sakumono province.

MAP 1 SHOWS THE SAKUMONO ESTATE DEMACATED IN PURPLE AND ITS

SURROUNDING ENVIRONS

MAP PREPARATION

19

MAP 2 SHOWS WITH A BIT MORE DETAIL THE DEMACATION OF THE

SAKUMONO PROVINCE WITH A LIGHT SHADE OF MAROON

MAP 3 THE RED AND WHITE CIRCLES SHOW THE VARIOUS LANDFILL

SITES IN TH GREATER ACCRA REGION

20

The data collected was achieved by mainly obtaining primary data from the

Waste management department of the TMA and Zoomlion Ghana Limited,

Tema branch. Individuals in the Sakumono community also gave their

contributions. Secondary data as well was put together from books, published

articles, and governmental publications and mainly from the internet. Several

questionnaires were administered to most parts of the community to mainly find

out whether the garbage should be used to produce methane gas as an

alternative source of energy to the community. And also, one interesting

assessment that was made was whether churches should be made to contribute

to waste management as their quota to the community instead of paying taxes to

the government.

Through field study, face-to-face interviews and questionnaire survey, the

primary data for my report was collected. Firstly, I developed a questionnaire to

take into account all the vital variables to find out what the people thought about

the current waste management system and inquired their thoughts on how best

they think the waste in the Sakumono community can be managed to their

benefit. In doing all this I managed to educate the people on the importance and

benefits of separating their garbage into organics and inorganics and the likes.

Also, I made aware of the benefits methane gas and what they will be deriving

from it. The second part was targeted at collecting demographic data (number of

people living in a single house and how much garbage they produce on a daily

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

21

bases, same for restaurants, hotels, schools and the likes). All this in a nut shell

provided me with an estimation of the amount of waste produced in the

Sakumono community.

The second data collection focused on the level of collection, sources of the

operational funds, status of logistics and the problems confronting their

operations. All this was collected from the Waste Management Authorities

(Zoomlion Waste Management Authorities and TMA to be precise). This was

done through personal interviews and a few of their records data. This

information included type of waste and composition, waste collection, the

supposed volume generated versus the volume that is collected. This also

included the existing methods of waste disposal, the activities of that occur on

their landfill site and what they thought about the harvesting of methane gas and

what might hinder them from taking up a project of that sort.

SPSS, fully known as Statistical Package Social Science is a comprehensive and

flexible statistical analysis and data management solution employed in

analyzing the questionnaire for the report. By using this, data obtained from the

questionnaire were examined to check completeness, accuracy and consistency

of response. Statistical pie charts were constructed for easy discussion and

interpretation of data. This software is available on windows, Macintosh and

computer science, UNIX as well.

22

3.1 The Study Area

The study was conducted in the Sakumono community of the Tema Metropolis in the Greater Accra

Region of Ghana. Map 4 The map of the study area with the Sakumono estate being the high

income area of Sakumono demarcated with the purple line.

Sakumono was originally a small fishing village on a lagoon with what we have as the

Sakumono estate being a cemetery and a large farming site for the indigenous folks of the

place. The government during that time surveyed the land and realized how vast this

cemetery and farming lands were and decided to develop the land for a different course, thus,

settlement. Among those settlement included the MPs flats and the SSNIT flats. Major

industries in Tema such as GHACEM, NTHC and TDC also decided to build estate housing

for their workers who lived in faraway places to have an effective and faster transport in

order to save the time spent on transportation to work. Most of the indigenes live close to the

lagoon and the sea, and these areas are where you find most of the low income residents of

the community. As far as waste management is concerned these indigenes are not in any way

serviced by the garbage trucks of the TMA. So what happens is they end up creating their

dumpsites around and burning them, some even go as far as dumping their refuse in the

Sakumono lagoon and in the sea as well. Reggiemanuel Grey, a Real Estate Development

DISCUSSION OF

RESULTS

23

Company among a few, has estate houses in the community and are still working on building

more estate homes for the community as well.

When it comes to healthcare in the community, there are 3 major private hospitals with a

community hospital, 1 dental clinic and 1 more clinic for optical issues. The basic educational

services are second to none, with the likes of Queensland International School and Fountain

Head International, with 2 major basic schools, thus Holy Child Basic School run by the

Corpus Christi Catholic Church in the Community and the Sakumono Complex School run

by the government of the country just to mention a few. All the known orthodox churches

have branches in the community, in addition to up and coming private churches. There is also

a major mosque and little mosques for those of the Islamic faith.

As far as recreational facilities go, there are 2 football fields, which some private churches

use as worship and praying grounds. Mostly on Sunday, quite a number of the vibrant male

youth of the community who have taking likings to basketball have a basketball competition

at FRIDAYs, an entertainment center with a huge gymnasium for workout, weight loss and

keeping fit. There are 2 hotels, numerous guest houses, and lodges. Also there exist 2

supermarkets and numerous mini shops in the community.

From the Ghana Statistical Service, the population of the Sakumono community is . Out

of 25 communities in the TEMA metropolitan, it is the 13th

community. Over 90% of the

settlements in the Sakumono community enjoy electricity supply and a similar proportion has

access to purified and portable drinking water by means of a pipe borne water system.

24

The survey was aimed to discover how feasible the entire project was going to be. The

questionnaires that were administered were designed to mainly obtain the following

information; the estimated amount of waste generated by the Sakumono community and if

this amount of waste produced will produce enough methane gas which in turn will be fed

into gas turbines to not only supply gas but to produce enough electric power to power the

entire community. I also gathered data on whether the residents of the community were

satisfied with the gas and electricity services they were being provided with currently. I also

discovered whether the residents had knowledge on methane gas and how it can be generated

with the waste they produce. How most of the residence disposed of their refuse in order to

know how much resources we were losing to improper ways of disposing refuse.

The face to face interviews I had with some TMA officials were aimed at the following; to

find out why they haven’t taken up such a project to use our waste as a resource rather than

an end product. Problems the TMA faces when it comes to waste management. How much

the government invests into the waste management sector as a whole? Then I delve further to

look at the long term prospects of the project when it’s taken up. And in the final analysis, the

estimated amount of the entire project and alternative through waste management of the

Sakumono community and the entire country at large can be financed.

Per the findings gathered, 60% of the community disposes waste using garbage trucks while

the remaining 40% burn, dump it anywhere or pour them into gutters and drains. The

problem with the burning is the environmental hazards it causes and also pouring of the waste

into gutters and drains cause huge flood problems during the rainy season. My main concern

is the amount of wasteful resource we will be losing to the 40% that do not use the garbage

trucks for disposal. Most of the residents also produce food waste which decay faster than the

other forms of waste, hence will be very good for the generation of methane gas. The amount

of waste being produced continues to grow at an alarming rate, to me this is a really good

thing provided we can find a feasible way to manage it we can produce enough methane gas

to power the community. The community generally produces enough waste to harvest

methane as a form of gas and electricity; hence this project is very feasible and possible.

Below are various pie charts to simplify the data that was gathered and give a really good

understanding of the project and how possible it is.

DISCUSSION ON THE FINDINGS

25

67%

23% 10%

WILL THE METHANE GAS HARVESTED BE ENOUGH TO POWER THE ENTIRE

COMMUNITY

YES

NO

MAYBE

60%

30%

10%

IS HARVESTING METHANE FROM LANDFILL SITES FEASIBLE?

YES

NO

NO IDEA

26

11%

89%

DO YOU KNOW WHAT METHANE GAS IS AND HOW IT IS GENERATED

YES NO

25%

5%

60%

5% 5%

HOW DO YOU DISPOSE YOUR GARBAGE

BURNING

REUSE AND RECYCLE

GARBAGE TRUCKS

DUMP IT ANYWHERE

POUR THEM IN GUTTERS ANDDRAINS

27

60%

40%

DECAYABLE AND NON DECAYABLES PRODUCED IN THE COMMUNITY

DECAYABLES

NON-DECAYABLES

28

Geological engineering is the application of geological knowledge to the siting, design,

constructions, operation and maintenance of civil engineering structures and facilities. It is

one of the growing fields of engineering reflecting society’s developing interest in the

stewardship of the environment, managing risk and creating a safer world

Engineering geologists are concerned with the detailed technical analysis of earth material

and the risk assessment of geological hazards. Their role is to ensure that geological factors

affecting engineering works are identified and dealt with.

They assess the integrity of soil, rock, groundwater and other natural conditions prior to

major construction projects. They advise on procedures required for such developments and

the suitability of appropriate construction materials.

Engineering geologists are also involved with analysing sites and designs for environmentally

sensitive developments, such as landfill sites. By monitoring development areas and

analysing ground conditions, they ensure that structures can be secure in the short and long

term.

The term engineering geologist encompasses a range of roles and can be applied to many

different sectors within the industry. It is only after working for a few years, and seeing how

each department works, that engineering geologists are clear about which area they want to

work in.

The field of geological engineering encompasses a wide range of activities including

geological characterization of complex foundations of major buildings and structures,

development of natural resources( mining, water hydroelectricity forestry, oil and gas),

investigation and assessment of groundwater and quality, the engineering safety of major

infrastructures(dams, reservoirs, offshore drilling platforms, pipelines road and railways) and

assessment of geo hazard risks(landslides, earthquakes, volcanoes, and the stability of natural

dams).

WHAT ENGINEERING GEOLOGY IS ALL ABOUT

29

:

It is the science concerned with the practical application of principles of geology in solving

environmental problems. It seeks to prevent contamination of soil and ground water by

determining geologically safe locations for new landfills, coal ash disposal sites and nuclear

power plant. It helps the planning of underground waste disposal. For example companies in

certain industries dispose of chemical-laden waste water by pumping it deep underground. In

addition, environmental geologist helps clean up contamination of chemicals spill. It is under

this discipline that structure of soil and rock, along with the flow of groundwater are

examined in order to determine the extent and distribution of contaminants underground. The

profession helps plan new mines to make them as safe for the environment as possible (―How

to become an environmental geologist‖, n.d.)

It is a branch of geology concerned with water occurring underground or on the surface of the

earth. It is the science that deals with the study of distribution, flow of quality water

underground (as opposed to hydrology which primarily concerned with surface water). It

involves:

Interpreting technical data and information from maps and historical documents to

build a conceptual model of groundwater flow and quality;

Designing and completing an investigation which may include environmental

measurement and sampling or an ongoing monitoring regime, in order to confirm or

develop the model;

Using modeling techniques to enable predictions to be made about future trends and

impact on groundwater flow and quality.

30

:

It is the science of geology that integrates the principles of chemistry, physics and biology to

study the earth processes and dynamics. In other words, it refers to the study of the chemical

composition of the earth and it rocks and minerals. It examines the distribution of chemical

elements in rocks and minerals, as well as the movement of these elements into soil and water

systems. Thus it covers a broad range of topic such as plate tectonics, groundwater flow,

igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, mineralogy, structural geology and geophysics.

Understanding the chemical composition of rocks helps environmental management

companies decide how to dispose of hazardous or toxic substances; steers mining companies

towards use of natural resources with a minimum environmental impacts; also enables

scientist put together broad-based theories about the way the earth.(Stack & Taillefert, n.d)

Engineering geology encompasses engineering, geotechnical work and site investigation and

daily tasks can include:

Consulting geological maps and aerial photographs to advice on site selection;

Assisting with the design of built structures, using specialised computer software or

calculations;

Collating data and producing reports;

Overseeing the progress of specific contracts;

Planning detailed field investigations by drilling and analysing samples of deposits/bedrock;

Supervising site and ground investigations;

Making visits to new project sites;

Advising on and testing a range of construction materials, for example sand, gravel, bricks

and clay;

Making recommendations on the proposed use of a site and providing information;

Advising on problems such as subsidence;

31

Managing staff, including other engineering geologists, geotechnical engineers,

consultants and contractors;

Geology is divided into several fields, which can be grouped under the major headings of

physical and historical geology.

Physical geology includes mineralogy, the study of the chemical composition and structure of

minerals; petrology, the study of the composition and origin of rocks; geomorphology, the

study of the origin of landforms and their modification by dynamic processes; geochemistry,

the study of the chemical composition of earth materials and the chemical changes that occur

within the earth and on its surface; geophysics, the study of the behaviour of rock materials in

response to stresses and according to the principles of physics; sedimentology, the science of

the erosion and deposition of rock particles by wind, water, or ice; structural geology, the

study of the forces that deform the earth's rocks and the description and mapping of deformed

rock bodies; economic geology, the study of the exploration and recovery of natural

resources, such as ores and petroleum; and engineering geology, the study of the interactions

of the earth's crust with human-made structures such as tunnels, mines, dams, bridges, and

building foundations.

Historical geology deals with the historical development of the earth from the study of its

rocks. They are analysed to determine their structure, composition, and interrelationships and

are examined for remains of past life. Historical geology includes palaeontology, the

systematic study of past life forms; stratigraphy, of layered rocks and their interrelationships;

paleogeography, of the locations of ancient land masses and their boundaries; and geologic

mapping, the superimposing of geologic information upon existing topographic maps.

Historical geologists divide all time since the formation of the earliest known rocks (c.4

billion years ago) into four major divisions—Precambrian time and the Palaeozoic,

Mesozoic, and Cainozoic eras. Each, except the Cainozoic, ended with profound changes in

the disposition of the earth's continents and mountains and was characterized by the

emergence of new forms of life (see geologic timescale). Broad cyclical patterns, which run

through all historical geology, include a period of mountain and continent building followed

by one of erosion and, in turn, by a new period of elevation

32

3.2.2 Application of Knowledge

For a project of this magnitude, geological engineering plays a very vital role. The focal point

of the engineering geologist in this project is to select a site for the construction of landfills

where methane gas can be harvested and used to produce gas and generate electricity without

any adverse effect whatsoever to the environment and its inhabitants. If the wrong site is

selected for a landfill where methane gas can be harvested it will pose great harm to the

environment, hence increasing pollution and may even cause explosions to occur. With that

being said, the waste management company or whoever is investing in the project will make

a great loss if engineering geologists are not consulted because no other profession

understands the earth and how it relates to human activities more than the geologist.

The application of geological engineering to waste management problems is very significant

with respect to site selection, design, and management of waste. The initial site selection

should take into account soils, and geomorphological and hydrological considerations, and

site investigations should be based on detailed geological mapping. Geological engineers

work with sophisticated equipment’s and techniques such as the seismic refraction technique

which is a powerful tool for the assessment of excavation conditions for feasibility study and

design, and the electrical resistivity techniques which are potentially useful for monitoring

changes in groundwater composition as a result of pollution. Increased awareness of the need

for pollution control means that hydro• geological investigations and the establishment of

groundwater monitoring systems are mandatory for the most suitable landfill sites to be

selected.

Geological assessment is based initially on geological mapping and knowledge of the inter-

relations of landscape, soils, and geology. Detailed evaluation of excavation characteristics

can most readily be made by geological mapping, seismic surveys, and drilling. For any

particular site, excavation depths might be variable, and the site has to be designed

accordingly. The possibility of groundwater pollution can be assessed by a study of the

groundwater regime, which involves drilling and testing of aquifers. Groundwater is regularly

monitored to determine the effects of the landfill operation, and to assess future requirements

for leachate disposal or treatment.

When it comes to the harvesting methane gas, many things could go wrong if the right site is

not selected. Let’s just say we select a site for the landfill and the composition of the earth of

the site consist of earth minerals that can suck up most of the methane gas into the earth, this

will drastically reduce the amount of methane gas produced and the amount of electricity

generated as well. Methane gas becomes very difficult to detect when it’s in the earth than

when it’s on land, hence any leakage in the earth can go undetected and this can cause a

massive explosion, so the skills and knowledge of geological engineering on the earth,

cutting edge techniques can be adopted to detect or even avoid the leakage of methane gas in

the earth on which the landfill site is selected.

APPLICATION OF KNOWLEDGE

33

4.1

Without any iota of doubt, methane gas is a very resourceful gas that can be obtained from

our daily waste. This gas when harvested properly will serve as an important alternative

solution to the energy crisis us as a community and a country at large face. All this can be

achieved by adopting a more effective waste management strategy and technique, and also

investing in waste management we will be sure to generate enough electricity and sufficient

gas for human consumption.

Clearly there is tremendous value in taking unwanted resource and converting them into

valuable energy commodities while reducing our dependency on traditional energy sources.

Finally we can clean up the earth and nurse Mother Nature back to health.

So next time you leave your bin outside of your house for collection take a moment to ponder

the incredible journey it is about to take. And remember everything you don’t want can be

turned into something you need.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

34

Looking at the current waste management situation, the system has not created

enough room to adapt to future pressure, which is the indefinite increase in the

volume of waste generated due to the increase in the population of the

community and the country at large. I believe that the waste that ends up in our

landfill sites by designing and constructing an ultramodern garbage recycling

and sorting center, will be drastically reduced. This center will sort out the

various forms of waste we produce on a daily basis into metals, plastics, paper

and glass for major recycling projects. The metals can be supplied to the

Kantanka group which is the only company that produces vehicles in the

country currently; unfortunately most Ghanaians will prefer to drive a Bentley

continental Gt or a Nissan 370z than a car produced by the Kantanka group. So

what I suggest is that the metals supplied can be used as part of the production

of ultra-modernly designed garbage trucks that will not only be supplied in

Ghana but exported to other African countries with waste issues as well, these

garbage trucks will be environmentally friendly as opposed to the current

garbage trucks which are in a very deteriorating state. The paper waste could be

recycled and used to manufacture more books, cardboards, paper bags,

newspapers and examination papers for students as well. With this alone you

will be reducing deforestation in the country at large, and save our timber and

mahogany for future posterity. Awareness needs to be created in order for

people to understand the essence of separating their waste. This can be done to

make people aware of how waste can be a very vital resource for the production

of gas and electricity, which tend to be very huge problems when they are not

available to the people. The media, I believe has more power to create

awareness to the people than any other platform, but what do we see, the media

just focuses mainly on political issues which doesn’t do much for the country. I

think it’s high time the media took a different turn, in mainly educating

individuals on how best we can grow a better and richer mentality for people of

this country.

We need to start adopting the lifestyle and mentality of the advanced countries.

I always tend to ask myself, ―What do the advanced countries practice that

makes them richer and clearly better than us?‖ There are 196 countries in the

world, 25 of them are very rich, defined as having a GDP of $100,000 annually,

35

but far more countries are quite poor and some are extremely poor. Ghana as a

country is not too far from the extremely poor countries. Every country is on the

path to growth, but the poor ones are growing very slowly at a snail pace.

Statistics have shown that, if a country like Zimbabwe continues at its current

rate it will become a rich country with a GDP of $100,000 in the year 2722. So

you can only imagine where a country like Ghana will find itself, it will

definitely be better than Zimbabwe but still not good enough. So why do other

countries prosper while others like Ghana seem to be stagnant. I believe that

when we understand what the rich countries are doing right, we as a country can

adopt their methods so we can jump most of our challenging heddles and face

our pressing issues.

We need water tight institutions with a zero tolerance for corruption,

embezzlement and nepotism. Institutions that manage the countries affairs are

beyond important. Broadly speaking rich countries have good and well-

structured institutions where as an African country such as ours is on the other

hand filled with institutions that are not so effective because they produce less

impact to the community. The correlation between a poor system and corruption

is direct. The richest countries are invariably the least corrupt in the world, so if

not all most of the projects they undertake are fully completed by qualified

personals, who make sure that the budget for the project is strictly used for the

project and nothing else. I am most concerned about the issue of corruption

because I want this project to become a reality to impact the community I live in

and the county as a whole. So I recommend that qualified project managers,

geological engineers and other equally important professionals with a high

sense of integrity, discipline and passion will handle a project of this magnitude.

THANK YOU

36

Figure 8a copy of the endorsed letter of introduction

37

-

GLOSSARY

38

Waste Management Vol. 20, p p 633-638

(http://www.elsevier.nl/locate/wasman Accessed)

Down more M., Shepherd M., Andrew M., Barbara N. and Daniel J. (2016). Municipality Solid

waste (MSW) Management Challenges of Chinhoyi Town in Zimbabwe: Opportunities of Waste

Reduction and Recycling.

EGSSAA, (2009). Environmental Guidelines for Small-Scale Activities in Africa

http://www.encapafrica.org/EGSSAA/solid waste.pdf Accessed; March, 2011.

http://www.srv32.youtubeinmp4.com/download.php?r=E5eTotXP47vsRUwyeI4TBP3m7qMw0n4I

PYY%2Bwo3mbT08Vbljsq4dptin%2FKCOl247RQ%2Bk3LhMee8HSxK%2FCGmnvmNrQldSZ

D%2FJXxQV9q9OBfikUmJn9q7sEpS71awTQpT0BmQ1LUmLzhDrHLuU0%2FX7HHXxeF%2

Br48bu8WH36bBXbVU%3D

Ghana landfill guidelines: Best Practice Environmental Guidelines

Johannessen, L. M., and Boyer, G.. Observations of Solid Waste Landfills in Developing

Countries: Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Urban Development Division, Waste Management

Anchor Team, The World Bank.

Storage and Transportation of Solid Waste in Ghana. Integrated Waste Management.

In Tech 1, (978- 953-307-469-6)

A Balance between climate and waste composition – Barriers, Waste mechanics and landfill

Design; Volume III; Proceedings Sardinia 1999, Seventh International Waste Management and

Landfill Symposium

Geology for the economy www.geolsoc.org.uk/economy

Energy www.geolsoc.org.uk/energy

Shale Gas www.geolsoc.org.uk/shalegas

Carbon Capture and Storage www.geolsoc.org.uk/ccs

REFERENCES

39

Radioactive Waste www.geolsoc.org.uk/radioactivewaste

Water www.geolsoc.org.uk/water

www.geolsoc.org.uk/groundwater

Mineral Resources www.geolsoc.org.uk/minerals

www.geolsoc.org.uk/ree

Engineering the Future www.geolsoc.org.uk/engineering-the-future

Environmental Health www.geolsoc.org.uk/environmentalhealth

Valuing and protecting our environment www.geolsoc.org.uk/ecosystems

Geohazards www.geolsoc.org.uk/geohazards

Climate Change www.geolsoc.org.uk/climatechange

The Anthropocene www.geolsoc.org.uk/anthropocene

Communicating geology: time, uncertainty and risk www.geolsoc.org.uk/risk

Geology for the future www.geolsoc.org.uk/future

40

Aa

AS PART OF A COURSE REPORT REQUIREMENT OF THE COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING OF THE KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY, THIS QUESTIONNAIRE IS ADMINISTERED TO CREATE AN

AWARENESS AND UNDERSTANDING OF HOW WASTE CAN BE USED AS A

BENEFICIAL RESOURCE TO THE COMMUNITY, USING ENGINEERING SKILLS

AND KNOWLEDGE.

WITH ALL HONESTY AND ACCURACY, KINDLY ANSWER THE QUESTIONS

BELOW.

PASS A SHORT DIAGONAL LINE THROUGH THE CIRCLE ( ) , OR FILL IN THE

BLANK SPACES WHERE APPLICABLE.

Date: MAY, 2016

1. Your Age

20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 above 60

2. Your Gender

Male Female

3. Highest level of education attained

Junior High School Senior High School Tertiary Other

4. Current Occupation

…………………………………………………………………………………

5. Current Salary Range

Below GHC 200 GHC 200 – GHC 600 GHC 600- GHC 950 GHC 950 - GHC

1500 above GHC 1500

6. Do you sort out garbage before disposal?

Yes No

7. Which part of the Sakumono community do you reside?

………………………………………………………………………………….

APPENDIX

×

×

× ×

× × × ×

× × × ×

×

× ×

41

8. How many people live in the same house with you?

. Number of adults Number of children

9. What kind of waste do you usually generate?

(YOU ARE ENTITLED TO PICK MORE THAN 1)

Plastic Metal

Paper Food waste (fruit, vegetable peels and tins) .

Yard waste Glass

10. Which of the above mentioned waste types is generated most?

Plastic Metal

Paper Food waste

Yard waste Glass

11. Are you satisfied with the waste management system provided currently?

Yes No

12. Are you satisfied with the current electricity services being provided currently?

Yes No

13. Are you satisfied with the gas services being provided currently?

Yes No

14. Would you like an alternative source of Electricity in addition to the current supply?

Yes No

15. Is there any waste collection service provided by the Municipality or Private Business

holders?

Yes No

16. In case it is not by the government, which body or mechanism is responsible?

Truck pushers

Zoomlion Ghana Ltd

Private Trucks

×

×

× ×

×

×

× ×

× ×

× ×

× ×

× ×

× ×

× ×

× ×

×

×

×

42

Other…………………………

17. If you have no collection service at all, how do you dispose of your waste?

A Common Community Waste Bin

Burning

Gutters

Dumpsite

18. Did you know that waste can be used to generate gas and electricity

. Yes No

19. Do you know about methane gas and how it is can be generated?

Yes No

20. Is harvesting Methane gas from landfill sites feasible?

YES NO

21. Have you heard of the tax bill that the government wants to place on churches?

YES NO

22. Do you think the churches should pay taxes?

YES NO

23. Instead of paying taxes, should the churches be made to finance waste management

projects as their contribution to the environment and the community as a whole?

YES NO

24. If the collection of waste does not come on, what do you do with your household waste?

Burning

Dumping in nearby bush

Gutter

Burying in backyard

Other ……..….… …………. …………. …….

× ×

×

× ×

×

× ×

× ×

×

×

×

×

×

× ×

×

×

×

×

43

25. Do you strongly think that a project which involves generating gas and electricity from

the waste we produce would be a good idea to invest in?

YES NO

26. Is there any unauthorized dumpsite in your community?

YES NO

27. Do you think we should have separate trucks for the different types of waste we produce?

YES NO

28. Do you think we need more landfill sites and extra garbage trucks?

YES NO

29. Do you think we need newly designed garbage trucks that will seal in the odor produced

from the waste collected thereby preventing air pollution?

YES NO

30. Kindly fill in the blank space below with any suggestion, contribution or addition you

have.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………....

MY WARMEST THANK YOU!

× ×

× ×

× ×

× ×