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The US Presidency and American Foreign Policy. The Most Powerful Job on Earth. Presidential Powers. Article 2, Section 1: Executive Power in a Prez and VP for 4 years Article 2, Section 2: Commander-in-Chief Pardons Make treaties Nominate and appoint and fill vacancies. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The US Presidency and American Foreign
Policy
The Most Powerful Job on Earth
Presidential Powers
• Article 2, Section 1:– Executive Power in a Prez and
VP for 4 years
• Article 2, Section 2:– Commander-in-Chief– Pardons– Make treaties– Nominate and appoint and fill
vacancies
Presidential Powers
• Article 2, Section 3:– Information on State of the Union– Convene Special Congressional
Sessions– Receive Foreign ambassadors
• Article 2, Section 4:– Removed by Impeachment for
treason, bribery, high crimes and misdemeanors
Presidential Powers
• 20th Amendment:– Changed term to begin January
20
• 22nd Amendment:– 2 terms
• 25th Amendment:– Presidential succession and
disability
Presidential Expectations
• Chief of State• Chief Executive• Commander-in-Chief• Chief Diplomat• Chief Legislator• Party Chief• Voice of the people• Protector of the Peace• Manager of the Prosperity• World leader
ALL AT THE SAME TIME!!
Presidential Limitations
• Congress
• Courts
• Bureaucracy
• Federalism
• Capitalism
• Public
• Time
• Outside Forces
Evolution of the Presidency
• Traditional “Do Nothing” Presidency
• “Modern Presidency”– greater formal and informal
powers for initiative– increased staff and advisory
capacity• Brownlow Commission Report
(1937)• EOP (1939)
– agenda setter– most visible national actor
Presidential Leadership
• No-Win Presidency?
• Lead by Command or by Persuasion?
• The President’s Helpers
• The One, The Few, or The Many?
Advising the President
The Good, The Bad, and the Ugly
The Good: Brent Scowcroft (?)
• NSA to Ford and “41”
• General, USAF (ret.)
• PhD Columbia
• (pic courtesy www.scowcroft.com)
The Bad: John M. Poindexter (!)
• NSA to Reagan ’85-86
• Vice Admiral, USN (ret.)
• convicted in 1990 of conspiracy, obstruction of justice, and destruction of evidence in connection with the Iran-Contra affair
• Overturned on appeal
• (Don Rypka-AFP)• Condi is a close
second?
The Ugly: You pick…
The “First”
• McGeorge Bundy
• JFK and LBJ, 1961-1966
• Harvard’s Dean of the Faculty at 34
• 1919-1996
• Actually the first was Robert Cutler for Ike
The Current• Stephen J. Hadley• Rice’s Deputy• CIA called him twice
to waive off the Niger uranium story
• Lawyer, and worked at the Scowcroft Group
• NSC (Staff) in Ford administration (NATO and Europe)
• b. 1947, Toledo, OH• BA, Cornell (’69) ;
JD, Yale (’72)(Pic stolen from usinfo.state.gov)
It’s MY power!
• National Security Act 1947– NSC– JCS– SecDef (et al.)– CIA
• Increasing reliance on NSC staff
• Centralization of policymaking in the White House
OK, not really all “in” the White House:
Eisenhower (Old) Executive Office Building
Advising the President
• Short Run Advantages for the President
• Long Run Disadvantages for the Presidency?
• Principal-Agent Relationships
Advising the President
• Alexander L. George, Presidential Decisionmaking in Foreign Policy: The Effective Use of Information and Advice (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1980)
Staffing Systems(Ideal Types)
• Formalistic
• Competitive
• Collegial
Formalistic Systems
Formalistic Systems
More Formalism
Competitive System
Collegial Model
Decision-Making Tasks
• Survey Objectives
• Canvass Alternatives
• Search for Information
• Assimilate and Process New and Discrepant Information
• Evaluate Costs, Risks, Implications
• Develop Implementation, Monitoring, and Contingency Plans
Process-Outcomes
• Irving Janis: Groupthink
Process-Outcome Link?
• Herek, G. M., I. Janis and P. Huth, Decision Making during International Crisis: Is Quality of Process Related to Outcome? Journal of Conflict Resolution 31 (1987): 203-226.
• Mark Shafer and Scott Crichlow“The Process-Outcome Connection in Foreign Policy Decision Making: A Quantitative Study Building on Groupthink,” International Studies Quarterly 46 (March 2002): 45-68.
• Figure from John T. Rourke and Mark A. Boyer, International Politics on the World Stage (Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2004, 5/ed brief edition)
Getting it Right
• George: Multiple Advocacy
• Not sure I can tell you how to guarantee success, but I can tell you how to nearly guarantee failure. And scandal.