"The unknown history of the Internet"

Engineering the worldwide WiWiW project

Andreu Veà, Ph.D. Internet Research Invited Scholar Andreu@Vea.cat

Stanford University (Palo Alto, CA 94305, U.S.A.) & La Salle University (Spain, E.U.)

Abstract — This paper reports on a large-scale project to

document the origins of the ARPANET, Packet Radio Net, SATnet, Ethernet, the NSFnet and most recently the Internet. The main objective is to create and collect, source material and preserve it for the future. Traditional oral history interviews are used along with new research methods and tools, such as distributed editing, or "collective memory experiments."

The paper addresses the challenges in contemporary history

through the multidecade WiWiW.org program: “Who is Who in the Internet World: a perpetual archive devoted to Internet pioneers worldwide,” which involves a series of new techniques applied to oral history developed during a period of more than 16 years. In a very practical way the tools, tips, and tricks behind this international and multicultural project are presented.

WiWiW is an International, Highly Multilingual, Not for

Profit, Volunteering Based Project with support from the Internet Society (ISOC), private donors, and an extensive network of contacts (more than 6,000 active so far). Its main goal is to create a “perpetual archive” with first-hand materials based on primary-sourced oral histories, together with additional documents and resources gathered in conducting them. This project has conducted 250+ personal interviews with a wide range of leading figures of the Internet world.

Index Terms — Access Protocols, Audio systems, Computer

Networks, History, Internet, Multimedia databases, Networks, Technological innovation.

I. FOREWORD

In this project, Andreu Veà blazes a trail for historians to follow. The history and pre-history of the Internet's creation and evolution will occupy the attention of serious scholars and historians for many years in the future. I am convinced that Dr. Veà's contribution will represent an important landmark in the field. Understanding the history and rationale for the evolution of infrastructure, fills a critical need for planning. One needs to know why things work or do not work and Dr. Veà provides an extraordinary menu of specifics from which many lessons may be drawn. I hope you will find this work as interesting and useful as I have.

Vint Cerf Internet Pioneer, Google Chief Internet Evangelist

II. THE NEEDS

For first time in history, history is recorded (in a digital audio format) directly from its main characters. It's now or never.

There is a group of individuals that have made history through their roles in the creation of the Internet and in the new Internet industry. They have a chance now to make history again by inspiring the next generation of inventors.

We have now a unique opportunity to preserve the technological ideas and achievements that have transformed the world in only 20 years. This shift has happened so rapidly that we have both the luxury of perspective and the time to individually record the personal experiences of those involved.

However, many of the pioneers are now in their 70s and 80s, so we can't wait much longer if we want first-hand accounts.

III. OUR APPROACH

We are collecting the stories of the Internet pioneers on digital audio format to preserve it for future generations. Wouldn’t it be great to hear Thomas Edison or Alexander Graham Bell’s voices today, personally explaining and detailing their inventions?

We are Designing and Creating a huge timeline-sorted, open-source repository to make it possible to browse for information about the people who most contributed to the Internet (and the ARPA and NSF nets). In every single country, the same method, and the same questions are used: their voices, Text, Videos, and Old Pictures and Artifacts are archived and sorted.

A. Our Goals Are:

1) To Collect all knowledge about the ARPAnet, NSFnet and the Internet: its beginnings, early deployments, protocol design, main milestones, and pioneers, through live interviews recorded and transcribed and a collection of old and new picture and digital resources.

2) To reach maximum Dissemination of the Pre-History, Internet History, the involved Organizations and the different access technologies.

3) To Fix Concepts: Breaking the Myths, with systematic interviews of key people, compiling important documentation, and even creating a description of terms (which became a dictionary in 2002, with more than 22,000 units sold).

To achieve these goals, the interviews must be:

Quick to Access Easy to Understand Methodologically Proven Equally Structured From Primary Sources All DIGIT-All (Text, Photos, Audio, Graphics, Video)

B. Candidate Selection and Interviewing Methodology

The interviewing process is based on a multi-step methodology (a 15-step flow chart from initial contact through archived interview, see figure) refined over a decade. The very large scale of this interviewing project has resulted in a number of innovations, essentially a distributed network of scholars that assists in transcribing and editing the oral histories, archiving the results, and coordinating an international flow of work.

Figure 1. WiWiW interviewing methodology (1994-2010).

Once the potential candidate has been selected among many

others using an improved “snow-ball” method (the candidate must be quoted at least twice by other recognized pioneers to be interviewed), we try to find him through our social network

of pioneers. We always establish indirect contact, having others introduce us to our candidate. That increases the acceptance rate up to an astonishing 98 percent, so we have never used cold-petition methods. Patience and perseverance along the years makes the output of this process to be rather different than what could be achieved by a journalist (or by a one-day expert).

Once the candidate has accepted (this phase in some rare cases has taken more than six months) we talk a little bit about the questions which are sent by email in advance. Then we agree to meet at some location (many times taking advantage of the fact that we both travel to a common meeting or summit).

Figure 2. Look of an interview cover, with the pioneer's short Bio

The methodology includes spending some time together to

get acquainted (for instance, having lunch or dinner together) before the interview and explaining the WiWiW project to the interviewee so they can have a better perspective on the scope of the program and answer the questions in more depth. We always use the same questionnaire, but depending on the interviewee we may ask some supplementary questions that later on help us to create and edit the final document.

Our main publishing platform object is the “interview,” which is a complex document organized by a database with 64 different variables or fields per record (interviewee data, workflow data, body of answers, time stamps, et al). We have created a systematic and methodical process to give rapid access to the set of interviews (see annex).

C. Recording Tricks

We wanted to be all digit-all, so since the early beginning of the interviews (in 1994) we have been using digital voice recorders, which have increased in quality and voice compression and decreased in price and size. One of the issues we had was the very big files we were creating, after recording more than three hours. These files (in .WAVE format) were impossible to share through the Internet. So we had to do some market and systems research until we found a proprietary format (.DSS digital sound system) which was able to compress almost 60 times more than regular .MP3 format.

Figure 3. Interview Results: Highly Multimedia documents.

MP3 normally delivers 1 MByte per minute of music (stored

songs use to be 3 to 6MB in size). So thanks to this new

recording hardware and software we could achieve 1MB per hour of recorded-voice rates. This allowed us to have contributors within developing countries, where bandwidth and Internet quality is still an issue.

Our interviews are always personal with the interviewee, but

in some rare exceptions we have interviewed people through Voice over the Internet: in this case the free tool we have chosen for our free-software toolkit has been: SkypeTM . In order to be able to record, it has to be combined with non-free applications such as Pamela-for-Skype Pro-Edition or Virtual Cables, which allow the user to record the incoming and the outgoing (speaker and microphone) voice signals, something that can't be done with the plain recorder that most Operating Systems include.

As this per-user licensing fee wasn't working correctly in our volunteer-based scheme, we finally found a simple solution: adding a new user to the interviewer/interviewee audio conference; in this way it's possible to record (in the same audio stream) both voices, not just one of the participants.

D. Final Processes and Tools

Once the interview is concluded, we start different processes of archiving and classifying the information obtained. All the pictures are reviewed, dated, renamed, and stored, and the audio file (in ultra-compressed .DSS format) is sent to the assigned transcriber (depending on the interview language). Then the interviewer manuscript notes are scanned and archived also.

Once the transcription is ready, it always needs a third-party

check, to verify exact dates and the names of other pioneers quoted, and in some cases to research complementary data.

Interview results are reviewed by the interviewee and his

former colleagues who made direct comments on the text. We'll see some samples of the result of this technique at the end of this paper.

With all these collected materials we create a Multimedia

DataBase, containing full transcribed text, scanned documents, original audio files, photos taken during the meeting, scanned pictures provided by the interviewee, the edited version of the interview, and also the different documents sent by third-party pioneers or colleagues.

Once the interview is free of typos and transcription errors

and milestone dates are verified, it's sent to the interviewee, asking him to add whatever he likes to the document body and even to delete or modify something he dislikes or thinks is too personal to be published (this has happened in only one case).

All suggested modifications are introduced to the final interview, which is re-sent to the interviewee for a final revision and written agreement.

The overall multi-step process can take days or years

depending on the interviewee and the number of reviewers. The shortest took less than a week and the longest up to six years !!!

At the very end of the process, once we all consider the

interview as closed we start a time stamp archiving process (allowed by the PDF file format) embedding a time-stamp to the document.

Internal blogs help coordinate efforts. And we also use an

internal wiki to add comments during the editing process and other free collaborative tools, such as Google Docs, to be able to have our core-team meeting minutes delivered to everybody at the end of our online meetings.

We have also developed a custom cloud application which,

combined with one of the best CMS (Content Management Systems), helps us to deal with and pre-process all the unstructured information collected.

E. Archiving Issues:

As we stated earlier, we are also designing and creating an online archive to make these materials permanently and publicly accessible. Along with the oral history interviews, we are also collecting archival materials such as handwritten comments, historic documents, photographs, videos and artifacts. Digital certification of the archived documents ensures authenticity. We are presently creating an open-source repository to make it possible to browse for information about the various people, from many countries of the world, who contributed to the Internet.

Figure 4. Interview production rate during the second decade of the WiWiW program. Note the sustained high linearity.

F. Open Protocols Used:

Since day one our goal has been to create a system built to last. That means that our documents must be able to be read, decoded, or accessed 50 years from now, an important issue, since protocols, operating systems, hardware and software evolve quickly. This is still an unsolved problem, and quoting Dr. Vint Cerf [2]: "this is not just a problem for the historians and archeologists of the far future, it is already a current problem for many users of digital technology. Most of the information of the space programs from 1960's (50 years ago) is "lost" or let's say non-readable due to format changes or missing players for that kind of tape or disk. These are all real problems today and will grow increasingly serious as time continues its inexorable march into the future." One of the best features of the Internet protocol system (RFC's or Request For Comments series) is that they keep the same simple (ASCII) format since their first document (RFC #1) on April the 7th 1969. That's why they have endured for more than forty years and can be now found online.

At the WiWiW program, we are aiming for simplicity, but an ASCII (or plain text) format is not able to support images or scanned graphics. That's why we switched to a more advanced format, the PDF. The Portable Document Format is an open standard for document exchange, created by Adobe Systems Inc. in 1993 and used for representing documents in a manner independent of the application software, hardware, and operating system.

Each PDF file encapsulates a complete description of a fixed-layout document that includes the text, fonts, images, and vector graphics. Even though this PDF file format has changed nine times (and continues to evolve, as new versions of Adobe Acrobat are released) it is by far the best option to store our data. We did not use the latest version, but one of the first and most simple (PDF 1.1 corresponding to the Acrobat 2.0 released in 1994). But since then a new standard for archiving in corporate, government, and library environments has appeared: PDF/A (as ISO 19005-1:2005, an ISO standard published on October 1, 2005; work done in ISO TC171). According to its definition PDF/A: "is a file format for the long-term archiving of electronic documents. It is based on the PDF Reference Version 1.4 from Adobe (implemented in Adobe Acrobat 5 and latest versions)."

G. Why we chose this PDF 1.4 (PDF/A-1) file format for long-term preservation to store our documents?

Because PDF/A-1 identifies a "profile" for electronic documents that ensures that the documents can be reproduced the exact same way in years to come. A key element to this reproducibility is the requirement for PDF/A documents to be 100 percent self-contained.

All of the information necessary for displaying the document in the same manner every time it is viewed, is embedded in the file. This includes all content (text, raster images and vector graphics), fonts, and color information. A PDF/A-1 document is not permitted to rely on information from external sources such as font programs or external hyperlinks). This way we could have the picture embedding and multimedia features that ASCII doesn't have, using a format that is now open, and has multivendor readers.

IV. OTHER INTERNET HISTORY PROJECTS

The basic story of the Internet is reasonably well known (e.g. from Abbate’s Inventing the Internet [MIT 1999] as well as Hafter and Lyon’s Where Wizards Stay Up Late [Simon & Schuster 1996]).

So a new publication that would only provide a bit more

information on the core figures would have less impact and permanent value than a publication providing satisfying detail

on the much larger community of Internet pioneers—and this is precisely our proposition's bigger strength.

What substantially increases the value of our work is that the list of completed interviewees always compares favorably with other samples of Internet pioneers. It includes most of the 49 individuals indexed in Janet Abbate’s Inventing the Internet, the most respected academic study of the topic.

V. SOME INTERESTING SELECTED SAMPLES

Below we have selected some excerpts that clearly illustrate how important is for future historians to leave a recorded register of pioneers' memories. These recollections are always "triangulated" (finding independent confirmation of the information, using contemporary documents, emails, published sources, or other oral histories).

A. Excerpt 1: on the "nuclear war myth" origins of the ARPANET taken from the conversations with Larry Roberts (ARPAnet architect) on March 31st 2004.

Figure 5. Scanned from original map of the first Internetting experiment.Courtesy:Don Nielson. SRI International.Menlo Park (CA)

[LR]: Paul Baran (on March 7 1964 published his first paper on Secure Packetized Voice: "On Distributed Communica-tions Networks", IEEE Transactions on Systems). "It is from this paper that the rumor was started that the Internet was created by the military to withstand nuclear war. This is totally false. Even though this RAND work was based on this premise, the ARPANET stemmed from the MIT work of Licklider, Kleinrock and Roberts, and had no relation to Baran's work. The ARPANET program as proposed to Congress by Roberts was to explore computer resource sharing and packet switched communications and had nothing to do with nuclear war or survivability. Reliability, however was one of the key network issues that dictated packet switching."

B. Excerpt 2: on the origins of the ARPANET taken from my conversations with Bob Taylor (who hired Larry Roberts and was his direct boss at the ARPA IPTO Information Processing Techniques Office) November 26th 2003.

[BT]: "You mentioned another point here that touches on the people who write books. There are lots of magazine articles and books that claim that the ARPAnet was built to

help the military. Time magazine (a number of years ago), published two articles about a year apart, that made this claim. I ignored the first article but after I read the second a year later I wrote them a letter wherein I wrote that the ARPAnet was not built out of military motivations. ”The ARPAnet was built: --and I gave the sentence that I gave you-- to enable people with access to interactive computing to share common interests” In the letter I said “How do I know this? Because I’m the person who made that decision: to build the ARPAnet.” They didn’t print my letter in Time magazine. They wrote back to me thanking me for my letter but assuring me that their sources were correct. Their sources came from lots of other books, all of them wrong on this point". Vinton Cerf added this when he read Taylor's assertion:

[VC]: "Actually the usual disagreement is about whether the ARPANET was designed to survive a nuclear attack. It was not. The reason this is misunderstood is that Paul Baran’s work WAS designed to achieve that goal for what was in effect a packet-switched voice network. That system was never formally built – as Paul himself can explain. But the packet switching concept did endow the network with some resilient, self-healing properties. The motivation to build it was resource sharing, as Bob Taylor asserts, but I think it also

30-03-2010 ARPANET Pioneers “collective memory experiment” organized by WiWiW.org at the BBN HQ in Arlington (Virginia, USA) LEFT 2 RIGHT:Andreu Veà, Barry Wessler,Craig Partridge,Charley Herzfeld,Bernie Cosell,Larry Landweber,Al Blue,Les Earnest,Heidi Heiden Steve Wolff, Peter Sevcik, Bob Kahn,Steve Lukasik, Noel Chiappa, Dave Walden, Vint Cerf, Doug Gale, Alex McKenzie & Carl Sunshine.

had the secondary justification that the computer resource sharing and communication applications of the network would enhance the technology of military command and control."

C. Excerpt 3: on the origins of the ARPANET. We can see a complete different point of view from Charley Herzfeld former ARPA Director, (Bob Taylor's direct boss, who helped to hire Larry Roberts for ARPA), interviewed on June 23rd 2005.

[CH]: "At the time ARPA had a budget of US$ 300 million, which is comparable to what it is now, about 3 billion. There’s this famous story that Bob Taylor tells and tells correctly that he came to see me for a million dollars to start the ARPAnet, and 20 minutes later he had the million dollars, but he leaves out the fact that I have been studying the problem with him and with JCR Licklider for three years, and I was persuaded. It was not hard to get the million dollars because I was kind of waiting for him to ask for it. I simply took the money from some other projects and move it; when you got so much money it is easy to do that, and ARPA is one of the few places where you can do something like that.

I had a rule that I would always have money for something new because I have a secret list of things I was willing to stop; I did not tell anybody. So, when Bob Taylor wanted his million dollars, I just knew where to get it; he was amazed that I was so quick because what he doesn’t realized is that I have always been steps ahead in that game. He did well and we worked well together and I supported him, so I am not the father of the ARPAnet but I am the godfather. I pushed Bob a lot; he had two offices which was his usual office, then he had a secret room that he and I knew about it and nobody else. There are computer terminals in that room, not allowed in Pentagon because computers are supposed to be in basement. One day he took me in that office and showed me four terminals connected to computers in different places, and he had communication terminals running in each one to talk to the people at the computer but the communication terminal does not work across computers, so I told him “that’s ridiculous, fix it!”. For me the idea of having all these single lines is absurd because it is inconvenient, not to mention that the communication lines were expensive leased lines that have to be on all the time."

D. Excerpt 4: on the origins of the internetting experiment and the Packet Radio Net: PRNET. From Don Nielson's view on August 29th 2006.

[DN]: "Though packet radio evolved first as a separate, stand-alone network, there appeared in the mind of Bob Kahn, the notion of integrating the PRNET with at least the ARPANET. Different networks had different computers and terminals attached to them and it was becoming an operational and maintenance nightmare. It was first Bob Taylor and then Larry Roberts that asked why do we have all of these? They also saw the need for a common computer network and ways

to simplify the connections to it. That conceptually led to the ARPAnet.

I also remember Bob Kahn having the notion that one might throw a bunch of packet-radio-augmented chips together and they would organize themselves into a computer. While the notion of the digital radio itself may go back to Larry Roberts, its development as a packet network was the instigation of Bob Kahn, who by that time was leading the ARPA's IPTO.

That PRNET group of contractors convinced ARPA, that is,

Bob Kahn, that it could build the network. But his role at ARPA was expanding and he then asked Vint Cerf of Stanford to join him. Vint then became the program manager at ARPA for packet radio. Thus, we built this digital network in such a way that, as Bob envisioned, you could throw all the resources out of an airplane and they could all parachute down and self organize into a functional network."

VI. BENEFITS PER COSTS AND CONCLUSIONS

This work has contributed to debunk many of the myths that still exist around the origins of the Internet and its founders. Audio, T ext, Videos, and Old Pictures and Artifacts are archived and sorted creating a multimedia database, built to last.

We are still collecting unknown stories, important old e-mails which marked a milestone, group pictures, anecdotal situations, and, most importantly, your financial support to boost this project to preserve our collective Internet story.

Even though we have not finished the field work, we have already achieved the goal of creating a set of materials with

enduring value. In addition, we have spent considerable time and effort exploring, evaluating, and devising effective tools and practices for archiving these produced materials.

We have successfully conducted and completed interviews

with several persons believed to be elusive or difficult or uncooperative. The existing set of interviews include the core Internet pioneers; using the classic method of “snowballing” to good effect, asking each interview subject for the "most important" people and following up with an interview request when an individual is identified by at least two of the interviewees.

The new interviewing method used at this program is well

defined. As quoted in the work of Charles Babbage Institute director Tom Misa's audit report[3] on WiWiW to ISOC: "There are several different 'styles' of conducting oral histories—with different purposes at hand, and with different audiences in mind. Andreu’s method seems to be midway between two poles: the free-form 'reminiscence' that is often favored in the technical community itself, which provided a chance for interviewees to 'tell stories' and 'get the memories' on tape; contrasted with the 'research grade' oral histories favored in the academic history community that require extensive preparations and extremely detailed questions. Andreu certainly gives the Internet pioneers a chance to 'tell their stories,' while also asking informed follow-up questions. I believe he has struck a reasonable balance."

The fact of following a very strict methodology since the

beginning has led to produce a very coherent set of materials. Which can be read by author, by topic or even following the answers given to one question (What do you think about the future of the internet?) by all the interviewees.

Not having a pressure to publish, and basing our growth on volunteers from all around the world, has benefited us on being able to maintain production costs as low as possible. Being the average cost per interview lower than US$ 2,500.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The author wishes to acknowledge the long-term unconditional assistance and support of Dr. Vint Cerf, who has helped to secure private and public funds for this project, helping to reach many of the goals achieved, and always been ready to comment or enrich most of the materials produced. We would also like to mention financial support from the Internet Society and institutional support from CIDEM (Barcelona, Catalonia), Fundación CTIC (Asturias), and redIRIS (Madrid) and other private donors such as Don Nielson, Dick Karp, John & Mary Gill among others. And publicly express my gratitude to the myriad of volunteers who have devoted their time and passion sharing their knowledge to boost this project.

REFERENCES

[1] Andreu Veà's Ph.D. thesis dissertation. "History, Society, Technology and Network Development. An exposé of the most unknown face of the Internet," September 12th, 2002. 4 vol. 1016 pages. Foreword by Vint Cerf. Full text publicly published on TDX (Theses and Dissertations Online) at http://www.tdr.cesca.es/TDX/TDX_URL/TESIS/AVAILABLE/TDX-1104104-101718/Index.htm

[2] Cerf, Vint. Quote from the discourse on his public acceptance of the Honoris Causa Ph.D. by the University of Zaragoza 2010. 200pags.Spanish & English Edition. ISBN 84.927-748-0-7

[3] Dr. Tom Misa's audit on WiWiW's work for the Internet Society. Charles Babbage Institute. Center for the History of Information Technology. University of Minnesota, College of Science & Engineering. August 2007. Unpublished document.

[4] Andreu Veà "The unknown history of the Internet trough its personages". November 2005. Prologue by Vint Cerf ISBN: 84-609-5566-4. 312 pages. Edited by www.fundacionctic.org

[5] A. Veà "Internet closer. Dictionary of acronyms and terms of the Net".December 1999. Prologue by Vint Cerf. ISBN: 84-931.351-1-9. 223 pages.

[6] A. Veà "Manual Pràctic Internet a l'Empresa" May 2002. Pro-log.by E.Benhamou (3Com CEO)ISBN: 84-922538-7-8. 280 p

[7] Veà, A. ”Qui és qui a Internet? Recull inèdit de fets i anècdotes” ISBN 84-393-6876-3. 173 pages. October 2005. Prolg by the IT Minister. Edited by Government of Catalonia (CIDEM) Spain.

Figure 8. Original old pictures are collected and archived.

ANNEX 1; Analyzing the Interviewing Methodology & an interview we have modeled it as a set of 64 different Vari-ables or fields per record.We have created a systematic & methodical process to give rapid access to the interview set

C VARIABLE NAME VAR-TYPE COMMENTSCONTACTED Boolean

INTERVIEWED BooleanTRANSCRIBED Boolean

CLEAN BooleanNUMBER-OF-PAGES INTEGER

REVISED-BY-INTERVIEWEE BooleanACKNOWLEDGE-2-PUBLISH INTEGER 0=Not submitted, 1=ACK, 2=Not-ACK

INFORMATION CHECKED INTEGER "Editor's Seal" depending if the info has been checked or not.Depending on DEPTH

INTERVIEW-INDEX-NUMBER INTEGER Three DIGITS 000 to 999

INTERVIEW-CATEGORY-GROUP TEXT THREE GROUPS: (1)ORIGINS - (2) WORLD - (3) INNOVATING-USERS

INTERVIEW-CATEGORY TEXT Multichoice up to maximum 30 different categories (Groupped in three levels)

INTERVIEW-DEPTH-LEVEL INTEGER 0=Low:Internet-Collected-Info1=Med :Electronic-Interview2=High:Personally Met

INTERVIEW-FIRST-CONTACTED-DATE DATE Day we receive interviewee's first answer

INTERVIEW-PLACE-CITY TEXT Name of the City where we conduct the interview.

INTERVIEW-PLACE-COUNTRY TEXT Name of the Country

INTERVIEW-DATE DATEINTERVIEW-SENT-TO-REVIEW DATEINTERVIEW-RECEIVED-COMMENTS-DATEDATEREFERRER-PERSON-1 TEXT Person who is backing (endorsing) the Personage (Minimum of two)

REFERRER-PERSON-2 TEXT Person who is backing (endorsing) the Personage (AVAL)

REFERRER-PERSON-3 TEXT Third Person-Institution who believe that is a real Internet Personage

INTERVIEWEE-NAME TEXTINTERVIEWEE-SURNAME TEXTINTERVIEWEE-TITLE TEXTINTERVIEWEE-ORGANIZATION TEXT List of Companies/Organizations/Universities, where the Interviewee has worked

INTERVIEWEE-eMAIL EMAILINTERVIEWEE-CONTRIB-COUNTRY TEXT Country where the interviewee has mainly worked and contributed

INTERVIEWEE-MAIN-QUOTE TEXT First sentence of the interview

INTERVIEWEE-SECONDARY-QUOTE TEXT Tomàs suggestion to add more Quotes

INTERVIEWEE-SHORT-DESCRIPTION TEXT Presented Right after title

INTERVIEWEE-DAY-of-DEATH DATE Date he/she passed away

INTERVIEWEE-BIRTH-DAY DATEINTERVIEWEE-BIRTH-PLACE-CITY TEXTINTERVIEWEE-BIRTH-PLACE-COUNTRY TEXTINTERVIEWEE-SHORT-BIOGRAPHY MEMOINTERVIEWEE-RELATED-LINK-NUM{L} LINK Where L={1,8} Meaning }Up to 8 different links per person

INTERVIEWEE-(8*10)-HEAD-PHOTO IMG-OBJ HEAD, First plane picture. ASPECT RATIO = 8*10 ; 50% area = head.

QUESTION-N-9-ANSWER MEMO 9.- NEW FUTURE QUESTION (What would you change if you repeat your contrib)?

QUESTION-N-8-ANSWER MEMO 8.- Do you remember when you had your first contact with a computer?

QUESTION-N-7-ANSWER MEMO 7.- What was your first contact/experience with Internet or ARPANET?

QUESTION-N-6-ANSWER MEMO 6.- In your opinion, what are the key characteristics of Internet?

QUESTION-N-5-ANSWER MEMO 5.- What do you consider the most important milestones in the net developm?QUESTION-N-4-ANSWER MEMO 4.- How did you contribute to the development of the Internet?

QUESTION-N-3-ANSWER MEMO 3.- Who are some key people in the development of Internet, leaders-trendsetters?

QUESTION-N-2-ANSWER MEMO 2.- Two anecdotal situations

QUESTION-N-1-ANSWER MEMO 1.- What do you think about the future of Internet?

QUESTION-N-0-ANSWER MEMO 0.- Do you see any technological trends?

READING-REFERENCES-#{R} MEMO R={1,8} Maximum of 8 Book or Article References Allowed

AUTHOR-SELECTED-PAPERS PDF Selection of published Articles and papers where the interviewee is the protagonist or the aut

INTERVIEW-FIRST-PUBLICATION-DATE DATEINTERVIEW-LAST-COMMENTED-DATE DATE Last update done to the interview

INTERVIEW-AUTHOR TEXT By Default this field is only AVB, but let's plan the future.

INTERVIEWEE-AUTHOR-PHOTO IMG-OBJ Picture together Interviewee and the author of the interview.

INTERVIEWEE-SUPPLIED-PICTURE-N{k} IMG-OBJ Where k = {1,8} Any Interviewee has supplied more than 8 pictures

PHOTO-CREDITS-N{k} TEXT Be very careful before publishing any unaccredited picture

RELATED PIONEERS LINK Links to his other contemporary pioneers.

INTERVIEWEE-VOICE-SAMPLE SOUND-OBAll Sound Format Files, will be converted to WMA Files

NAME SURNAME ORGANIZATION Paul Baran RAND Corporation Richard Karp Catapult Communications Yogen Dalal Mayfield fund Paul Vixie Internet Software Consortium Suzanne Woolf USC-ISI Judy Estrin Packet Design Leonard Kleinrock UCLA Queuing Theory Robert Taylor ARPA, hired Roberts Bill Joy Berkeley Free BSD, SUN Severo Ornstein BBN Douglas C Engelbart Bootstrap.com Paul Mockapetris ISI,@Home,UrbanMedia,Nominum Roland F Bryan UCSB ARPANET 3rd Node Truett Thach BBN, First IMP Installation Daniel C. Lynch INTEROP David Boggs Co-Inventa Ethernet Mike Roberts ICANN, Internet2 Tim Howes LDAP co-inventor+K26 Marshall T Rose POP3, X500, SNMP (Co-creator) Larry Roberts ARPAnet & Caspian Networks Paul Kunz SLAC STF 1st Web USA Bob Braden ISI / USC Peer of Postel. UCLA NCP Vint Cerf IBM, ARPA,MCI,CNRI,MCI,Google,ISOC,ICANN Tony Li Juniper Procket (Router Designer) Robert Metcalfe 3Com (Ethernet) David D. Clark MIT Lyman Chapin IAB Chair, ICANN Dtor Ray Tomlinson BBN (eMail-creator) Scott Bradner IETF (Harvard) Frank Heart BBN (Dtor Grup) Milo Medin Redwood City Bob Bressler BBN (Early days, NET,3Com,Sun) Fred Baker Fellow CISCO Systems QoS Chief IETF Steve Bellovin USE-net Creator David W Maher PIR Chairman BoD Hartmut Glaser CGI Brasil Stephen Crocker NCP & First RFC Bob Kahn CNRI George Sadowsky Networking for Developing Countries Kees Neggers SURF-Net Netherlands Brian Carpenter CERN & IBM Elisabeth Feinler NIC ARPANET (SRI) Norm Abramson ALOHANET (Hawaii) Chiiming Kao GPRS Edward Weldon ALOHANET (Hawaii) Tom Gaarder ALOHANET (Hawaii) Wesley Peterson ALOHANET (Hawaii) John Perry Barlow Electronic Frontier Foundation Larry Press Workshops on Developing Countries ISOC Bob Aiken CISCO (Academic Research) Tim O'reilly O'reilly Editions Billy Brackenridg VoIP and audio pioneer Gordon Bell Computer Science Legend Peter Thiel Founder PayPal Jeff Pulver Voice over Internet Ken Fockler CANADA President Ca*net 91-97 Larry Landweber Univ de Michigan, NSF Stephen Wolff NSF (Late 80's Jennis Dennings+Gordon Bell) Charley Herzfeld ARPA Director (Bob Taylor's Boss) Michael Nelson White House + FCC + IBM Inet Dtor Keith McCloghrie SNMP co-creator (CISCO) Horacio Cadiz Philippines first ISP Joel Disini Admin of .PH Che-Hoo Cheng Admin of .HK and .ASIA Founder Pindar Wong ISOC BoT and former ICANN BoT Danny Cohen SunMicrosystems (VoIP over ARPAnet) John Shoch PARC (Ethernet) Franklin Kuo ALOHANET (Hawaii) SRI, NSFnet first architect Paal Spilling First international ARPAnet node at Kjeller Norway Andrew Hinchley NPL London John Hennesy Stanford Provost, Sun. Ron Crane Ethernet 3Com Pioneer Virginia Strazisar BBN first Gateway Mitch Kapor Lotus 123 designer Juan Quemada DIT UPM, Spain Demi Getschko Professor Escola Politécnica U.São Paulo Jimmy Wales Creador WikiPedia Michael Stanton Pontificia Univ. Católica do Rio Janeiro John Klensin Chair IAB, SMTP ATT Fellow

Victor Ciza Burundi (ICANN) Former Minister Patricio Poblete Chile NIC Director Mouhamet Diop Senegal (former ICANN BoD) Antonio Tavares Brasil Comite Gestor do Internet (CGI) BoD. Jordi Palet IP v6 evangelist, Spain Oscar Sala Brasil Pioneer Glenn Ricart ISOC FIX-Creator Connect Brasil,Argentina Chile Sally Floyd RFC-2309 Aplicó Internet Teoria Colas d Kleinrock Don Nielson Packet Radio SRI testing the TCP/IP Martin Hellman Inventor of the PKS (Diffy/Hellman Algorithms) Peter Lothberg M-BONE (LOS ALTOS) Roger Scantlebury Nat Physical Lab NPL of London (Davies' team) Derek Barber NPL Davies Deputy Director European Inf.Network Peter Wilkinson NPL Davies' team Keith Bartlett NPL Davies' team Jon Crowcroft Cambridge UK Peter Kirstein University College of London Jaume Salvat CEO STA. And .Andorra's AD initiator Javier Ribas LandWell, Spain. Mike Lawrie South Africa Internet Pioneer (South Africa) Jesus Sanz CIEMAT, RedIRIS María Bolado RedIRIS 20 años (Spanish Academic Net) Angel Camacho UNICAN First Spanish WebServer Gustavo A Rodríguez CICA Sevilla, Spain Douglas E V.HouwelingInternet 2 Dennis Jennings NSFnet Starter, (Ireland) Dave J. Farber CSNet Distinguished Prof(Carnegie Mellon) Dave Mills NSFnet Fuzzballs and NTP Yakov Rekhter Juniper NY, BGP and NSFnet Kennet Wilson NSFnet. Nobel Physics 1982 John W.D. Connolly NSF Director (Hired Dennings) John A. Armstrong IBM Research Director Eric M. Aupperle MERIT Network Inc. President Charles N. Brownstein NSF Director Tracy LaQuey-P Internet Companion, NSFnet Directory William L. Schrader PSInet Founder Jordan Becker IBM Research, ANS, AOL Stephen J. Lukasik ARPA Director Howard Frank 2nd ARPAnet Private Contractor David Russell COL. Ret. ARPA IPTO former Dtor John Cioffi Father of the ADSL Patented by Stanford Bob Gray VoIP Information Theorist. EE Stanford. Hubert ZimmermannOSI ISO International Leader, Paris, France Louis Henri Pouzin Cyclade Cigale, DATAGRAM inventor France Farouk Kamoun Univ of Manouba. Cluster Routing Tunisia Khaled Sellami IRSIT Tunisia (Africa) Nii Kuaynor Ghana (Africa) Ole Jacobsen SRI Interop Cisco Kamel Saadaoui Tunisian Implementer IRSIT andATI Ben Fuller PhD NAMIBIAn Internet Pioneer with Eberhard LISSE Hans Peter Dittler ISOC-GE Standardizing Protocols X.25 Ethernet Edgardo Krell NIC Chile UCLA-1976 Kleinrock-Introd UNIX Chile Juan Riera DIT UPM Catedrático, Spain Miguel Angel García Martínez UAM Madrid, Spain Carlos Blanquez FUNDESCO (Now in Telefonica), Spain Julio Berrocal DIT UPM Catedrático, Spain Fernando Fournon Presidente Ejecutivo Telefonica I+D, Madrid Iñaki Martínez FUNDESCO (Now Consulting Sys Eng CISCO) Martí Griera i Fisa UAB Comunications Manager, Barcelona Josep Mª Blasco UB EARN LISTSERV, Barcelona Felipe García FUNDESCO, Spain Antonio Sola Venteo UIB IT Center Director (Mallorca, Spain) Gustavo A Rodriguez Dtor Comunic Univ Sevilla, Spain Lluís F. Cuadra UB Servei d'Informàtica, Barcelona Kevin D. Mitnick Best known Hacker Robert Caillau CERN, web co-creator Tomás De Miguel DIT UPM Catedrático, DG RedIRIS Steve Kent Chief Scientist BBN, Cambridge. Alex Corenthin SENEGAL Pioneer Ermanno Pietrosemoli Venezuela Pioneer Peter Sevcik DDN Starter (BBN) Al Blue ARPA IPTO early Staff Craig Partridge BBN MX Records Dave Walden BBN IMP 7 IMP Dev Early Team (Soft) Heidi Heiden DDN Program Director Noel Chiappa MIT Multi-Protocol Router Bernie Cosell BBN 7 IMP Dev Early Team (Soft) Barry Wessler ARPA IPTO early (1967) Staff RFP bid Alex McKenzie 1967 joined BBN. NOC Docum Specs Les Earnest ARPA Contractor from STF.FINGER invent Charley Kline Connected 1st ARPANET NODE @UCLA Dave J. Crocker MCI, helped at UCLA. Mail Handler (MH)

ANNEX 2 : Interviewing Order List (Updated: July 2010)