The United States The United States BeginsBegins

Chapter 8Chapter 8

Forming a New GovernmentForming a New Government

Annapolis Convention (1786) – only 5 Annapolis Convention (1786) – only 5 states represented – principal purpose was states represented – principal purpose was to improve interstate commerce - to improve interstate commerce - precursor to Constitutional Convention – precursor to Constitutional Convention – decide to get together to try to fix the AOCdecide to get together to try to fix the AOC

ShaysShays’’ Rebellion (1786) – economic Rebellion (1786) – economic depression had lowered crop prices, depression had lowered crop prices, property taxes had increased, no debt property taxes had increased, no debt relief from merchants or legislature, rural relief from merchants or legislature, rural people held belief that they should be able people held belief that they should be able to defend their property against outsidersto defend their property against outsiders

The Beginnings of Foreign PolicyThe Beginnings of Foreign Policy

1784 Spain closed mouth of Mississippi and 1784 Spain closed mouth of Mississippi and claimed most of the land around the gulf – claimed most of the land around the gulf – hurts pioneers in TN & KYhurts pioneers in TN & KY

Jay-Gardoqui Treaty – 1786 – not ratified – Jay-Gardoqui Treaty – 1786 – not ratified – would have given trading rights along would have given trading rights along MississippiMississippi Opposed by Easterners who fear loss of populationOpposed by Easterners who fear loss of population Created impulse of secession among western Created impulse of secession among western

statesstates Shows need for stronger federal government to Shows need for stronger federal government to

keep the U.S. togetherkeep the U.S. together

Nationalist SentimentNationalist Sentiment After ShaysAfter Shays’’ Rebellion – Rebellion – Social elite worry about democracySocial elite worry about democracy Distrust of the massesDistrust of the masses Protection of property rightsProtection of property rights Conservative Nationalists insist on a Conservative Nationalists insist on a

stronger federal governmentstronger federal government Causes of the depression of mid-1780sCauses of the depression of mid-1780s

Trade deficit with BritainTrade deficit with Britain War debtWar debt Inflation – made Continental currency worthlessInflation – made Continental currency worthless Based on gold only – no silver basis for currencyBased on gold only – no silver basis for currency

The Constitutional ConventionThe Constitutional Convention

All states except Rhode IslandAll states except Rhode Island Delegates: middle aged, middle class, Delegates: middle aged, middle class,

educated, had political experienceeducated, had political experience Philadelphia – summer 1787Philadelphia – summer 1787 Secret talks – Madison journal – supposed to Secret talks – Madison journal – supposed to

just be fixing the AOCjust be fixing the AOC James Madison – James Madison – ““father of the Constitutionfather of the Constitution””

– ideas of supremacy of national – ideas of supremacy of national government, separation of powers among government, separation of powers among branchesbranches

Three branches – checks and balancesThree branches – checks and balances

Major CompromisesMajor Compromises Representation – equal or proportionalRepresentation – equal or proportional

Compromise: 2 Houses – Senate: equal & Compromise: 2 Houses – Senate: equal & House of Reps: proportionalHouse of Reps: proportional

Counting the Population for representation Counting the Population for representation and state taxesand state taxes Compromise: Can count 3/5Compromise: Can count 3/5thth or 60% of slaves or 60% of slaves

for representation and taxation – equality for representation and taxation – equality sacrificed for unionsacrificed for union

Control of foreign tradeControl of foreign trade Compromise: Federal government will control Compromise: Federal government will control

trade but cannot ban slave trade for 20 years trade but cannot ban slave trade for 20 years and cannot tax exportsand cannot tax exports

Electing a presidentElecting a president Compromise: The Electoral CollegeCompromise: The Electoral College

Ratifying the New ConstitutionRatifying the New Constitution

Need 9 of 13 states – NC & RI last to Need 9 of 13 states – NC & RI last to ratifyratify

Federalists – support the ConstitutionFederalists – support the Constitution Federalist Papers – Madison, Hamilton, JayFederalist Papers – Madison, Hamilton, Jay Without it the nation would fall apartWithout it the nation would fall apart

OpponentsOpponents Debtors and farmers Debtors and farmers Wanted more state & local powerWanted more state & local power Objected that it didnObjected that it didn’’t protect individual t protect individual

rightsrights

The Bill of RightsThe Bill of Rights

Added to appease the opponents of Added to appease the opponents of the Constitutionthe Constitution

First 10 amendmentsFirst 10 amendments Freedom of religion, assembly, press, Freedom of religion, assembly, press,

petition & speechpetition & speech Trial rights –jury, lawyer, witnesses, Trial rights –jury, lawyer, witnesses,

fair bail & fines, speedy public trialsfair bail & fines, speedy public trials Search & seizure limitationsSearch & seizure limitations

The Washington PresidencyThe Washington Presidency

Precedents: Mr. PresidentPrecedents: Mr. President First Cabinet – Jefferson: Sec. of First Cabinet – Jefferson: Sec. of

State, Hamilton: Sec. of Treasury, State, Hamilton: Sec. of Treasury, Knox: Sec. of WarKnox: Sec. of War

Two terms – not by Constitution, by Two terms – not by Constitution, by tradition until 1950stradition until 1950s

An Active Federal JudiciaryAn Active Federal Judiciary

Judiciary Act of 1789 – created Judiciary Act of 1789 – created federal court system – heard appeals federal court system – heard appeals from state courts from state courts

First Chief Justice – John JayFirst Chief Justice – John Jay Established the court as the final Established the court as the final

authority on the Constitutionauthority on the Constitution

Strict Construction vs. Loose Strict Construction vs. Loose Construction of the ConstitutionConstruction of the Constitution

Strict = if the Constitution doesnStrict = if the Constitution doesn ’’t t say you can do something, then you say you can do something, then you cannotcannot Associated with Democratic-Republicans Associated with Democratic-Republicans

but watch out for Thomas Jeffersonbut watch out for Thomas Jefferson Loose = as long as the Constitution Loose = as long as the Constitution

doesndoesn’’t forbid you from doing t forbid you from doing something, you can do itsomething, you can do it Associated with Federalists - HamiltonAssociated with Federalists - Hamilton

HamiltonHamilton’’s Controversial Fiscal s Controversial Fiscal ProgramProgram

Federal government assumes state debts – Federal government assumes state debts – reason capital is in Southreason capital is in South

Pay govPay gov’’t bonds at face value – issue new t bonds at face value – issue new bondsbonds These two tie the wealthy to success of federal These two tie the wealthy to success of federal

government since they had loaned money and government since they had loaned money and bought bondsbought bonds

Tariffs – encourage American industryTariffs – encourage American industry Excise taxes – on goods like whiskeyExcise taxes – on goods like whiskey Bank of the U.S. – most controversial – Bank of the U.S. – most controversial –

expansion of federal power expansion of federal power not specifically mentioned in Constitutionnot specifically mentioned in Constitution

Domestic and International CrisesDomestic and International Crises

French Revolution – Citizen Genet – French Revolution – Citizen Genet – Washington issues proclamation of Washington issues proclamation of neutrality – fears bringing Britain back to neutrality – fears bringing Britain back to war with the U.S. & this way the U.S. could war with the U.S. & this way the U.S. could trade with bothtrade with both

French donFrench don’’t like our neutrality – start t like our neutrality – start confiscating cargoes headed to Britain – confiscating cargoes headed to Britain – Quasi-War with FranceQuasi-War with France

Whiskey Rebellion – western PA – protesting Whiskey Rebellion – western PA – protesting excise tax – Washington sends army larger excise tax – Washington sends army larger than he commanded in Revolution – than he commanded in Revolution – protests protests

stop before they arrivestop before they arrive

The U.S. & the Indian PeoplesThe U.S. & the Indian Peoples

Ohio River ValleyOhio River Valley Battle of Fallen Timbers – General Battle of Fallen Timbers – General

Anthony WayneAnthony Wayne Treaty of Greenville – Indians are Treaty of Greenville – Indians are

pushed out of Ohio and further westpushed out of Ohio and further west Intercourse Act of 1790 – Intercourse Act of 1790 –

Tried to set policy for Indian land (had to Tried to set policy for Indian land (had to get it by treaty) and regulate trade get it by treaty) and regulate trade between tribes & the U.S. by creating a between tribes & the U.S. by creating a federal licensing systemfederal licensing system

Spanish Florida & British CanadaSpanish Florida & British Canada

Spanish shut down Mississippi to American Spanish shut down Mississippi to American shipping, promoted immigration from shipping, promoted immigration from America to Spanish territory America to Spanish territory

Spanish encourage Indian attacks to prevent Spanish encourage Indian attacks to prevent further westward expansion – want to hem in further westward expansion – want to hem in the Americans east of the Appalachian Mts.the Americans east of the Appalachian Mts.

British in forts on frontier in Ohio River British in forts on frontier in Ohio River Valley – give guns to Indians – hope to Valley – give guns to Indians – hope to continue fur trade and prevent American continue fur trade and prevent American expansionexpansion

JayJay’’s and Pinckneys and Pinckney’’s Treatiess Treaties JayJay’’s – with Britain – somewhat empty promisess – with Britain – somewhat empty promises Britain had blockaded France and seized cargo Britain had blockaded France and seized cargo

from 250 American ships from 250 American ships Increased trade with Britain & some of its possessions Increased trade with Britain & some of its possessions

like Indialike India Leave forts on frontier, did not address impressmentLeave forts on frontier, did not address impressment

PinckneyPinckney’’s – with Spain s – with Spain U.S. has right to navigate on Mississippi and use U.S. has right to navigate on Mississippi and use

warehouses in New Orleanswarehouses in New Orleans

Early diplomacy – recognize the U.S. as a countryEarly diplomacy – recognize the U.S. as a country Together allowed the U.S. to fully control the land Together allowed the U.S. to fully control the land

to the Mississippi Riverto the Mississippi River

WashingtonWashington’’s Farewell Addresss Farewell Address

WarningsWarnings Political partiesPolitical parties Entangling alliancesEntangling alliances

Father of our countryFather of our country Commanded Continental ArmyCommanded Continental Army Chairman at Constitutional ConventionChairman at Constitutional Convention First PresidentFirst President

The Rise of Political PartiesThe Rise of Political PartiesFederalists – favor strong central government• Want banking, trade, commerce, industry• More like England• New England, Adams, Pinckney

Democratic-Republicans – favor weaker central government• Want a country of yeoman farmers (not

subsistence but not plantations either• More like France• Virginia & Carolinas – Jefferson, Madison,

Monroe

The Adams PresidencyThe Adams Presidency

Narrow victory – Jefferson is VPNarrow victory – Jefferson is VP One termOne term Conflict with JeffersonConflict with Jefferson Quasi-war with France – seizing Quasi-war with France – seizing

American shipsAmerican ships XYZ Affair – U.S. delegation asks to XYZ Affair – U.S. delegation asks to

see French foreign minister. French see French foreign minister. French men ask for a bribe but U.S. refusesmen ask for a bribe but U.S. refuses

The Alien & Sedition ActsThe Alien & Sedition Acts

Congress (Federalists) believe that Congress (Federalists) believe that political opposition to Adams was treasonpolitical opposition to Adams was treason Alien Acts – 14 yrs to be a citizen, president Alien Acts – 14 yrs to be a citizen, president

could deport any alien considered a threat to could deport any alien considered a threat to national security – Most immigrants support national security – Most immigrants support Democratic-RepublicansDemocratic-Republicans

Sedition Act – can be arrested and held in jail Sedition Act – can be arrested and held in jail for speaking against the governmentfor speaking against the government

Reaction of Jeffersonian RepublicansReaction of Jeffersonian Republicans Virginia & Kentucky ResolvesVirginia & Kentucky Resolves

Nullification – state can ignore federal law – basis for Nullification – state can ignore federal law – basis for future secession of the South before Civil Warfuture secession of the South before Civil War

Election of 1800Election of 1800

Jefferson & Burr vs. Adams & PinckneyJefferson & Burr vs. Adams & Pinckney Jefferson – Democratic-RepublicanJefferson – Democratic-Republican Adams - FederalistAdams - Federalist

Constitution: most votes = president Constitution: most votes = president and runner up = vice presidentand runner up = vice president

Jefferson & Burr get same number of Jefferson & Burr get same number of votes in Electoral Collegevotes in Electoral College

During the 1790s, four states dropped During the 1790s, four states dropped the property qualifications for votingthe property qualifications for voting

The Revolution of 1800The Revolution of 1800

Peaceful transition of power from one Peaceful transition of power from one party to another party to another

““We are all federalists, we are all We are all federalists, we are all republicansrepublicans””

Election of 1800 leads to the 12Election of 1800 leads to the 12thth amendment – separate ballots for amendment – separate ballots for president and vice presidentpresident and vice president

Art and ArchitectureArt and Architecture

Artists depict national heroes and Artists depict national heroes and national triumphsnational triumphs

Architecture – Architecture – ““federalfederal”” style – style – economy of decoration and use economy of decoration and use indigenous materialsindigenous materials

Federal Federal Style Style

The Liberty of the PressThe Liberty of the Press

Increase in number of Increase in number of newspapersnewspapers

A forum for partisan A forum for partisan politicspolitics

Prosecuted under Prosecuted under Sedition Act, won right Sedition Act, won right to a free pressto a free press

The Birth of American LiteratureThe Birth of American Literature

Literate populationLiterate population Noah Webster – Noah Webster – American Spelling BookAmerican Spelling Book Life of WashingtonLife of Washington – Parson Weems – – Parson Weems –

unifying symbol for Americansunifying symbol for Americans Women had lower literacy rates but Women had lower literacy rates but

more books directed at themmore books directed at them Republican Motherhood – women would be Republican Motherhood – women would be

the primary teachers and influence on the the primary teachers and influence on the next generation of political leadersnext generation of political leaders