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Contents
• Introduction to transport
• History of transport
• Modern-day transport
• A comparison – past and present
• Futuristic transport – solutions to current problems
2
The Transport Revolution
• It happened during the 18th-19th century.
• There were drastic changes to the transport sector, transport services were improved, as well as the costs of transport.
Origins
• There is a reason for every revolution
• There are two causes of the transport revolution, which played a significant role in economic development by contributing to both globalization and industrialization.
4
Technological Change
• Technology brought about the transport revolution.
• At about the same period of time, industrial revolution also happened. It was the time that major sectors of our life changed.
5
• In industrial revolution, machines could do the tasks which were performed by human. This increased the productivity and efficiency.
• The development of stream power, engine, and electrical power gave rise to a change in the way we live.
6
• There is a closed relationship between and industrial revolution and transport revolution.
• With the powerful engines, large amount of cargo can be transported for a long distance in shorter time.
7
Organizational Change
• During 18th century, organizations called turnpike trusts were set up to maintain roads by using money collected from tolls on the roads.
• They are appointed by the government and have authority over a particular road.
8
• More organizations like shipping companies were set up, which make up the transport system.
• These organizations were found to reduce the costs of transport by around 40%.
9
• However, technology contributes to the effectiveness of such organizations.
• Therefore, both technological and organizational change plays a part in ushering in the transport revolution.
Modern Transport
• The most important component of today’s transport is the motor or engine.
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Why is it important?
• In today’s world, transportation is part of our every single day.
• The world functions on fast and efficient transport, though most people tend to take it for granted.
• Just imagine life without the engine-no cars, buses or trains-coming to school would be a chore (or is it already one?)
• Without the engine, transport would be slow and inefficient.
• This would not be able to cope with the requirements of the modern world. For example, food products made in a factory needs to be shipped to a consumer market quickly to be sold as fresh as possible.
We depend on transport
• Specialization: production and consumption occurs at different places
• Expansion: people start to move around.
• The modern household suggests that we are more dependent on transport than in the past.
Continuum
• There are two extreme types of households: Specialised and non-specialised. The average household is in between.
• To be part of society, a household must specialise its occupations, education and social activities. The extent of specialisation is dependent on the amount of resources.
Take a look…Men Women
Activity 1975 1985 1975 1985
Work Travel
25 31 9 17
Family Travel
33 31 33 33
Leisure Travel
27 33 21 23
Total 85 94 63 73
• People work further away from home as compared to the past.
• Transport is also important in many other areas: Tourism and commerce
Problem!
• Due to our large dependence on transport, a lot of space is used to build the infrastructures that support it.
• Transport is also one of the largest energy consumer, our fuel reserves are depleting way too fast, making transport sustainability a problem.
Present…better than past?
• Past VS Present
• What’s the difference now as compared to before or during the early stages of the transport revolution?
Compare and Contrast
• Definitely better in some aspects– Time taken for travel– Comfort– More stable and reliable– More organized and safe
However…
– Congestions getting more severe – Fuel prices are high, and increasing –
stronger financial burden in maintainance– There are several social implications.– Pollution is on the rise
Congestions
• Usually occurs during rush hours
• In some places, roads are not enough for handling the busy moments
• Waste of fuel and time for many people trapped in the congestion
Beijing Olympics
• Beijing faced severe traffic congestions
• During Olympics, the odd-even system was used to reduce traffic by about 45%
• After the Olympics, conditions revert back to ‘normal’
Social aspects
• Transport can now be used, though the effect is subtle, as a class divide.
• In commercial aircrafts, we have a seats that differ by class and pricing.
• Transport can also be used to reflect one’s social status. Rich people have luxurious while the poor may not even have one.
• People are also beginning to become more impatient. This is most probably caused by the fast pace of transport, which has sped up the pace of life. Waiting for a train for 10 minutes brings more frustrations now.
Pollution
• Air pollution – mainly from factories and vehicles
• Overuse of fuels – reserves running out in decades
• Bad for health and environment
• The transport sector has created many jobs such as bus drivers, deliverymen, shipping port staff and pilots.
• Fast transport has also been crucial for fast rescue with ambulances, fire engines and helicopters.
The green vehicle
• Same technology can be applied to other transport systems
• Saves energy, resources and enhances
Possible Developments
• Trains – beyond maglev
• Increased vehicle mobility
• Aircraft improvements
• Space travel (and living???)
Increased vehicle mobility
• 3D roads, with floating vehicles
• Vehicles can go in all 6 directions
• Saves space on land for more development
Aircraft
• Possible developments:– Use less fuel, conserve energy– Made more economically viable, faster– More unified air traffic control system
Space travel
• Living in outer space in future may be possible– Space and resource constraint on Earth