THE TN HANDBOOK FOR CANADIANS - Joseph C. …grasmick.com/booktnsample.pdf · 2001-06-22 · book for canadians how to work in the u.s. under nafta ... grasmick’s tn handbook for

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How to Workin the U.S.Under NAFTAJoseph C. Grasmick

2

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How to Workin theU.S. UnderNAFTA

2nd Edition

Joseph C. Grasmick

You may download this e-book athttp://www.grasmick.com/handbook.htm

http://www.grasmick.com/handbook.htm

GRASMICK’S TN HANDBOOK FOR CANADIANS—How to Work in the U.S. Under NAFTA

2nd Edition

Copyright © 2001, Joseph C. GrasmickAll rights reserved.

Republication or distribution expressly prohibited without the prior written con-sent of the author. You may freely distribute these sample pages.

Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................... 3TABLE OF FIGURES ................................................................. 14PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION ................................. 18ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................... 22INTRODUCTION: INSTANT WORK PERMITS AT THE

BORDER .................................................................................. 24WHAT IS A TN? ............................................................................ 24

CHAPTER 1: CAN I GET A TN? DOES MY JOB QUALIFY?28

GRASMICK’S TN LIST ................................................................... 29WHAT IF MY COLLEGE MAJOR IS DIFFERENT FROM THE TN JOBTITLE? ......................................................................................... 34HOW SERIOUS IS THE INS ABOUT THE REQUIREMENTS? .............. 38DO I QUALIFY IF MY PROGRAM WAS FOR THREE, NOT FOUR,YEARS? WHAT IF I DID NOT COMPLETE THE PROGRAM?.............. 39I DID NOT EVEN GO TO COLLEGE. NOW WHAT?.......................... 41WORK EXPERIENCE—MUST IT BE AFTER I FINISHED MY STUDIES?

41DO I NEED A PROFESSIONAL LICENSE? ........................................ 43

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Accountant ................................................................................ 45Physical Therapist .................................................................... 45Pharmacist Intern..................................................................... 46Lawyer....................................................................................... 46

CHAPTER 2: HOW CAN I GET HIRED? JOB-HUNTINGSTRATEGIES.......................................................................... 49WILL THE BORDER GUARD LET ME IN FOR JOB INTERVIEWS? ...... 50WHAT DO I TELL EMPLOYERS? .................................................... 50BREAK THE VICIOUS CYCLE: NO PERMIT WITHOUT A JOB OFFER!" NO JOB OFFER WITHOUT A PERMIT...................................... 51FINDING A SAVVY RECRUITER ...................................................... 55

CHAPTER 3: WHAT ELSE SHOULD I KNOW BEFORE ITAKE THE JOB? .................................................................... 60HR CHECKLIST ............................................................................ 61SOCIAL SECURITY—FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS .................. 66INCOME TAX................................................................................. 69

CHAPTER 4: DO I EVEN NEED A TN? THE B-1 VISITORALTERNATIVE....................................................................... 98WHAT IF I AM PAID FROM CANADA? B-1 REQUIREMENTS............ 99HOW TO GET A B-1..................................................................... 103TELECOMMUTING....................................................................... 103

CHAPTER 5: SHOULD I USE ANOTHER VISA? OTHERPERMITS ............................................................................... 105PROS AND CONS OF TN STATUS ................................................. 106THE “USUAL SUSPECTS”—OTHER BUSINESS VISAS FOR CANADIANS

107Primary types of temporary visas ........................................... 108

COMPLETE LIST ......................................................................... 115H-1 VS. TN ................................................................................ 120

CHAPTER 6: WHAT IF I AM NOT A CANADIAN CITIZEN?124

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CANADIAN CITIZENS, LANDED IMMIGRANTS AND EVERYONE ELSE124

NON-CANADIAN SPOUSES AND CHILDREN ................................... 127CHAPTER 7: DO I NEED A LAWYER? ................................. 128

KNOW THE DIFFERENT SERVICE LEVELS.................................... 129DO I NEED A LOCAL LAWYER?.................................................... 135THE “10 MILES FROM THE BORDER” RULE ................................... 135SHOULD I GET MY OWN LAWYER, OR USE MY EMPLOYER’SLAWYER?.................................................................................... 136

CHAPTER 8: WHERE DO I GET THE PERMIT? CLASS APORTS OF ENTRY............................................................... 137THE UNIQUE TN ANIMAL: ONLY AVAILABLE AT THE BORDER .... 137DO I HAVE TO BRING MY ENTIRE FAMILY TO THE BORDER? ....... 140Common Law Spouses, Life Partners and Other Dependents 142

AIRPORTS VS. LAND PORTS......................................................... 143CAN I CHOOSE ANY PORT I LIKE? .............................................. 144CAN I GET AN APPROVAL IN ADVANCE?...................................... 148Can I get an approval before I present myself at the port ofentry?....................................................................................... 148Can I get an approval at the port of entry before I am ready tomove to the U.S. to work?........................................................ 150

THINK TWICE BEFORE USING THE MEXICO/U.S. BORDER .......... 150CHAPTER 9: WHAT PAPERWORK DO I NEED? ............... 155

IMPORTANCE OF FULL, ACCURATE DOCUMENTATION ................. 155TWO TN CHECKLISTS................................................................. 163

CHAPTER 10: IT PROFESSIONS.......................................... 174COMPUTER SYSTEMS ANALYSTS ................................................. 175SCIENTIFIC ENGINEERING TECHNICIANS/TECHNOLOGISTS ......... 181IT MANAGEMENT CONSULTANTS ............................................... 184TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS WRITER—IT INDUSTRY ................... 185GRAPHIC DESIGNER ................................................................... 185

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CHAPTER 11: THE “TRICKY” TNS....................................... 188MANAGEMENT CONSULTANTS—THE BULLETPROOF “MANAGEMENTCONSULTANT TRIO” TECHNIQUE. ............................................... 188SCIENTIFIC TECHNICIANS—NO ACADEMICS REQUIRED .............. 199“SUPPORTING AN ENGINEER”—HAND IN GLOVE OR JUST HELPING?

203HIDDEN OPPORTUNITIES............................................................ 204Technical Publications Writer ................................................ 205Economist................................................................................ 206Accountant .............................................................................. 206Social worker .......................................................................... 207Medical Lab Technologist and the Weighty Footnote............. 207

SALES JOBS................................................................................ 209MANAGER AND SUPERVISOR AS TN PROFESSIONAL .................... 211Example #1—Engineering Manager ...................................... 211Example #2—Business Manager............................................ 213

J-1 EXCHANGE VISITORS AND THE TN ....................................... 214NOVEL EMPLOYER—EMPLOYEE RELATIONSHIPS ....................... 216The TN is OK for self-employed, if . . ..................................... 216Working for more than one employer at the same time .......... 218Umbrella organization............................................................ 218Canadian Company as Sponsoring Entity............................. 220

HEALTH CARE WORKERS ........................................................... 220The New Health Care Hurdle ................................................. 220Physicians (Medical Doctors).................................................. 223

CHAPTER 12: NAFTA LAWYERS’ SECRETS...................... 225DO NOT USE ROUND HOLE WITH YOUR SQUARE PEG ................. 226AVOID “BRIDGE HOPPING”—GET IT RIGHT THE FIRST TIME ...... 226SECOND BITE OF APPLE MAY BE YOUR LAST ............................. 227TIMING IS EVERYTHING. GET THE TN AHEAD OF TIME. .............. 227AVOID BUFF AND PUFF IN YOUR PAPERWORK.............................. 228

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PREPARE YOUR SUBMISSION LIKE A COURT BRIEF ..................... 228CALL AHEAD AND MAKE AN APPOINTMENT ................................ 229CATCH A FLIGHT WITH YOUR LAWYER . . ..................................... 229…BUT KNOW PORT POLICY BEFORE INVITING YOUR LAWYER .... 230(ALSO SEE CHAPTER 7: DO I NEED A LAWYER? FOR INFORMATIONABOUT USING A LAWYER FOR TN APPLICATIONS.)........................ 230NETWORK .................................................................................. 230BE INFORMED VIA THE BORDER HOT LIST.................................. 231LOOK LIKE THE UPSTANDING CITIZEN YOU ARE ........................ 231GET AN INSPASS IF YOU WILL BE FREQUENTLY FLYING INTO THEU.S. ........................................................................................... 232HIGH SALARY CURES MANY EVILS ............................................. 232PSYCHOANALYZE THE INS.......................................................... 232

CHAPTER 13: HOW LONG CAN I STAY? DURATION ANDTIME LIMITS........................................................................ 237

CHAPTER 14: CAN MY SPOUSE AND CHILDREN WORK?243

CHAPTER 15: WHAT ARE MY RIGHTS ANDOBLIGATIONS ONCE ON THE TN?................................. 246HOW TO TRAVEL ON A TN—THE I-94 TUG OF WAR .................... 250CAN I WORK IN THE VIRGIN ISLANDS, PUERTO RICO, SAMOA . . .?

254SPEED THROUGH THE LINES WITH INSPASS............................. 255YOU CAN STUDY ON THE TN OR TD ........................................... 258INS CAN TURN YOU AWAY EVEN IF YOU ARE APPROVED—KEEP UPWITH CHANGES IN LAW.............................................................. 259

CHAPTER 16: CAN I CHANGE OR ADD EMPLOYERS? .. 261TIMING IS EVERYTHING. GET APPROVED BEFORE YOU STARTWORK. ....................................................................................... 262You May Have 10 Days to Leave Town .................................. 263Overstays Face 3-10 Year Ban................................................ 264

TERMINATED AND WITH NEW EMPLOYER................................... 266

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How to Give Two Weeks’ Notice .............................................. 268Double Dipping—Can I Have Two Employers and Two TNs atthe Same Time?....................................................................... 269

TERMINATED WITH NO NEW EMPLOYER YET—INTERIM VISITORSTATUS ...................................................................................... 269OTHER JOB CHANGES. DO I NEED TO AMEND THE TN?............. 270Switch to Another Company within the Group ...................... 272Moves to New Geographic Location, Promotions and ChangedJob Descriptions...................................................................... 273Company Bought Out ............................................................. 273Leaves...................................................................................... 275

CHAPTER 17: HOW TO RENEW............................................ 276RENEWALS ARE NOT AUTOMATIC. INS OFTEN DENIES THEM... 277MAIL VS. POE APPLICATIONS..................................................... 278CAN I TRAVEL TO CANADA WITH A PENDING MAIL APPLICATION?

281CHANGING STATUS FROM ONE WORK PERMIT TO ANOTHER ....... 285“WIDOW AND ORPHAN” RENEWALS—WHEN YOUR FAMILY CANNOTGO WITH YOU TO THE BORDER................................................... 287RENEWING OR REVALIDATING TD PASSPORT VISAS.................... 288TN RENEWAL CHECKLIST .......................................................... 291

CHAPTER 18: AFTER THE TN—WHAT THEN?TRANSITION TO GREEN CARD ...................................... 296HOW THE GREEN CARD BENEFITS THE TN FAMILY AND EMPLOYER

299How to Overcome Employer's "Green Card Bolting" Argument300

CAN I CHANGE TO A GREEN CARD FROM A TN? ALL ABOUT “DUALINTENT” ..................................................................................... 301Any Problems Using and Renewing TN in the Meantime? .... 302Do I Need an Interim H-1? ..................................................... 310The Best Strategy .................................................................... 316

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Why a TD Passport Visa Changes Everything ....................... 321CHAPTER 19: WHEN SOMETHING GOES WRONG.......... 323

GRASMICK’S GLOSSARY OF DIRTY BORDER WORDS AND PHRASES323WHAT IF I AM DENIED?.............................................................. 324BARRED! —NOT EVEN TRIPS TO DISNEYLAND............................ 329MAIL “KICKBACKS”..................................................................... 331UNDESIRABLES .......................................................................... 332

APPENDIX 1: LIST OF CROSS-BORDER EXPERTS ........ 339Accounting............................................................................... 339Brokers .................................................................................... 341Banking................................................................................... 341Canadian Consulate ............................................................... 341Customs................................................................................... 346Credential Evaluations........................................................... 346Employee Benefits ................................................................... 347General Consulting ................................................................. 347Immigration Lawyers ............................................................. 347Incentives ................................................................................ 349Insurance ................................................................................ 350Lawyers (Corporate)................................................................ 350Moving..................................................................................... 352Office Space............................................................................. 352Recruitment............................................................................. 353Relocation................................................................................ 353Research .................................................................................. 354Translations............................................................................ 354Travel ...................................................................................... 354

APPENDIX 2: FORMS.............................................................. 356G-28......................................................................................... 356I-9 ............................................................................................ 358

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I-102 ........................................................................................ 362I-129 ........................................................................................ 365I-539 ........................................................................................ 383I-823 ........................................................................................ 391I-907 ........................................................................................ 403OF-156..................................................................................... 408SS-5......................................................................................... 411W-7 .......................................................................................... 417

APPENDIX 3: SAMPLE TN LETTERS AND DOCUMENTS421

Company supporting letter, engineering manager ................. 422Attorney Cover Letter, Management Consultant .................... 433Company Supporting Letter, Management Consultant ......... 435Letters from Prior Employers, Management Consultant ....... 441“Supernumerary Chart”, Management Consultant................ 447Company Supporting Letter, Technical PublicationsWriter/Biologist...................................................................... 448Consulting Agreement, Management Consultant .................. 452Company Supporting Letter, Scientific Technician ............... 456Renewal by Mail: Attorney Cover Letter, Company SupportingLetter, Consulting Agreement, I-129 (filled out and annotated);Management Consultant, PR profession ................................ 463

APPENDIX 4: SAMPLE NSC PROCESSING TIME REPORT482

APPENDIX 5: SAMPLE INS “KICKBACKS”—RFES......... 484Request for Evidence (RFE), Management Consultant .......... 484Request for Evidence, Scientific Technician........................... 487

APPENDIX 6: TN-ENABLED PORTS OF ENTRY AND NSC489

POLL RESULTS: SELECTED PORTS OF ENTRY............................. 490Summary of Positive and Negative Port Experiences ............ 491

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At Which Port(s) Did You Have a Positive Experience? ......... 492At Which Port(s) Did You Have a Negative Experience?........ 493

GRASMICK'S DIRECTORY: NAFTA-ENABLED IMMIGRATION PORTSOF ENTRY................................................................................... 494Detailed Contact Information For Selected Ports and PFIs inCanada.................................................................................... 496Complete Summary List of Class "A" Ports, InternationalAirports and PFIs ................................................................... 567Nebraska Service Center Contact Information....................... 587

APPENDIX 7: NAFTA IMMIGRATION TEXT..................... 589APPENDIX 8: NAFTA REGULATIONS .............................. 608

INS PROPOSED REGULATIONS DECEMBER 28, 1993................... 608INS REGULATIONS DECEMBER 28, 1993.................................... 619INS REGULATIONS JANUARY 8, 1998, INS FINAL RULE ONTEMPORARY ENTRY FOR BUSINESS PERSONS UNDER THE NAFTAPROVISIONS: ............................................................................... 671STATE DEPARTMENT REGULATIONS, 22CFR41.59, CONCERNINGTEMPORARY INTENT FOR VISA APPLICANTS................................ 685STATE DEPARTMENT REGULATIONS, 22CFR41.112, CONCERNINGAUTOMATIC REVALIDATION OF TD PASSPORT VISAS .................. 687

APPENDIX 9: INS MANUALS ............................................... 689Inspector's Field Manual ........................................................ 689INS NAFTA Handbook—TN Sections ................................... 715

APPENDIX 10: TC OPERATIONS INSTRUCTIONS......... 741APPENDIX 11: DICTIONARY OF OCCUPATIONAL TITLES

747Accountant .............................................................................. 747Analysts................................................................................... 748Biologist .................................................................................. 751Consultant............................................................................... 751Designers................................................................................. 752

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Economist................................................................................ 753Engineers ................................................................................ 754Lawyer..................................................................................... 760Mathematician & Statistician................................................ 761Sales ........................................................................................ 763Social Worker .......................................................................... 764Medical Technologist .............................................................. 764Occupational Therapist .......................................................... 765Pharmacist.............................................................................. 766Technicians ............................................................................. 766Technical Publications Writer ................................................ 770Vocational Counselor .............................................................. 771

APPENDIX 12: INS OPINIONS ............................................. 772INS Guidelines—Processing Under the NAFTA, July 24, 2000772

INS Seattle—Denials of Applications Under NAFTA, July 14,2000......................................................................................... 782Software Engineers Are Engineers ......................................... 785Independent Contractors Can Get TN Permits ...................... 787TN Physicians Can Perform Incidental Patient Care............ 789TNs Can Apply for Green Cards............................................. 791Strikebreaker Provisions......................................................... 793Health Care Workers—Interim Guidelines ............................ 797INS Guidelines, Processing Under the NAFTA, October 29,1999......................................................................................... 800INS Cable on NAFTA Implementation—February 14, 1994—NAFTA Related Passport Visas.............................................. 806INS Cable on NAFTA Implementation—August 15, 1994—NAFTA shall not apply to Guam. . . ....................................... 808INS Cable on NAFTA Implementation—December 30, 1993—New NAFTA Replaces CFTA.................................................. 809

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State Department Cables—December 1993—Visa ProvisionsUnder NAFTA......................................................................... 816INS Form M-316 (Handout)—The North American Free TradeAgreement ............................................................................... 833

APPENDIX 13: GLOSSARY OF IMMIGRATION TERMS. 838APPENDIX 14: GRASMICK’S WISH LIST OF RULE

CHANGES.............................................................................. 867APPENDIX 15: SUGGESTED READING.............................. 874APPENDIX 16: INTERNET LINKS........................................ 877

BEST RESEARCH LINKS .............................................................. 877WEB SITES FOR CANADIANS IN THE U.S. .................................... 879

APPENDIX 17: NAFTA OFFICER TRAINING MANUAL .. 881INDEX ......................................................................................... 915ALSO BY JOSEPH C. GRASMICK......................................... 933

ABOUT THE AUTHOR ........................................................... 934

Table of FiguresFigure 1: Signing of NAFTA, October 7, 1992, San Antonio, Texas.

The trade agreement also liberalized immigration rules. ...... 20Figure 2: Border-issued Form I-94, Arrival and Departure Record,

front and rear. (Identifying information deleted.) ................. 25Figure 3: Service Center-issued Form I-94, Arrival and Departure

Record. (Identifying information deleted.) ............................. 26Figure 4: Number of NAFTA professionals and family admitted

per fiscal years 1989-98 ........................................................... 27Figure 5: The Peace Bridge—one of Ontario’s busiest POEs—

connects Ft. Erie, ON with Buffalo, NY.................................. 50Figure 6: Recruiter’s guide ............................................................ 58Figure 7: Cumulative effect of residence days on substantial

presence test ............................................................................ 76Figure 8: Calculating foreign tax credits ...................................... 82Figure 9: B-1 Status at a glance.................................................... 99Figure 10: [Vacant] ...................................................................... 109Figure 11: H-1 Status at a glance ............................................... 110Figure 12: TN Status at a glance ................................................ 111Figure 13: L-1 Status at a glance ................................................ 112Figure 14: Sample Green Card (front and back views) .............. 113Figure 15: Green Card with U.S. employer-sponsor, at a glance114Figure 16: Green Card with relative-sponsor at a glance .......... 114Figure 17: Relationship between TN and H-1B professionals ... 121Figure 18: Advantages of each permit at a glance...................... 122Figure 19: Flowchart to choose between TN-1 and H-1B status 123Figure 20: Citizenship of visa-exempt landed immigrants ........ 126Figure 21: Different NAFTA immigration lawyer service levels 130Figure 22: The U.S. Passport. Many Canadians have hidden

claims to U.S. citizenship through U.S.-citizen ancestors. An

Table of Figures

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immigration lawyer will check this before advising you toproceed with a TN application. ............................................. 132

Figure 23: Waiting for a decision at the Peace Bridge. .............. 138Figure 24: Vintage postcard showing the Ambassador Bridge

connecting Detroit and Windsor. Together with the Detroit-Windsor Tunnel, Detroit has the highest volume of any NorthAmerican international border crossing. .............................. 145

Figure 25: Identical TN applications. Which would you prefer toread? Cosmetic bulk reductions can expedite your approval................................................................................................. 159

Figure 26: Showing a passport at INS preflight airport inspection.Although not always required, a Canadian passport facilitatesquick border clearance........................................................... 162

Figure 27: Canadian passport. All TN and TD participants,regardless of age, should have individual passports. ........... 164

Figure 28: The TN Systems Analyst Requirements ................... 176Figure 29: Signing the consulting agreement. With this

document, Management Consultants enhance applicationapprovability. ......................................................................... 196

Figure 30: Required relationship between technician andsupported professional—different views............................... 203

Figure 31: Business attire. Maximize your chance of approval bylooking the part of a NAFTA professional. ........................... 231

Figure 32: “Plain English” letter re: temporary TN intent ........ 242Figure 33: Letter re: obligations of newly acquired TN status... 250Figure 34: “Plain English” letter re: need for hasty application for

Green Card............................................................................. 299Figure 35: Risk management. Standard employment-based Green

Card steps and intending immigrant problem. .................... 308Figure 36: Letter Re: Lawyer monitoring POE on behalf of client.

................................................................................................ 318Figure 37: A typical INS form given after denying a TN entry.. 328Figure 38: “Supernumerary Chart”, Management Consultant .. 447Figure 39: NSC sample Processing Time Report. ....................... 483

Table of Figures

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Figure 40: NAFTA ceremonies. The Agreement gives ports potentadjudication power. (San Antonio Express News Corp.) ..... 489

Figure 41: Some land ports allow various degrees of attorneyrepresentation........................................................................ 504

Figure 42: Champlain, N.Y. routine border patrol. U.S. senioragent Jim Weldon checks out the border between Canada andthe U.S. He is looking into the town of Hemmingford, Quebec.(Photo by Jim Davis.)............................................................. 507

Figure 43: Del Rio Border Patrol Inspectors gathered near vehiclesin 1925. (Courtesy INS) ........................................................ 512

Figure 44: Derby Line, Vermont secondary inspection. This posthandles many NY City-bound TN applicants from Montreal.(Photo by Bill Greene.) .......................................................... 513

Figure 45: Detroit/Windsor bridge and tunnel. A vintage post cardshows two ways to cross the river between Michigan andOntario. Each facility is a separate port of entry. ............... 514

Figure 46: Flowers mark the U.S.-Canadian border at theInternational Peace Garden, Dunseith, ND. (Courtesy NDTourism Dept.) ....................................................................... 515

Figure 47: An airport inspection. (Courtesy U.S. CustomsService.).................................................................................. 517

Figure 48: Post card view of a Laredo, Texas bridge. ................. 531Figure 49: The Whirlpool bridge during the steam train era. This

little-known port spans one of the most spectacular naturalfeatures in the world—the Niagara Whirlpool Rapids. ........ 539

Figure 50: Vintage post card showing the international boundarybetween Sonora and Arizona. Nogales is now the busiest portin the area. ............................................................................. 540

Figure 51: Otay Mesa CA Truck crossing. (Courtesy of U.S.Customs Service.) .................................................................. 543

Figure 52: Chinese Examination Station, Portal, ND, 1904.(Courtesy INS.) ...................................................................... 547

Figure 53: San Ysidro, CA—the U.S.-Mexico border then and now................................................................................................. 567

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Figure 54: Rainbow Bridge, Niagara Falls, ON and NY. (Photo byDennis Enser.) ....................................................................... 569

Figure 55: An early view of the Detroit-Windsor AmbassadorBridge, with symbols of the dominant area industry. .......... 570

Figure 56: Looking into Canada from Glacier National Park, MT.Near the seasonal Chief Mountain POE, the Canada-U.S.border cuts Waterton Lake. (Courtesy, National ParkService.).................................................................................. 571

Figure 57: Primary inspection at Derby Line VT. (Photo by BillGreene.).................................................................................. 573

Figure 58: Entry notice at San Ysidro, CA, one of the two mainports of entry on the California/Baja California border. ...... 574

Figure 59: Customs Inspector checks individual coming fromMexico. Customs Service employees also perform primaryimmigration inspection. (Courtesy U.S. Customs Service.) 575

Figure 60: International Airport, Niagara Falls, NY. This is an"appointment only" port. ...................................................... 579

Figure 61: Immigration inspection building, International Airportat Palm Beach FL. ................................................................. 581

Figure 62: Immigration inspection area, Orlando FL InternationalAirport.................................................................................... 582

Figure 63: Books about NAFTA immigration. ............................ 876Figure 64: Internet research links. ............................................. 879Figure 65: Web sites for Canadians in the U.S........................... 880

Preface to the Second Edition

anadians and Americans visiting each others' countriesscarcely realize there is a border. It is one of the world’sleast restricted large international boundaries. It rarely

takes more than “a smile and a wave” to successfully pass throughthe border inspection.

What a contrast when the welcome mat is suddenly lifted!Canadians who wish to work in the U.S. are astounded to discoverthey can no longer come to the U.S. at all. The U.S. is highly pro-tective of its labor market. This is true even when the workerscome from the U.S.’s neighbor, friend, and closest ally.

Fortunately, the CFTA (Canada Free Trade Agreement) andits successor, NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement),give Canadians coveted immigration privileges. An essential partof NAFTA is the reciprocal removal of each country’s labor market

C

Preface

19

protections. One must work for this privilege. This book showsyou how.

The crown jewel of these expanded immigration privileges isthe TN (Trade NAFTA) work permit. The number of Canadiansusing the TN has exploded. In 1998, there were almost 60,000new TN entries per year (Figure 4). This book is about that per-mit.

This second edition is a major revision of the Handbook.These items are new to this edition:

• Over 300 pages of new material—this book now has over900 pages. Over 50% of the 581 original analysis pagesare updated,

• the complete text of Grasmick's Directory: NAFTA-Enabled Immigration Ports of Entry—a $69 value—in-cluded at no extra cost at Appendix 6,

• new INS rules and guidelines, substantially changing theway one should prepare and file TN applications analysis,and

• format improvements including full keyword search,larger fonts, and thumbnail index.

This book is for• Canadians working in the U.S.,• U.S. companies wishing to hire a Canadian, and• Canadian companies sending workers to the U.S.

Preface

20

Figure 1: Signing of NAFTA, October 7, 1992, San Antonio, Texas. Thetrade agreement also liberalized immigration rules.

Growing groups of specialized professionals in the U.S. pro-vide valuable services to these Canadian businesses and profes-sionals. This book should be required reading for:

• recruiters• lawyers, outside and in-house• accountants• HR professionals• hiring managers• employee contractors

This book draws on a tremendous reservoir of data and expe-rience. Besides giving you experiences from my own 20 +-year lawpractice, I am grateful to thousands of people who have contrib-uted indirectly to this book. I receive 20 to 50 e-mail messages perday. On a busy day, the Newsgroup on my web site(http://www.grasmick.com/forum.htm) will receive over 60 contri-

http://www.grasmick.com/forum.htm

Preface

21

butions from Canadians worldwide. My strategic allies are someof the top NAFTA immigration lawyers. You will find their exper-tise represented in this volume.

Ideally, you should use this book in conjunction with legal rep-resentation. The information in this book can help you decidewhether you need a lawyer. It can help you find a fit between animmigration specialist and your needs. You can be an informedclient. Nevertheless, a huge majority of TN applicants does notuse a lawyer. Whatever your choice, using these materials shouldincrease your chances of quick success.

In this book, I often provide stories, quotes, examples, andsamples. I often change the data to maintain confidentiality. Iselect the substitute data at random. Any name that may match aperson or business you know is only a coincidence.

Of course, this book does not constitute legal advice. Youshould not rely on these materials as legal advice for your per-sonal or business planning. The author or publisher cannot takeresponsibility for the consequences resulting from the use of thisinformation.

Acknowledgements

am indebted to my web site's Canada-to-U.S. Business Immi-gration Newsgroup participants for raising the questions inthis book. The subjects in this volume flow from these ques-

tions. The fast-paced interactivity allows me to “walk in theshoes” of the reader—the enviable position of every writer. TheNewsgroup would not thrive without the “regulars”—includingStuart Brook the veteran—who challenge me to broaden my un-derstanding of Canadians in the U.S.

I owe special thanks to my clients. For over 20 years, youhave given me the means to devote my professional time to solvethese immigration problems. Otherwise, I would have no experi-ences to share.

I

Acknowledgements

23

Likewise, I owe a great debt to my past and present partnersand co-counsel: Arthur Gellman, Kenneth Cohen, James Eiss,Lance Madden, Anne Downey, Gerry Seipp, William Reich, Mi-chael Bander, Jorge Lopez and Ellen Yost. Immigration law is toocomplex to conquer alone. Fortunately, I have been able to workwith the best.

Many immigration lawyer colleagues eagerly shared their pro-fessional secrets. Greg Boos kindly provided me with the INStraining manual at Appendix 7. Asher Frankel helped put mywork in perspective—and prevented some embarrassing mistakes!Henry Chang and Robert Kolken unhesitatingly came to my aid atevery opportunity.

I was also fortunate to benefit from the assistance of MoiraAllen, my editor. Moira has the uncanny ability to translate tech-nical legal passages into plain English. Equally important is herrare mastery of e-book production exigencies.

None of these debts absolves me from my errors.

Introduction:Instant Work Permits

at the Border

he acronym “TN” is an important part of North Americanbusiness vocabulary. What does it mean?

What is a TN?

The TN-11 permit—available only for Canadian citizens—isthe quickest and easiest of the work permits. Thanks to NAFTA, 1 The acronyms “TN-1” (for Canadians) and “TN-2” (for Mexicans) are fallingout of favor in deference to the all-inclusive “TN”. I continue to use TN-1 oc-casionally to distinguish between the Canadian and Mexican provisions,which are quite different. For example, Mexican TN applicants cannot get

T

Introduction: Get Instant Work Permission at the Border

25

Canadians can obtain a work permit right at the border. If youhave a carefully prepared application, INS will give you a permiton the spot. This permit is on a card called an “I-94” form (seeFigure 2.) There are no time-consuming mail-in application pro-cedures.

Figure 2: Border-issued Form I-94, Arrival and Departure Record,

front and rear. (Identifying information deleted.)

The NAFTA TN allows managers to fill job openings quicklyor take advantage of fleeting business opportunities. It allowsCanadians to accept new jobs almost immediately. The availabil-ity of TN status is the most dramatic immigration benefit of theNorth American Free Trade Agreement.

the TN at the border—they must first file a petition by mail with the INS.


26

Figure 3: Service Center-issued Form I-94, Arrival and Departure Re-cord. (Identifying information deleted.)


27

Class of admission 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Professional worker U.S.-Canada Free-Trade Agreement (TC)

2,677 5,293 8,127 12,535 16,684 5,031 0 0 0 0

Spouse and children of Canada Free Tradeworkers (TB)

140 594 777 1,274 2,408 498 0 0 0 0

Professional worker NAFTA (TN) 0 0 4 0 0 19,806 23,904 26,987 48,866 59,061

Spouses and children of NAFTA workers(TD)

0 0 0 0 0 5,535 7,202 7,694 14,859 17,816

Total 2,817 5,887 8,908 13,809 19,092 30,870 31,106 34,681 63,725 76,877

Figure 4: Number of NAFTA professionals and family admitted perfiscal years 1989-98

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

90,000

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

Spouses and childrenof NAFTA workers (TD)

Professional workerNAFTA (TN)

Spouse and childrenof Canada Free Tradeworkers (TB)

Professional workerU.S.-Canada Free-Trade Agreement (TC)

TN and TD Trends

-20,000

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Chapter 1: Can I Get a TN?Does My Job Qualify?

he first step to see if you qualify for a TN is to see if you areon this NAFTA list. This is a complete list of all of the pos-sible TN professions. There is also a complete list in the

NAFTA agreement itself (see Appendix 11). However, the re-quirements in the NAFTA text can be misleading; this list pro-vides a clearer overview of the categories.

Unless noted otherwise, the following professionals qualify forTN status if they have a baccalaureate (bachelor, including B.Sc.,BA, B.Comm, etc.) degree or a degree licenciatura (The Mexicanequivalent) in their professions. When NAFTA specifies a bache-lor degree, this is a minimum requirement. A master or doctorateis acceptable. For example, a Canadian once asked “I don’t have a

T

Chapter 1: Can I Get a TN? Does My Job Qualify?

29

B.Sc. in Computer Science. Am I eligible for a TN (Computer sys-tem analyst) if I have a M.Sc. in Computer Science?” My answerwas “Yes.”

Grasmick’s TN List

• Accountant (bachelor, CPA, CA, CGA, or CMA)• Actuary (Proposed. See INS Proposed Regulations Decem-

ber 28, 1993, Appendix 8.) Required is:# bachelor in Actuarial Science or# satisfaction of requirements to be recognized as an ac-

tuary by a professional actuarial association or society.(A professional actuarial association or society meansa professional actuarial association or society operat-ing in the territory of Canada, Mexico, or the U.S.)

• Agriculturist/Agronomist• Animal breeder• Animal Scientist• Apiculturist• Architect (bachelor or state/provincial license. See also

Landscape Architect, below.)• Astronomer• Biochemist• Biologist• Chemist• Computer systems analyst

Must have:# bachelor or# postsecondary diploma* and three years’ experience

• Dairy Scientist• Dentist (DDS, DMD, or state/provincial license)


30

• Dietician (bachelor or state/provincial license)• Disaster Relief Insurance Claims Adjuster2

Must have:# bachelor or three years’ experience in claims adjust-

ment, and# completed training in appropriate areas of insurance

adjustment pertaining to disaster relief claims• Economist• Engineer (bachelor or state/provincial license)• Entomologist• Epidemiologist• Forester (bachelor or state/provincial license; see also Syl-

viculturist, below)• Geneticist• Geochemist• Geographer• Geologist• Geophysicist• Graphic Designer

Must have:# bachelor or# postsecondary diploma* and three years’ experience

2 Disaster relief insurance claims adjusters must submit documentation thatthere is a declared disaster event. This documentation must come from thePresident of the U.S., or consist of a state statute, or a local ordinance, or pa-perwork showing an event at a site which has been assigned a catastropheserial number by the Property Claims Service of the American InsuranceServices Group, or, if property damage exceeds $5 million and represents asignificant number of claims, by an association of insurance companies repre-senting at least 15 percent of the property casualty market in the U.S. SeeINS NAFTA Handbook, Appendix 9.


31

• Horticulturist• Hotel Manager

Must have:# bachelor in hotel/restaurant management or# postsecondary diploma* in hotel/restaurant manage-

ment and three years’ experience in hotel restaurantmanagement

• Industrial DesignerMust have:

# bachelor or# postsecondary diploma* and three years experience

• Interior DesignerMust have:

# bachelor or# postsecondary diploma* and three years’ experience

• Land Surveyor (bachelor or state/provincial/federal license)• Landscaping Architect• Lawyer (member of state/provincial bar, or LLB, JD, LLL,

or BCL)• Librarian (MLS, or BLS. BLS must be in a field for which

another bachelor degree was a prerequisite.)• Management Consultant

Must have:# bachelor or# five years’ experience in consulting or related field

• Mathematician• Medical Technologist/Medical Lab Technologist (Can-

ada)Must have:


32


(U.S. job must be in a laboratory to perform chemical, bio-logical, hematological, immunologic, microscopic, or bacte-riological tests, and analyses for diagnosis, treatment, orprevention of disease.)

• Meteorologist• Nurse, Registered (must have state/provincial license)• Nutritionist• Occupational Therapist (bachelor or state/provincial li-

cense)• Oceanographer• Pharmacist (bachelor or state/provincial license)• Pharmacologist• Physician (teaching and/or research only, MD or

state/provincial license)• Physicist• Physio/Physical Therapist (bachelor or state/provincial li-

cense)• Plant Breeder• Plant Pathologist (Proposed. See INS Proposed Regula-

tions December 28, 1993, Appendix 8.)• Poultry Scientist• Psychologist (Must have state/provincial license. Cannot

qualify with just bachelor degree.)• Range Manager/Range Conservationist• Recreational Therapist• Research Assistant (bachelor and U.S. job in a postsecon-

dary educational institute)• Scientific Technician (See Technician or Technologist,

Scientific.)


33

• Social Worker• Soil Scientist• Statistician• Sylviculturist/Forestry Specialist (See also Forester,

above.)• Systems Analyst (See Computer Systems Analyst.)

Must have:# bachelor or# post secondary diploma* and three years’ experience

• Teacher (Bachelor degree; must be coming to work for acollege, seminary or university only; no secondary or elemen-tary school teaching.)

• Technical Publications Writer (See Writer, TechnicalPublications.)

• Technician or Technologist, Scientific (e.g. Electronicengineering technician)Must:

# work in direct support of professionals in one of thesedisciplines:• biology• chemistry• engineering• forestry• geology• geophysics• meteorology• physics

# possess theoretical knowledge of discipline, and# solve practical problems in discipline, or apply princi-

ples of the discipline to basic or applied research.


34

• Urban Planner• Veterinarian (DVM, DMV, or state/provincial license)• Vocational Counselor• Writer, Technical Publications (Technical Publica-

tions Writer)Must have:


• Zoologist————————*A postsecondary diploma (or certificate) is a credential from an accreditedacademic institution in Canada, Mexico or the U.S. showing completion oftwo or more years of postsecondary education. As per INS Guidelines (SeeINS Guidelines-Processing Under the NAFTA, July 24, 2000, Appendix 12)the two year academics must come from within the NAFTA zone. For pur-poses of the NAFTA entry requirements, baccalaureate or licentiatura de-grees issued by institutions outside of the NAFTA countries may be accept-able whereas post-secondary diplomas or post-secondary certificates must befrom Canada, Mexico, or the United States.

A TN-compliant employment can be either part-time or full-time.

What if My College Major Is Different from the TN Job Title?

Most people can easily determine whether their degree meetsthe TN standards. Usually there is a clear fit between the degreemajor and the professional classification. Lawyers earn JD de-grees. Psychologists major in psychology.

Nevertheless, many Canadians find that their academic pro-grams do not obviously match the TN profession. Here is an ex-ample of a typical question I get on this issue: “I have a job wait-ing as a Computer Systems Analyst. To qualify for a TN I need adegree. My degree is in Computer Engineering, not ComputerScience. Is this going to cause problems?”

Index

AA Number, 838A-1 - Diplomatic or consular

officers, spouse andchildren, 116

A-2 - Other foreigngovernment officials oremployees, spouse orchildren, 116

A-3 - Attendants, servants,personal employees, spouseand children, 116

Accessory, 335Accountant, 45, 206, 747Actuary, 29, 868, 869Adjustment of status, 838Adultery, 335Advance applications, 148Advance parole, 309, 839Advertising manager, 870Advisory Opinions, 772Aeronautical engineer, 755Aerospace engineer, 754After-sales service, 102, 693Agricultural economist, 754

Index

916

AILA, 348, 839Airline management, 189Airports vs. land ports, 143Albany, New York, 497Alburg, Vermont, 497Alexandria Bay, New York,

498Algonac, Michigan, 498Ambrose, North Dakota, 498Amending TN, 269American Consultant's

League, 170, 434Analysts, 748Anatomy, 208Anchorage, AK, 498Andrade, California, 498Applications architect, 178Applications programmer-

analyst, 749Architect, 44Argentina, 257Arson, 335Art director, 752Artists and Entertainers, 117Assault, 334, 335Astoria, Oregon, 499Atlanta, GA, 256, 342Atlanta, Georgia, 499Audiologist, 870Australia, 257Austria, 257Authors, 189

BB-1, 98, 270

at a glance, 99between TN jobs, 269change to TN, 286

in lieu of E-2, 100in lieu of H-1, 102in lieu of L-1, 100job duties prohibited, 101non-Canadian citizens, 127procedures, 103

B-2, 143, 270Babb, Montana, 500Baccalaureate, 28Bachelor Degree, 840Bahamas, 522Baltimore, MD, 500Bander, Michael, 349Bander, Michael A., 231Bangor, Maine, 500Banned, 264Bar Harbor, Maine, 500Barred, 50, 329Bastardy, 334Baudette, Minnesota, 500BCom in finance, 206Beebe Plain, Vermont, 501Beecher Falls, Vermont, 501Belgium, 257Bellingham, Washington, 501Benefits, 169, 194BIA, 840Bigamy, 335Biologist, 448, 751Biology, 208Birth and marriage

certificates, Ontario, 172Bisbee, Arizona, 538Blackmail, 335Blackmarket violations, 334Blaine, WA, 146, 162, 177,

497, 501Blaine, Washington, 502

Index

917

Boos, Greg, 23, 227Border Crossing Card, 338Border Hot List, 231Boston, 342Boston, MA, 256, 503Breaking and entering, 334Bribery, 335Bridgewater, Maine, 503Brownsville, TX, 504Brunei, 257Buffalo, NY, 343, 504Burglary, 335Business visas for Canadians,

107

CC-1 - In Transit, 116C-2 - In Transit to UN

Headquarters, 116C-3, 116, 118CA Chartered Accountant,

207Calais, Maine, 506Calais, ME, 146Calexico, California, 506Calgary, Alberta, 506Canaan, Vermont, 507Canada-U.S. Business

Immigration Handbook, 115Canada-U.S. Income Tax

Convention (1980), 70Carbury, North Dakota, 507Cartoon development, 189Certificate, 857CFTA, 18, 841, 865CGA, 207Champlain, N.Y., 507Champlain, New York, 507

Chang, Henry, 228, 348Change jobs. See

Employment, changes inChange of status, 285, 841Chateaugay, New York, 508Checklist

HR, 60renewal, 291TN, 163

Checklist, TN-1, 164Chettleburgh, John, 178Chicago, IL, 256, 343, 508Chief Mountain, Montana,

508Child, 841Chula Vista, California, 509Cincinnati, 256Citizens, Canadian

vs. landed immigrants, 125Citizenship, 838Civil engineer, 755Civil engineer technician, 204,

767Clark, Steve, 303Class A Ports of Entry, 137Cleveland, Ohio, 509CMA, 207Cohen, Kenneth A., 229, 232,

351College major and academic

requirement, 34Columbus, New Mexico, 509Columbus, OH, 509Commodity-industry analyst,

754Common law spouse, 142,

324, 842

Index

918

Complete list of allimmigration categories, 115

Computer assisted draftingdesigner (CADD), 200

Computer databaseadministrator, 869

Computer engineer/engineertechnician, 183

Computer hardware orsoftware engineer, 869

Computer programmers. SeeProgrammers

Computer software analyst,869

Computer specialists, 102Computer system or software

administrator, 869Computer systems analyst.

See Systems analystComputer systems engineer,

748Computer, INS, 147Computer-laboratory

technician, 769Concealed weapon, 334Consular processing, IV, 318Consulate, 172, 290, 321Consultant, 217, 751, 842, 849Consultant, marketing, 189Consulting agreement, 195,

452Contracted, 216Controlled substance, 333Coos Bay, Oregon, 510Corpus Christi, TX, 510Counterfeiting, 336CPA, 206CPT 56, Form, 83

Crane Lake, Minnesota, 510Credentials evaluation, 36,

37, 39, 168, 171, 180, 206,628, 650

Credit, obtaining, 247Criminal record, 257Cut Bank, Montana, 511

DD-1 - Crewman Visa, 116Dallas, TX, 344Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas, 512Dallas-Ft. Worth, TX, 256Deferred departure, 843Deferred inspection, 843, 856Degree, none, 41Del Rio, Texas, 512Denial, 147, 156, 227, 235,

266, 277, 324Denials, 325Denmark, 257Dentist, 44Dependent, 843Deportation, 262, 843Derby Line, Vermont, 513Derivative, 859Derivative citizenship, 843Desertion from the armed

forces, 334Design engineer, 756Designated process-

description writer, 771Designated standard-practice

analyst, 771Designer, 869Designer, Interior, 753Designers, 752Detroit, 145, 344

Index

919

Detroit, MI, 256Detroit, Michigan, 514Development consultant, 178Development-Instrumentation

Technician, 769Dictionary of Occupational

Titles, 747Diploma, 170, 857Disaster relief insurance

claims adjusters, 707Disorderly conduct, 334District of Columbia, 255Doctor, medical, 324Documents, supporting, 159DOL, 844Domestics, 106DOT, 747Double dipping (two TNs), 269Douglas, Arizona, 514Downey, Anne F., 231, 232Draft dodging, 334Drafter, 768Drunkenness, 334Dual intent, 301, 844DUI, 334, 336Duluth, Minnesota, 515Dunseith, North Dakota, 515Dutch Harbor, Alaska, 516

EE-1, 865

non-Canadian citizens, 127E-1 - Treaty Trader, spouse

and children, 116E-2

non-Canadian citizens, 127E-2 - Treaty Investor, spouse

and children, 116

E-2, Treaty Investor, spouseand children, 865

EAD, 844Eagle Pass, Texas, 517Eagle, Alaska, 517East Richford, Vermont, 517Eastport, ID, 517EB-1, 844Economic analyst, 754Economist, 206, 753Editors, 189Edmonton, Alberta, 518EIN, 844Eiss, James, 232, 348El Paso, Texas, 518, 519Electrical technician, 769Electrical/electronics

engineer, 755Electrical-laboratory

technician, 769Electronic-Communications

Technician, 769Electronics technician, 767,

768Electronics technician,

nuclear reactor, 769Electro-optical engineer, 757Ely, MN, 519Embezzlement, 336Empire State College, 40Employee, 842, 844Employer

changing or adding, 258Employer Identification

Number (EIN), 75Employer sanctions, 844Employer support letter

renewal, 293

Index

920

Employer supporting letters,157

Employer, letter from prior,160, 441

Employmentas equivalent to academics,

41before receipt of I-94, 261contract, 168, 171illegal, 262notice upon resigning,

giving, 268terminated, 265

Employment AuthorizationDocument, 844

Employment, changes inacquisitions, 273add concurrent employer,

276divestitures, 273employer identity, 269job description, 273mergers, 273new employer, 276new geographic location,

273promotion, 273transfer to another division.

SeeEngineer, 182Engineer, chief, 422Engineer, software, 35, 182Engineer, telecom, 200Engineering manager, 211,

339, 341, 346, 347, 349, 350,352, 353, 354, 422, 484, 487,490, 496, 567, 587, 689, 715

Engineeringtechnicians/technologists,181

Engineering technologist, 39Engineering, electronics, 158Engineering, mathematics, or

natural sciences manager,869

Engineers, 35, 754Enosburg Falls, Vermont, 520Environmental engineer, 758Environmental scientist, 869Erie, Pennsylvania, 520Escape from prison, 334Eureka, Montana, 520Eustis, Maine, 520Exchange Visitor, 117, 844Exclusion, 845Executive, 845Executive, senior, 870Expediting applications, 131Experimental electronics

developer, 769

FF-1, 116, 142, 143, 846F-2 - Spouse and children of

student, 118Fabens, Texas, 521Fairbanks, Alaska, 521False statements, 334Fiancée/Fiancé of U.S.

Citizen, 117Filing fee

renewal by mail, 293Film production, 189Financial analyst, 103, 206,

870

Index

921

Financial economist, 754Financial systems, 189Finland, 257Firearms violations, 334Fiscal Year, 846, 848Flowchart to Choose Between

TN-1 and H-1B Status, 123Foreign residence

requirement, J-1, 215Foreign tax credits, 81Forester, 706Forgery, 336Forms, 157Fort Covington, New York,

521Fort Fairfield, Maine, 521Fort Hancock, Texas, 521Fort Kent, Maine, 522Fortuna, North Dakota, 522France, 257Frankel, Asher I., 226Fraud, 50, 336Free Trade Examiner, 689Free Trade Officers, 35Freelance, 261Friday Harbor, Washington,

522Full-time, 218, 269, 842, 847,

849

GG-1, Principal recognized

foreign governmentrepresentative to aninternational organization,116

G-28, Form, 165, 356, 403G-28, Forms, 292

Galveston, Texas, 523Gambell, Alaska, 523Gambling, 334Gellman, Arthur, 23General manager, 870Geographer, 175Geologic technicians, 200Germany, 257Gerontology, 207GIS (Geographic Information

System) Analyst, 870Glossary, 838Gloucester, Ontario, 543Grand Forks, North Dakota,

523Grand Junction, Colorado,

523Grand Portage, Minnesota,

523Graphic designer, 175Graphic Designer, 185, 752Green Card, 113, 238, 244,

296, 791, 847benefits and advantages,

299categories, 119change direct from TN, 302considerations during TN

application, 169dual intent, 301H-1 first, 302photograph, 113with U.S. employer-sponsor,

114with U.S. relative-sponsor,

114Green Card Test for Tax, 76Guam, 254, 523

Index

922

Gulfport, MS, 524

HH-1B, 109, 847

and TN simultaneously, 268at a glance, 109change to TN, 286Flowchart to Choose

Between TN-1 and H-1BStatus, 123

requirements, 110vs. TN, 120, 122, 311

H-1B - Specialty Occupations(professionals), 116

H-1B Cap, 848H-1C, 116H-2A - Temporary

Agricultural worker, 116,863

H-2B - Temporary Non-Agricultural worker, 116,863

H-3, 863H-3 - Trainees, 117H-4, 848H-4 - Spouse and children of

alien classified as H-1, H-2,or H-3, 118

Haines, Alaska, 525Hannah, North Dakota, 525Hansboro, North Dakota, 525Harlingen, Texas, 525Hartford, Connecticut, 525Harvesting crews, 101Havre, Montana, 525Health care workers, 220,

279, 797Hidalgo, Texas, 526, 544

Highgate Springs, Vermont,526

H-lB, 863Home ownership, 247Home purchase, 300Honolulu, HI, 256, 526Hotel Manager, 708Houlton, Maine, 527House purchase, 240Household goods, 247Household help, 106Houston, TX, 256Human services, 207

II - Representative of Foreign

Information Media, 117I-102, Form, 362I-129, Form, 279, 291, 321,

365I-140, Form, 791I-485, 309I-485, Form, 307I-512, 309I-539, Form, 279, 292, 383I-765, 309I-823, Form, 257, 391I-9, Form, 247, 358I-907, Form, 293, 403I-94, 138I-94 Tug of War, 250I-94, Form, 172, 247, 250, 840,

848surrendering, 254

Iceland, 257IMMACT90, 304Immigrant, 848

Index

923

Independent contractor, 193,217, 787, 842, 849

Individual TaxpayerIdentification Number(ITIN), 75

Industrial economist, 754Industrial engineer, 758Industrial engineering

technician, 769Industrial health engineer,

758Information processing

engineer, 748INS, 849INSPass, 232, 255, 391Inspector’s Manual, 689Insurance claims adjusters,

30Interior Decorator, 753International Falls,

Minnesota, 528International Trade Centre,

341International-trade

economist, 754Interns, 223Interpreter, 103Interpreter, Sign Language,

870Interviews, job, 50Intracompany transferee. See

L-1Investors, 113, 116Ireland, 257IRS 1040 NR, Form, 77IRS 1040-C, Form, 93IRS 8233, Form, 87IRS 8833, Form, 86

IRS 8840, Form, 77IT professions, 174ITAR, 300

JJ-1, 117, 214, 713, 844, 850J-2 - Spouse and children of

Exchange Visitor, 118Jackman, Maine. SeeJacksonville, Florida, 529Jamaica, New York, 539JFK airport, NY, 256Job description, 273Job offer requirement, 51Job title vs. job description,

166Journalist, 870, 871

I visa, 117Joy riding, 334Juvenile delinquency, 334

KK-1 - Fiancée/Fiancé of U.S.

Citizen, 117K-2 - Children of

Fiancée/Fiancé of U.S.Citizen, 118

K-3 Spouse of U.S. Citizen,117

K-4 Unmarried Child ofSpouse of U.S. Citizen, 118

Ketchikan, Alaska, 530Key West, Florida, 530Kickback, 156, 331Kickbacks, 484, 860Kolken, Robert D., 226, 231

Index

924

LL-1, 117, 850, 851

at a glance, 112non-Canadian citizens, 127requirements, 112

L-2, 700Labor certification, 106, 294,

308, 313, 321, 850Labor Condition Application

(LCA), 850Labor economist, 754Lancaster, Minnesota, 531Landed Immigrant, 850Landed Immigrants, 124

and TN status, 124Larceny, 336Laredo, Texas, 531Las Vegas, Nevada, 531Laurier, Washington, 532Lawyer, 44, 46, 760

advantage of legalrepresentation, 131

local, need for, 135need for representation in

TN matters, 128service levels, 129using employer's, 136

Layout artist, 752LCA, 850Leaves, 275Lewiston NY POE, 220Libel, 334Licenciatura, 28License, 44, 168, 299, 705Liechtenstein, 257Limestone, Maine, 532Limit, time on TN, 238Loan sharking, 334

Logan International Airport,503

Long Beach, California, 534Longview, Washington, 532Loomis, Washington, 532Lopez, Jorge, 348Loring, Montana, 533Los Angeles, CA, 344Los Angeles, California, 256,

533Los Ebanos, Texas, 533Los Fresnos, Texas, 522Los Indios, Texas, 533Lottery, 843Lubec, Maine, 534Lukeville, Arizona, 534Luxembourg, 257Lynden, Washington, 534

MM-1 - Non-Academic

Students, 117M-2 - Spouse and children of

Non-Academic Students,118

M-316, Form, 176, 833, 851Madawaska, Maine, 535Maida, North Dakota, 535Mail applications, 138, 156Mail kickbacks, 331Mail renewal, 309Mail vs. POE applications,

278Maintaining Permanent

Residency, 114Management Analyst, 749

Index

925

Management consultant, 170,184, 188, 324, 433, 435, 441,447, 452, 463, 707

Manager, 211, 851Manager of Financial

Reporting, 213Mann Act violations, 334Manslaughter, 334, 336Marine City, MI, 535Marine operations consultant,

190Market analyst, 101Market research, 101Market researchers, 101Marketing manager, 870Massena, NY, 146Maternity/paternity leave,

275Math degree and computer

jobs, 38Mathematical technician, 767Mathematician, 38, 761

applied, 762research, 762

McAllen, TX, 535Medical doctors, 223, 741,

789, 870Medical Lab Technologist, 207Medical technician, 208, 221,

797, 870Medical technologist, 207,

221, 764Metaline Falls, Washington,

536Methods analyst, 748Methods analyst, data

processing, 748Methods-study analyst, 770

Mexico/U.S. border, 150Miami, Florida, 256, 345, 536Minneapolis, 256, 345, 537MIS specialist, 174Monaco, 257Montreal International

Airport, 537Montreal, PQ, 256, 537Mooers, New York, 537Moonlighting, 261Moral turpitude, 334Morses Line, Vermont, 537Mortgage, 62, 72, 84, 247, 300,

341Motion-study analyst, 770MSCE Certification, 324Multiple clients, 218Multiple employers, 218Multiple entry, 252, 338Museum services, 189

NN-8 - Parent of child classified

SK-3 (“SK-3” includescertain special immigrantofficers and employees ofinternationalorganizations.), 118

N-9 - Child of parentclassified N-8 or SK-1, SK-2,or SK-4., 118

NAFTA, 589, 854NAFTA zone, 252Nashville, Tennessee, 538National Interest Waiver

(NIW), 852NATO-1 - Principal

Permanent Representative

Index

926

to NATO and staff, spousesand children, 117

NATO-2 - Otherrepresentative to NATO andstaff, spouses and children,117

NATO-3 - Official clerical staffaccompanying NATOrepresentatives, spousesand children, 117

NATO-4 - “Officials” of NATO,spouses and children, 117

NATO-5 - NATO Experts,spouses and children, 117

NATO-6 - NATO Civilians,spouses and children, 117

NATO-7 - Servants of NATO-1 through NATO-6 and theirspouses and children, 117

Naturalization, 853Nebraska Service Center, 156,

279, 316, 482Netherlands, 257Network systems

administration, 200New York City, 345New Zealand, 257Newark, NJ, 256, 539Niagara Falls, NY, 146, 539,

540Nogales, Arizona, 540Nome, Alaska, 540Non-Canadian spouses and

children, 127Nonimmigrant, 853Noonan, North Dakota, 540North Troy, Vermont, 541

Northern Mariana Islands,254

Northport, Washington, 541Norway, 257Notice of Ineligibility for Pre-

flight Clearance, 235, 324Noyes, Minnesota, 541Nuclear engineer, 758Nuclear medical technician,

208Nurse, 116, 221, 262, 651,

706, 797, 798, 854, 870

OO-1, 117, 855, 863O-2, 117, 855, 863O-3, 118, 863Oakland, California, 542Occupational therapists, 221,

765, 797OF-156, Form, 321, 408Ogdensburg, New York, 542Ogdensburg, NY, 542Operations Instructions, 741Optical designer., 759Optical engineer, 759Organizational chart, 447Original documents,

requirement for, 161Orlando, 256Otay Mesa, California, 543Ottawa, ON, 256Overview, business visas, 107

PP-1, 117, 855, 864P-2, 117, 864P-3, 117, 864

Index

927

P-4, 118, 864Pace analyst, 770Pacific Hwy., WA, 146, 502Paperwork required, 155Paralegal, 870Pardon, 333Parole, 338Parole, advance, 839Partnerships, taxation of, 73Part-time, 218, 269, 842, 849,

856Passport stamp, 247Passport visa, 306, 806, 865Patient care, 208Peace Bridge, Buffalo, NY,

146, 504Pearson International Airport

PFI, Toronto, 256Pembina, North Dakota, 544Perjury, 336Permanent, 113, 218, 324Personnel, Training or Labor

Relations Specialist, 870PFI, 857Pharmacist, 766Pharmacist intern, 46Pharr, TX, 535Photocopies in lieu of original

documents, 161Physical therapist, 45, 221,

797Physician assistant, 221, 797Physician or surgeon—

clinical, 870Physicians, 741. See Medical

DoctorsPhysicians assistant, 870

Pittsburgh InternationalAirport, 545

Plain English, 171, 233, 235Plant Pathologist, 32POE, 857Point Roberts, Washington,

545Poll, 489Pollution-control engineer,

758Port Arthur, Texas, 546Port Huron, MI, 146, 546Port Isabel Port of Entry, 547Port shopping, 144, 226, 331Port Townsend, Washington,

547Porthill, ID, 548Portland, Oregon, 548PortPASS, 256Ports of Entry, 489, 857Possessing stolen property,

335Postsecondary diploma (or

certificate), 857PR manager, 870PR Profession, 463Preconceived intent, 138, 279,

286Pre-flight inspection, 857Premium processing service,

280, 293President, 422Presidio, Texas, 545, 548Price economist, 754Principal Alien, 858Prior employer letter, 169Priority Date, 857Processing Time Report, 482

Index

928

Professional engineer, 757Programmer, 174, 324, 751,

869vs. programmer/analyst, 176

Programmer/Analyst, 176,749

Programmers in disguise, 182Project manager, 758Psychology, 207Public relations and

advertising personnel, 103Pueblo, Colorado, 548Puerto Rico, 254, 536, 546

QQ-1, 117, 864Q-2 Irish Peace Process

Program Participant, 117Quality control, 189

RR-1, 117, 864R-2, 118, 864Radiation Therapist, 208Radio frequency technicians

(RFTs), 200Radiological technician,, 208Rainbow Bridge, Niagara

Falls, NY, 539Recreation worker, 870Recruiter’s Guide, 58Recruiters, 55, 353Regulations, 608Reich, William Z., 180, 229,

265Remuneration, 166Renew, 276, 302, 712

abandonment by travel, 283

by mail, 278, 463Request for Evidence, 860Research, 101Residence, temporary, 239Residency, tax, 77Respiratory technology, 208Resume, 170Returning residents, 114Revalidation, automatic, 289RFE, 331, 860Robbery, 337

SS-5, 117S-5 Suppliers of information

regarding crimes, 117S-6 - Suppliers of information

regarding terrorism, 117S-7 Family member of S-5 or

S-6, 118Salaries, 177, 195, 201, 209,

232Sales, 209, 763Sales Engineer, 759Sales representatives, 101,

598, 763Salesperson, 763Samoa, 254Sample letters, 421San Francisco, 256San Marino, 257Sanitary engineer, 758Sault Ste. Marie, MI, 146Scientific technicians, 181,

199Seattle, WA, 256Security clearances, 300Seipp, Gerry, 226, 227

Index

929

Self-employment, 216, 701Servants, 106SK-1 - Certain retired

international organizationor NATO employees, 117

SK-2 - Spouse of SK-1 retiredinternational organizationor NATO employee, 118

SK-3 - Certain unmarriedsons or daughters of aninternational organizationor NATO employee, 118

SK-4 - Certain survivingspouses of deceasedinternational organizationor NATO employees, 119

Slovenia, 257Small companies, 234Smuggling and customs

violations, 335Social group worker, 764Social scientist, 870Social Security Card, 66, 247Social Security, Totalization

Agreement, 83Social worker, 207, 764

delinquency, 764psychiatric, 764

Software analyst, 178Software design analyst, 178Sonogram technician, 208Spain, 257Speech language pathologist,

797Speech-language pathologist,

221, 870Splicer, 200Sponsorship, 51

Spouse, 861Spouse and children, 243

cannot go to border, 287common law, 842employment, 243extended family, 299non-Canadian TD, 127proposed changes, 872renewal, 292required at border, 140study, 244TD application documents,

171SS-5, Form, 75, 411, 417St. Louis, MO, 256Statistician, 38, 101Strikebreaker provisions, 793Study, 116, 258, 714, 862Substantial control

requirement, 703Substantial presence test, 76Sumas, WA, 557Supernumerary, 447Sweden, 257Sweetgrass, Montana, 557Switzerland, 257Sylviculturist, 706Systems analyst, 41, 174, 175,

180, 324, 707, 749, 750, 869requirements, 176

Systems-testing-laboratorytechnician, 769

TT-1 Individual Income Tax

Return, 87Tax

double, 79

Index

930

economist, 754estate, 95evasion, 337identification number (TIN),

75income, 69, 247of corporations, 73residency, 71, 77resident returns, 114self-employed persons, 72self-employment, 72State, 75treaty, 70year, dual status, 84

TC, 741, 862TD, 119, 243, 862, 864, 872

border appearancerequirement, 140

border appearancerequirement if non-Canadian citizen, 141

change to TN, 286extended family, 142minor children under 21,

127non-Canadian citizen

spouses and children, 127passport visa, 141, 172

TD passport visaduring Green Card

application, 321renewal, 295renewing or revalidating,

288Teacher, 869Technical Publications Writer,

175, 205, 448, 770IT Industry, 185

Technician, scientific, 456,766

Technician/technologist, 170Technologist, engineering. See

Engineering technologistTelecom technicians, 200Telecommuting, 103Temporary, 109, 169, 193,

218, 237, 306, 320, 691, 842,862B-1, required for, 99

Ten busiest U.S. entry points,145

Ten days to leave town, 263Ten miles from the border

rule, 135, 141, 151, 290Test engineer, 756Theft, 337Three-year academic

programs, 39Time-Study Analyst, 770TN

at a glance, 111concurrent, 218general requirements, 29list of professions, 29pros and cons, 105requirements, 111

TN - Free TradeProfessionals, 118

Top cap, 241, 713Toronto, ON, 256Totalization agreement—

Social Security, 83TPS, 863Trade Commissioner, 341Trade fair attendance, 101Trainers, 102

Index

931

Transcript, 37, 170Translator, technical

publications, 871Translators, 103Transporting stolen property,

337Travel, 300

on a TN, 250with pending mail renewal,

279Treathy Traders and

Investors, 116Treaty Investor, 865Treaty Trader, 865Truck driver, 101Tuition, requirements for

resident, 258

UU.S.-Canada Free Trade

Agreement, 865Ultrasound, 208Ultrasound technician, 200Undesirables, 332United Kingdom, 257Upper limit, 713

VV-1 Spouse of Permanent

Resident, 118V-2 Unmarried Child of a V-1

Applicant, 119

Vancouver, 162, 177, 235, 256,317, 324, 562

Virgin Islands, 254, 508Visa requirement, passport,

126Visa-exempt landed

immigrants, citizenship of,126

Vocational Counselor, 771Vocational rehabilitation

counselor, 771

WWaiver, 337Washington-Dulles, 256Water quality inspector, 200Where to apply, 137Wildlife biologist, 751Willow Creek Port of Entry,

525Wong, Jonathan, 304Work Authorization Card, 844Work experience before

studies, 41Work experience,

documenting, 160Working Group, 238, 868

XX-ray technician, 208

Index

932

You may download this e-book athttp://www.grasmick.com/handbook.htm .

http://www.grasmick.com/handbook.htm

Also by Joseph C. Grasmick

New E-book:Directory: NAFTA Ports of Entry

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934

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Joe Grasmick is the author ofthe first 10 editions of theleading work on the subject ofU.S. immigration for Cana-dians: the Canada-U.S. Busi-ness Immigration Handbook,published by Carswell. Car-

swell released the first edition of this treatise in1991.

Mr. Grasmick has been a practicing law-yer for over 20 years. As a founding member ofthe Upstate NY AILA Chapter, he has devotedhis professional life to business immigration.His practice is limited to U.S. immigration forCanadian businesses and professionals. Admit-ted to practice in both NY and FL, Martindale-Hubbel gives him an “AV” rating.

Joe graduated cum laude from the SUNYat Buffalo law school, where he was Senior LawReview Editor. His employment included in-ternational work as a Fulbright scholar, PeaceCorps Volunteer, Ford Foundation Intern, OASfellow and Interamerican Foundation researchfellow. He served assignments with the Inter-national Labor Organization, and the UnitedNations/ECOSOC Commission on HumanRights Subcommission on Prevention of Dis-crimination and Protection of Minorities.

Mr. Grasmick is the author of the leadingweb site on the topic of business immigrationfor Canadians. The site, Canada to U.S. Busi-ness Immigration, started March 1995. It wasthe first law firm site in Western New York. Itnow serves over one million requests permonth. The 900-page e-book, TN Handbook forCanadians: How to Work in the U.S. UnderNAFTA (2nd Ed.) is the only book about the TN.He also authors the standard reference guideto ports of entry, Grasmick's Directory: NAFTA-Enabled Immigration Ports of Entry.