The Thirty Pieces of Silver. a Modern Numismatic Perspective

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Valori e disvalori simbolicidelle monete

I Trenta denari di Giuda

a cura di Lucia Travaini

redazione editoriale di Francesca Ceci

Edizioni Quasar


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Grado Giovanni Merlo,Lucia Travaini, P r e m e s s a 9

Lucia Travaini, Valori e disvalori simbolici delle monete: temi, problemi,interpretazioni 13

Haim Gitler, The Thirty Pieces o Silver A Modern Numismatic Pers-pective 63

Maria Caccamo Caltabiano, Moneta docet. Sra o dellAstro 79

Adriano Savio, Leetto delladamnatio memoriae sulle monete dellaltoImpero 105

Ermanno A. Arslan, Loro rifutato: confni e dogane nellalto medio-

evo 119Grado Giovanni Merlo,Francesco dAssisi e il denaro 145

Patrizia Mainoni, Loro e largento Usi della moneta aurea nella Lombar-dia settentrionale del Trecento 153

Piero Morpurgo, Moneta macolata con la imagine del demonio Testi eimmagini, inamanti o edifcanti, sul denaro dal Medioevo allet mo-derna 185

Maria Tiziana Leotta, Il ciclo di Giuda Iscariota nelliconografa medieva-le 205

Albert Estrada-Rius, Las Treinta monedas de la Misa de San Gregorio,de Diego de la Cruz (1475-1480): notas para su estudio 223

Lucia Travaini, Monete e sangue 231

Andrea Terzi, Valore e simbologia del denaro: una questione di metodo 249

Giulia Barone, Un dialogo da continuare 265

Abbreviazioni bibliografche . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

Collaboratori al volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

Sommario


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In 1920, George Francis Hill compiled all the known material woven

round the story o the Thirty Pieces o Silverallegedly paid to Judas Iscariot orbetraying Christ1. Hills learned article2 remains a milestone in the researcho the relics related to the betrayal o Christ. However, modern study ena-bles us to bring orward some additional material related to this story3.

Relics related to the Thirty Pieces o Silver

Hill drew attention to the curious act that eight out o ten or elevenrelics in various churches o Christendom, which can be identied as oneo the very denarii o silver or which Christ was sold, were silver coins oRhodes o the ourth century BC4.

The explanation which some scholars oered or this phenomenonwas that there might have been a conusion with the deciphering o thelegend RODION on the Rhodian coins (see Fig. 1) which people wouldhave related to [H]RODION = Coin o Herod the Great5.

Alternatively, another given explanation was thatRODION was read asROAION = ROMDION and thus related to a Roman coin6.

1 The story o the betrayal by Judas Iscariot is a legend or myth that grew by accretion andullled a need in societal strategy or the exorcism and transer o guilt (Maccoby1992, pp.1-100).2 Hill 1920, pp. 91-1163 Im indebted to Ira Rezak or his input and or the illustrative images he provided orthis paper and to Catharine C. Lorber and Oliver D. Hoover or their help and useul com-ments.4 See also Grierson 1955.5 Mly1901, p. 262; Hill 1920, p. 111.6 C. or such a mistake rouille 1553, part ii. 10.

Haim Gitler

The Thirty Pieces o Silver.A Modern Numismatic Perspective


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64 Haim Gitler

However, it seems that the Rhodi-an coins were chosen as the preerred

relic related to the Thirty Pieces oSilver or other reasons. The radiatehead o Helios may have been takenor that o Christ wearing a crown othorns. Thus the Rhodian coins wereidentied as those or which Christ

was betrayed. In act, in a teenthcentury silver cast reproduction o a ourth century BC Rhodian drachm

we notice that the legend IMAGO CESARIS has been added above the

acing head o Helios7. It is clear that the person who produced this copyadded the legend in order to relate the coin to the passage in Matthew,22, 20-21: And he [Jesus] saith unto them, whose is this image and super-scription? They say unto him, Caesars. Then saith he unto them, renderthereore unto Caesar the things which are Caesars; and unto God thethings that are Gods and thus sell it as one o the Thirty Pieces o Silver.Hill mentioned that this specimen is preserved at the Cabinet des Mdai-lles in the Bibliothque Nationale, Paris8. Unortunately, we were not ableto trace its whereabouts (Fig. 2).

A second and simpler reason is that Rhodian coins were and are stillregarded as extremely beautiul and thus would have been an eye-catch-ing choice or a relic.

A more elaborated theory has been put orward. It is evident that aRhodian issue was displayed as a relic at the Castle o the Knights o St Johnin Rhodes as early as 14139. Since we know that many o the pilgrims to theHoly Land in the later middle ages would have traveled by way o Rhodes,

we may suppose that having seen such a coin o great beauty they would

have assumed that other Rhodian coins were o the same holy character. Inthis way such relics would have been dispersed throughout Europe.Grierson10 urther suggested that the source o many o these Rhodi-

an coin relics was a hoard o Rhodian tetradrachms ound during the

7 Mly1901, pp. 263-264.8 Hill 1920, p. 113.9 Hill 1920, p. 106.10 Grierson 1955.

Fig. 1. Rhodian drachm with the legendRODION, ourth century BC.


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The Thirty Pieces o Silver 65

teenth century. He based his theory on a passage o the Spanish voyager

Pero Taur dated 1436, which mentions a large share o the money orwhich Our Lord was sold.

Literary records show that the hoard o the Castle o the Knights oSt John, which probably included the Rhodian coin, was transerred toMalta in 1523 (Fig. 3).

From a modern perspective we may add that Rhodian coins did notcirculate in Palestine during the lie-time o Christ. Controlled archaeo-logical excavations carried out in Israel show that silver and bronze coinsrom the ourth to the end o the second century BC rom the mints o

western and southern Asia Minor, including Rhodes, rarely reached Pales-tine11. We may add to this the evidence rom stray nds which includes twohoards discovered in Southern Levant and containing Rhodian plintho-phoric and Attic-weight drachms. One hoard was allegedly ound in 1982at Beth Likiah near Jerusalem, and the other was bought in Cairo in 1923and is said to have been ound at Sakha in the Nile Delta12. A third hoardo Rhodian plinthophoroi was claimed to have been ound in Gaza in theearly 1980s but no record o these coins exists.

Albeit, it is curious that this olk-tale inltrated even into a mod-ern scholarly publication: IGCH1360 mentions an alleged hoard o 30Rhodian drachms ound at Rhodes (?) circa 1929 and Yeoman13 proposesthe tetradrachm o Rhodes as a possible candidate or a part o the ThirtyPieces o Silver.

11 Gitler, KaHanov2002, p. 261 and 264, Table 2.12asHton, Weiss 1997, pp. 24-26.13yeoMan 1961, pp. 25-26.

Fig. 2. Silver reproduction o a ourth-century BC coin o Rhodes, teenth century (aterHill1920, p. 114 andMly1901, p. 263).


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66 Haim Gitler

Fantasy and Fake Sheqels

Fantasy sheqels, supposedly imitating genuine ancient coins andmade o silver, white metal alloy and bronze, were rst issued in Europeduring the last quarter o the teenth or the rst quarter o the sixteenthcentury (Fig. 4).

These sheqels were produced in several European cities (e.g. Ham-burg, Prague, Joachimstal, Holstein, London and Strasbourg [see Fig.5]) and eventually towards the end o the nineteenth century even inNew York14.

In some cases they were sold as Copies rom a Genuine Jerusalem Sil-ver Sheqel, or 30 o which our Savior Jesus Christ was sold (see Figs 6-7)

14 KiscH 1941, pp. 22-32; rezaK2003-2006, p. 155, note 5.

Fig. 3. Castle o the Knights o St John, Rhodes (Photo courtesy o Vassiliki Steanaki).


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but usually they were sold unscrupulously as genuine together with anauthentication document15.

What is the earliest visual evidence we might have or the existence othese alse sheqels?

15 reinacH1903, p. 65; vander vin 1980, p. 100; FeucHtWanGer1963, p. 5; Hendin 2005, p.55.

Fig. 4. A group o alse sheqels.

Fig. 5. False sheqel cast mould. The reverseo this mould (here fipped horizontally soone can read the negative text) makes it evi-dent that it was produced at Strasbourg in1748 (legend in exergue below the rhinoce-ros). Israel Museum, Inventory No. 8657.

Fig. 6. Document speciying that the objectis a copy o a Jewish Sheqel.


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68 Haim Gitler

It has been suggested that theearliest representation o these

sheqels is a painting attributed toan anonymous Nordic painter othe sixteenth century, in the UziGallery, Florence (Figs 8-9)16.

The painting, which the schol-ar G.F. Hill dated to 1530, eaturesChrist crowned with thorns, withthe symbols o the Passion, includ-ing the Thirty Pieces o Silver. The

coins are presented as sheqelson the sarcophagus cover on thelet17.

This particular image o Christ as the Man o Sorrows is based onseveral etchings and engravings created by the Nuremberg-based master

Albrecht Drer (1471-1528). One can trace Durers infuence through-out the Passion symbols and nd their visual source in his graphic works,especially between the years 1509-1512. For instance the posture oChrists hands can be seen in his 1512 engravings o Ecce Homo and Mano Sorrows (drypoint). In his Crucixion with Figures (rom the sameperiod) one can note the design o the draperies in Christs loincloth. Inthe woodcut depicting The Mass o St. Gregory (1511), Christ is standingbent-kneed within a similar sarcophagus while a cock is perched on topo his cross and a ladder with the tools o the Passion leans nearby. Par-ticularly interesting is the elaborate crown o thorns, with an ornamentbased on the amiliar shape o a feur-de-lis. This moti can be ound intwo woodcut episodes rom Christs Passion18.

Christ as a Man o Sorrows was a well-known devotional image in Ger-man Renaissance art, serving as a remainder to the aithul o the suer-ing o Christ on their behal.

Who was the anonymous painter labeled by the Uzi Museum as aNordic Master?

16 I am grateul to Fabiana Anuso and Lucia Travaini or their help in tracing the paintingat the Uzi Gallery.17 Hill 1920, p. 87, see Fig. 9.18 Knappe 1965, gs. 58, 69, 102, 120, 121, 123, 124, 125, 126, 130, 302.

Fig. 7. Example o two identical labels o

a British dealer. Notice that in the lowerexample the words COPIE FROM havebeen erased.


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Fig. 8. Cristo coronato di spine con i simboli della Passione; oil on wood (130x 85 cm). Uzi Gallery, Florence. Inv. 1890, n. 1460.


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70 Haim Gitler

Bearing in mind that everything beyond the Alps was consideredNorthern to the Southern eye, it is more than probable that the artistin question was German, and a devout ollower o Drer. He may havebeen living in the city or region o Nuremberg and was well amiliar withDrers prints, copies o which were surely in his possession. Copying intooil the admired masters motis, he recreated the theme in somber, ex-

pressive manner.Two possible attributions o Drers ollowers come to mind; one is GeorgGrtner the Younger (1575-1654), and the other the Anonymous Master othe same period whose work can be ound at Schloss Pommerselden19.

Whoever Drers ollower might be, he created a composition at oncebased on the masters etchings and drawings while at the same time add-ing something o his own to the over-fowing, expressive composition.

19anzeleWsKy1971, gs. 97, 114.

Fig. 9. Detail o the Uzi Gallery painting depicting 30 alse sheqels.


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All the aspects o Christs Passion are present here, and more: theinitial betrayal o Judas Iscariot so prominently displayed through

the alse sheqels , then the fagellation at the pillar, the Via Dolorosahinted at by the crown o thorns, the crucixion symbolized by the lad-der, the cross, and the dice, and nally St Peters denial representedby the cock. On the right side the painter added the lit lantern mean-ing that Christ is the Light o the World showing the sinner the way torepent.

Going back to the moti o the Thirty sheqels, one must note it israther a surprising innovation o this anonymous painter who wanted tocreate within this eclectic work something o his own, and not only basehis composition on already well-trodden symbolic ground20.

The appearance o the alse sheqels in the Uzi painting conrmsthe impression, long held by all authorities, that the sheqel style o Kischstypes B1, 4, 5, 7, 32, and also o the Type A21, is an early type perhapsthe original.

The coins depicted in this painting can be generally classied asKischs type B and seem to specically resemble subtype B4 (see Fig. 10)22.However, they are not accurate enough copies to conrm the exact varietythat the painter had as his model.

The legend in the right eld o the cup should be QL, however onthe sheqel, at the top o the let hand pile o coins, instead o these threeletters, one can notice a group o many more letters which we cannot ac-

20 I would like to thank my colleague Shlomit Steinberg, the curator o European Art at theIsrael Museum, and Larry Silver o Pennsylvania University or their assistance and enthusi-asm in pointing out the link to Drers graphic works and to his mysterious ollower.21 KiscH1941.22An illustration o a alse sheqel o Kischs coin-type B4 appears in patin 1683, p. 82.

Fig. 10. Specimens o Kisch coin-type B4 (KiscH1941, Plate 2).


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tually read and which clearly do notbelong there. Furthermore, on the

reverse o the two visible sheqels, thelegend YRWLYM starts lower thanthe norm (10 oclock rather than at11 oclock). Thus we can concludethat the artist was not so careul ashe might have been in copying themodels he doubtless had beorehim.

The earliest certain written evi-

dence or the existence o these alsesheqels is ound in a letter o PhilipMelanchthon to George III, Prince o

Anhalt dated to March 21, 155223.Worthy o mention are the so-

called Meysel Sheqel which has adate o 1584 below the censer24 andthe rst known illustration o such apiece by Villalpandus in 160425.

There are scholars who believe that George Emerich, burgomaster oGrlitz in Silesia, who made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem in around 1465,may have commissioned some o the earliest examples o these sheqels.Between 1481 and 1504 Emerich was ve times mayor o Grlitz. Some-time during this period he ordered the construction o a replica o theHoly Sepulchre in his hometown (Fig. 11) 26.

In conjunction with this project, he might have commissioned a sou-venir sheqel to be produced or the pilgrims although the earliest men-

tion o these sheqels in Grlitz is only rom 171927

.We know that in Europe during the teenth-sixteenth centuries realsheqels o the Jewish War against Rome (66-70 AD) were scarce. In act,the rst illustrations o real Jewish sheqels occurred only in the sixteenth

23 reinacH 1903, p. 71; Hill1920, p. 86.24 KiscH 1941, p. 25, Plate II. A.25villalpandus 1604, Plate acing p. 378; see also p. 390.26 scHMitt, tebrucK 2005, pp. 201-203; rezaK2003-2006, p. 154, note 4.27 KiscH1941, p. 27.

Fig. 11. Replica o the Holy Sepulchre atGrlitz (aterscHMitt, tebrucK2005, p.202).


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century with the publications o True W. Postell in 1538 and one o thenest illustrations o the period in Arias Montanus work o 157228.

Thus it is evident that metal cratsmen who produced the rst sou-venir sheqel had to search or an alternative source in order to copy themotis o the coin. This act supports the assumption that early relics othis type were produced according to a description ound in the writingso Nahmanides (Moshe ben Nahman 1194-1270). Nahmanides descrip-tion was based on an authentic sheqel, which he had seen when he arrivedto Akko in 1267: God has blessed me till now, so that I have had the meritto come to Acco, and I ound there in the possession o the elders o theLand a silver coin engraved like the engravings o a signet, with a pattern

like a rod o an almond tree on one side, and on the other side a patternlike a jar, and around the two sides was an engraved writing written veryclearly. The writing was shown to the Kuthiim and they read it at once, orthat was the Hebrew script which was let to the Kuthiim, as mentionedin Tractate Sanhedrin. On one side they read: the shekel o shekalim, andon the other side:Jerusalem the holy. They urther said that the gures rep-resent the rod o Aaron with the fowers and almonds, and the secondgure represents the jar o manna. We weighed it at money-changers andit weighed ten silver astralinash, and they are equivalent to the hal anounce, which Rashi mentioned. Similarly I have seen an identical coin,

with the same gures and the same script as the rst, but hal its weight,this being the hal-shekel donated or the oerings. Thus the words oRabbeinu Shlomo [Rashi] have been supported with strong proo29. Thisis one o two additional notes to his commentary o the Torah made dur-ing the last years o his lie ater his arrival in the Land o Israel30.

As a matter o act, this passage eventually describes the antasysheqels in a quite accurate manner31. Moreover, when such coins were

described by contemporary scholars, the motis on these alse sheqels are

28 KiscH 1941, p. 20 and Plate 1.29 Ramban [Nachmanides]. Commentary on the Torah. Exodus, Translated and Annotated withIndex by C.B. Chavel, New York 1973, pp. 627-628.30 KaHana1968, p. 25.31 This contradicts Kisch theory that the illustration which appeared on page 451 in Azariahde Rossis commentaryMeor Enayim(Light to the Eyes) published in 1574 which depictsthe moti on the reverse o the sheqel as a heavily leaved branch (instead o the actual steamwith three pomegranates, c. MesHorer2001, pp. 240-244, Plates 61-63) served as the modelor the rst sheqel medals (KiscH 1941, p. 23).


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said to be a pot o manna and Aarons rod, which are exactly Nahmanideserroneous descriptions o the authentic sheqel he saw in Akko in 1267.

Although this evidence cannot help us to determine with more accu-racy when the rst alse sheqels were produced, it tentatively suggests thatthere exists a possibility that sometime during the late teenth century

or the beginning o the sixteenth the alse sheqels replaced the Rhodiancoins as the preerred relic related to one o the Thirty Pieces o Silver. Inthis respect, it is worth pointing out that this uncertainty is even noticed inearly numismatic works by such scholars as Waseri32 and Calmets33, wheredrawings o authentic ancient Jewish coins are depicted side-by-side withantasy sheqels and Rhodian coins.

32Waseri 1605, and Fig. 12.33 calMets1751.

Fig. 12. Composite image oWaseris 1605 publication and several o the actual coins ap-pearing on the plate.


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Another question that remains open is when was it rst noticed thatin HebrewGematria(the numeric value o the Hebrew letters) the name

o Judas Iscariot, equals 3034. This certainly would have addedor some people a mystical value to the story o the Thirty Pieces oSilver.

The Thirty Pieces o Silver

Then went one o the twelve, who was called Judas Iscariot, to thechie priests. And said to them: What will you give me, and I will deliver

him unto you? But they appointed him thirty pieces o silver (Matthew,26, 14-15)35.The search or the identication o the true Thirty Pieces o Silver

or which Judas Iscariot betrayed Jesus was or the rst time approachedin a serious scholarly manner in 1920, when Hill proposed two East-ern coinages as the plausible candidates. Hills two candidates werethe Tyrian sheqels and the tetradrachms o Antioch36. Today, almostninety years ater Hill published his article, it is commonly acceptedthat the Thirty Pieces o Silver are likely to have been Tyrian sheqels 37

(Fig. 13).The evidence retrieved rom the controlled archaeological excavations

carried out in Israel supports this attribution. While only one Antiochenetetradrachm rom the time o Augustus and Tiberius has been revealedin Israel38, 46 Tyrian sheqels and hal sheqels have been ound within theborders o Herod the Greats territory39. Numerous Tyrian sheqels alleg-edly ound as stray nds in this area urther support this evidence.

The popularity o these coins in ancient Palestine is based on the actthat Tyrian sheqels were regarded in antiquity as a currency made o pure

34 reiner1968, p. 189, note 16.35 On the question o who was Judas Iscariot see Maccoby1992, pp. 127-140.36 Hill1920, pp. 115-116.37 vandervin 1980, p. 101; Hendin 2001, pp. 420-421; Hoover2006, p. 18; MesHorer2006,pp. 111-112.38ariel 2006, p. 89, Table 3.39ariel 2006, pp. 83-85. I am grateul to D.T. Ariel, Head o the Coin department at theIsrael Antiquities Authority or checking the IAA database records o coins rom controlledarcheological excavations. For the coin nds in Jerusalem dated to the beginning o the rstcentury AD see Gitler2003.


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silver and as such they were the pre-erred currency o the Temple in Je-

rusalem during the rst century BCuntil the beginning o the Jewish Warin 66 AD40.

The elemental silver average o833 Tyrian sheqels rom the Isyeand Qumran hoards which were ana-lyzed by XRF is 96.8%41. This gure is validated by analyses made on eightTyrian sheqels dated between 12/11 BC and 51/52 AD, using a more sen-sitive analytical technique, namely ICP-AES (inductively-coupled plasma

atomic emission spectrometry). The elemental silver average recorded orthese coins is 96.0% and the average bullion value is 97.0%42.

reFerences

anzeleWsKy F. 1971, Albrecht Drer. Das malerische Werk, Berlin.ariel d.t. 2006, A Numismatic Approach to the Reign o Herod the Great, Ph.D. Disserta-

tion, University o Tel-Aviv.asHton r.H.J., Weiss A.P.C. 1997, The Post-Plinthophoric Silver Drachms o Rhodes,

NC, 157, pp. 24-26.butcHer K., pontinGM. 2005, The Egyptian Billon Tetradrachm under the Julio-Clau-

dian Emperors. Fiduciary or Intrinsic?, Schweizerische Numismatische Rund-schau, 84, pp. 93-124.

calMets a. 1751, Biblisches Wrterbuch, Liegnitz.FeucHtWanGer H. 1963,Jewish Medals, reprint rom Israel Numismatic Bulletin,

5, pp. 2-7.GitlerH. 1999,Fantasy Shekels, Etmol, 25, pp. 28-29 (Hebrew).

GitlerH. 2003, The Coins, in, Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City o Jerusalem,Conducted by Nahman Avigad, 19691982, Volume II, The Finds rom Areas A, W,X2, ed. by H. Geva, Jerusalem, pp. 453-492.

40 Gitler, lorber2006, p. 25.41 notis, sHuGar, ariel, HerMan 2007.42 The analyses were carried out by Matthew Ponting: http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/archive/coins_lt_2005/index.cm?CFID=142807&CFTOKEN=42008863. To see the resultso the analysis, click on Query, and select Tyre under the section Mint. For the analyticaltechnique used or these analysis see: butcHer, pontinG 2005, pp. 105, 124.

Fig. 13. Tyrian sheqel dated 33/34 AD.


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GitlerH., lorberc. 2006, A New Chronology or the Ptolemaic Yehud Coinage, Ameri-can Journal o Numismatics, 18, pp. 1-41.

GitlerH., KaHanovy. 2002, The Ascalon 1988 Hoard (CH 9. 548) A Periplus to Ascalonin the Late Hellenistic Period?, in Coin Hoards Volume IX, Greek Hoards, ed. by A.Meadows, U. Wartenberg (Royal Numismatic Society Special Publication No.35), London, pp. 259-268.

Grierson p. 1955, The Thirty Pieces o Silver and Coins o Rhodes, The NumismaticCircular, 63, No. 10, p. 422.

Hendin d. 2001, Guide to Biblical Coins, Fourth Edition, New York.Hendin d. 2005, Not Kosher. Forgeries o Ancient Jewish and Biblical Coins, New York.Hill G.F. 1920, Medallic Portraits o Christ: The False Shekels: The Thirty Pieces o Silver,

Oxord.

Hoovero.d. 2006, The Authorized Version: Money and Meaning in the King James Bible,American Numismatic Society Magazine, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 13-18.

IGCH= An Inventory o Greek Coin Hoards, ed. by M. Thompson, O. Mrkholm, C.M.Kraay, New York 1973.

KaHanaK. 1968, The Rambans Additions to his Commentary on the Torah, HaMaayan,9, pp. 25-47 (Hebrew).

KiscH b. 1941, Shekel Medals and False Shekels, Reprinted rom Historia JudaicaVol.III, No. 2, New York.

KnappeK-A. 1965,Drer. The Complete Engravings, Etchings and Woodcuts, New York.

MaccobyH. 1992,Judas Iscariot and the Myth o Jewish Evil, London.MlyF. 1901, Mlanges & documents, RN, 4th series, Vol. 15, pp. 262-264.MesHorerY. 2001, A Treasury o Jewish Coins, Jerusalem/New York.MesHorerY. 2006, The Third Side o the Coin, Jerusalem (Hebrew).Montanus A. 1572, Tubalcain sive de mensuris.notis M., sHuGara., ariel d.t., HerMan d. 2007, Chemical Composition o the Isya

and Qumran Coin Hoards, in Archaeological Chemistry: Analytical Techniques andArchaeological Interpretation, ed. by M.D. Glascock, R.J. Speakman, R.S. Popel-ka-Filco (American Chemical Society Symposium Series 968), WashingtonD.C., pp. 258-274.

patin C. 1683, Introductio ad historiam numismatum. Antehc Gallic bis edita; NuncLatin versa, & novis accessionibus locupletata. Amsteldami, apud Henr. Wet-stenium.

postell T.W. 1538, Linguarum duodecim characteribus dierentium alphabetum, Paris.reinacH T. 1903,Jewish Coins, London.reinerE. 1968, Thirty Pieces o Silver, Journal o the American Oriental Society,

88, No. 1, pp. 186-190.rezaK I. 2003-2006, Genuine Imitations: Jewish Use o Pseudo-Coins, Israel Numis-

matic Journal, 15, pp. 152-169.


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rouille G. 1553, Promptuaire des Mdailles, Lyon.scHMitt r., tebrucK s. 2005, Jenseits von Jerusalem. Spuren der Kreuzahrer zwischen

Harz und Elbe, Halle/Saale.vandervin J.P.A. 1980,De dertig zilverlingen, De Beeldenaar, 4, pp. 96-104.villalpandus J.B. 1604, Apparatus Urbis ac Templi Hierosolymitani, tome III, parts 1

and 2, Rome.Waseri C. 1605, De antiquis numis Hebraeorum, Chaldaeorum et Syrorum: Quorum S.

Biblia, II, Zrich.yeoMan R.S. 1961, Money o the Bible, Wisconsin.

Documents

The Thirty Pieces of Silver. a Modern Numismatic Perspective