The task:You need to create a set of slides to use as your

evaluation tools

Once created please print them out and bring to your lesson.Use images if you can

What is your point ?

Strength Weakness

SAMPLE?TASK?SETTING?

GENERALISABILITY

YOU WILL NEED ONE PP SLIDE FOR EACH EVALUATION ISSUETHINK G R A V E

RELIABILITY

RELIABILITY MEANS….

YOU NEED TO WRITE A FULL DEFINITION OF EACH EVALUATION ISSUE ON ANOTHER SLIDE

This could mean you need to look up the evaluation issue either online or in your text book – ensure accuracy.

APPLICATIONWhat does this mean?Is it the study useful?How can the findings/conclusion be applied?

VALIDITYINTERNAL?EXTERNAL? (ECOLOGICAL)

What type of validity are you referring to?

ETHICSDRIPP big CLaid down by the BPS and APS to protect participants and prevent psychology as an academic subject being discredited

Ethics refers to the way psychologists treat participants during research. At stake here are the safety and dignity of the participants. It’s up to the researcher to make sure both of these are preserved. Several ethical questions are posed by psychological research. Are participants protected from physical and emotional harm? Do they have the opportunity to withdraw midway through the study? Have they given informed consent to be studied? Are they protected from deception? Do they receive a through debriefing after the research? Plenty of researchers are prepared to answer ‘not really’ to some of these questions in the interests of finding out more about behaviour.

Consequently ‘ethics’ is a particularly fruitful area for evaluation.

ADDITIONAL EVALUATION ISSUES COULD INCLUDE:REDUCTIONISM?SCIENTIFIC OR NOT? OBJECTIVE; FALSIFIABLE, RELIABLE?

NATURE/NURTURE?ETHNOCENTRISM?DETERMINISM?THINK BEYOND THE GRAVE

ethnocentrism "the use of our own ethnic group (beliefs and values) as a basis of making judgments about other ethnic groups".

We have a tendency to view our beliefs etc. as normal and superior to those of other groups.

Psychologists assume that the way we behave in the developed western world is ‘the norm’ against which other people are compared.

Support your point with appropriate evidence from the study or theory

Support your point with appropriate evidence from the study or theory

Ecological Validity is the degree to which the behaviours observed and recorded in a study reflect the behaviours that actually occur in natural settings.

In addition, ecological validity is associated with "generalisability". Essentially this is the extent to which findings (from a study) can be generalised (or extended) to the "real world". In virtually all studies there is a trade-off between experimental control and ecological validity. The more control psychologists exert in a study, typically the less ecological validity and thus, the less they may be able to generalise. For example, when we take people out of their natural environment and study them in the lab, we are exerting some control over them and, as a result, possibly changing the way they behave, thus limiting how much we can generalise the findings to how people behave in natural settings.

Validity

Validity refers to whether a study measures or examines what it claims to measure or examine.Validity is one of those concepts that can really tie you up in knots. The more you think about it the more difficult it can become. If you know that it simply refers to whether a study measures what it claims to measure you are just about there.

We can evaluate a study for its validity in a number of ways. However, it is possible to divide validity into two types.

1. We can evaluate the validity of the measuring tool (e.g. the psychometric test, or the questionnaire etc.)

There are 3 main ways of assessing the validity of a measuring tool.

(a) Face validity refers to the extent to which a measure appears on the surface to measure what it is supposed to measure. Face validity (sometimes called surface validity) is probably the most commonly discussed type of validity.(b) Criterion validity is a way of assessing validity by comparing the results with another measure. For example, we could compare the results of an IQ test with school results. If the other measure is roughly compared at the same time we call this concurrent validity. If the other measure is compared at a much later time we call this predictive validity.(c) Construct validity is a way of assessing validity by investigating if the measure really is measuring the theoretical construct it is supposed to be. For example, many theories of intelligence see intelligence as comprising a number of different skills and therefore to have construct validity an IQ test would have to test these different skills.

2. We can also evaluate the validity of the procedure of a study.

There are 2 main ways of assessing the validity of a procedure.

(a) Internal validity is related to what actually happens in a study. In terms of an experiment it refers to whether the independent variable really has had an effect on the dependent variable or whether the dependent variable was caused by some other confounding variable. (b) External validity refers to whether the findings of a study really can be generalised beyond the present study. We can break external validity down into two types.Population validity - which refers to the extent to which the findings can be generalised to other populations of people.Ecological validity - which refers to the extent to which the findings can be generalised beyond the present situation.