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Jefferson and the Triumph of Democracy
• Jefferson does not retaliate against the Federalists
• Jeffersonian Democracy– Farmer's interests are put first– Cities and Industry are nasty, let them
rot.
Debt Reduction
• Slashing the Military down to 3000 people
• 1800: $83 million
• 1809: $57 million
• Land sales are key also
Marbury vs. Madison (1803)
• Are last minute appointments by Adams valid?
• Supreme Court says no but by doing so, it establishes Judicial Review, the power to interpret the Constitution
Louisiana Purchase
• Napoleon needs money to fight UK
• Jefferson buys Louisiana for $15 million– This violates his small government claims– But it will help farmers, so he doesn't care
about ideals.
• Doubles size of the US
International Impotence
• American ships are seized in European wars
• The Chesapeake Incident– 1807: USS Chesapeake is attacked and
captured by the British to seize some of its crew.
– Jefferson demands apology, British refuse
Embargo Act (1807)
• Closes Sea Trade Until British and French Apologize and Compensate Us
• They ignore it and New England goes broke
• Jefferson overestimates US financial influence
Tecumseh
• Organizes alliance against settlers going west
• Governor Harrison moves against him– Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)
• Tecumseh's allies are defeated and flee
The War Hawks
• Congress of 1810 wants war– Dominated by Frontiersmen and Britain-
haters
• Ships still being seized
• US declares War in 1812
American Weaknesses
• Tiny Army
• Poor Logistics and Supply
• New England Militia Doesn't Want War
• Weak Navy
Canadian Weaknesses
• Tiny Army
• Huge Front
• British Problems– Distance– Napoleonic Wars keep most troops in Europe.
Initial Bungling (1812)
• Western Front– General Hull is defeated, loses Detroit
• New York Disasters– Battle of Queenstown Heights (October
13, 1812)• US forces crushed horribly while Militia
watches, does nothing
– Henry Dearborn = failure in north NY
• New England won't support war
The War at Sea
– US relies on piracy by Navy
– Black sailors key to Navy (25%)
– Over 3000 merchant ships captured by US or UK
• The USS Constitution
Mixed Results (1813)
• Failure at Raisin River (January 1813)
• Commodore Perry's victory at Put-in-Bay (September 10, 1813)
– General William Henry Harrison—Thames River (October 5, 1813) frees Northwest; death of Tecumseh.
• The burning of York (April 27, 1813)
• Niagara dithering
• Failure in northern New York
British Counterattack (1814)
• Reinforcements from Europe
• NY: Battle of Plattsburgh (Naval) turns back the invasion
• MD: Washington, DC is sacked and burned by the British
– Ft. McHenry holds off British navy at Baltimore and they withdraw
The War of 1812 in the West
• The Creek War– Red Stick Creeks ally with Tecumseh– General Andrew Jackson in charge– US allies with the Cherokee– Battle of Horseshoe Bend (March 1814)
• 800 of 1000 Red Stick Creek die
Hartford Convention (December 15, 1814 to January 5, 1815)
• New England Federalists meet
• Goal: Amend Constitution to prevent future wars
– Remove 3/5ths clause– 2/3rds majority for wars and embargos
• End of War deflates convention
• Federalists now collapse
Treaty of Ghent (December 24, 1814)
• Return to Pre-war status
• No pre-war problems are settled or resolved
• War just ends
Battle of New Orleans
• Jackson commands Gulf Coast
• Battle of New Orleans (January 8, 1815)– 4,000 Americans defeat 8/9,000 British– British lose 2,322– US loses 314– Jackson becomes a national hero
Aftermath
• Native American power is shattered
• US has stronger sense of nationalism
• We convince ourselves we TOTALLY won the war.
Federalist Collapse
• After the war, the Federalists collapse– Hartford Con. Ends up looking treasonous– Younger Federalists defect to Jefferson's
party
Economic Nationalism
• War shows need for improvements
• Policies:– Harbor and Navigation improvements– Road Construction– Second National Bank (to provide credit)– Tariffs to protect New England manufactures
Foreign Affairs
• John Quincy Adams, Secretary of State (1817-1825)
• Anglo-American Accord (1818)
• Settles border with Canada
• FINALLY settles those old debts from the 1770s!
• Trans-Continental Treaty of 1819
• Settles border with Spain
Judicial Nationalism
• John Marshal (1801-35)
• Fletcher v. Peck (1810)– Sanctity of Contract (despite land fraud)
• Dartmouth v. Woodward (1819)– College charters are contracts, so can't
be broken!
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
• Can states tax the National Bank?
• Marshall Court says no, because – “the power to tax is the power to destroy”– Federal agencies not subject to state law
Crisis of 1820
• North is angry over War of 1812
• They try to block Missouri entering the Union as a slave state
• Missouri Compromise
– Missouri: Slave state
– Maine: Free state
– Line drawn to divide territories for future between slave and free
The Election of 1824
• Crawford– Traditional Small Government
• Clay and Adams• Time to Modernize--The American System
• Jackson– Vote for me because I am a badass
Election Results
Popular Vote
• Jackson: 151, 271
• John Quincy Adams: 113,122
• Crawford: 40,856
• Henry Clay: 47,351
Electoral Vote
• Jackson: 99
• John Quincy Adams: 84
• Crawford: 41
• Henry Clay: 37