The State of Commodity Dependence 2019...GE.19-17786 (E) State of Commodity Dependence 2019 Corrigendum Page ii For eISBN: 978-92-1-004034-1 read eISBN: 978-92-1-004301-4 Page 10,

U N I T E D N AT I O N S C O N F E R E N C E O N T R A D E A N D D E V E L O P M E N T

2019

STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE

Geneva, 2019

GE.19-17786 (E)

State of Commodity Dependence 2019

Corrigendum

Page ii

For eISBN: 978-92-1-004034-1 read eISBN: 978-92-1-004301-4

Page 10, figure 13

Replace the figure with the following figure:

Page 27, table

Replace row 25 (Japan) with the following:

0

20

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9

10

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12

13

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2004

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Exte

rnal d

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t (p

erc

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ge o

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DP

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Pub

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DP

)

Public consumption

Externaldebt

(right axis)

Zambia

United Nations UNCTAD/DITC/COM/2019/1/Corr.1

United Nations Conference

on Trade and Development Sales No. E.19.II.D.8

15 October 2019

English only

© 2019, United Nations

All rights reserved worldwide

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The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations or its officials or Member States.

This publication has been edited externally.

United Nations publication issued by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.

UNCTAD | DITC | COM | 2019 | 1

ISBN: 978-92-1-112945-8

eISBN: 978-92-1-004034-1

Sales no.: E.19.II.D.8

Print ISSN: 2663-7111

Online ISSN: 2663-712X

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iii

ACkNOwlEDgEMENTS

Acknowledgements

The State of Commodity Dependence 2019 was prepared by the Commodities Branch of the Division on International Trade and Commodities of UNCTAD, under the overall guidance of Pamela Coke-Hamilton, Division Director. Yanchun Zhang, Chief of Commodities Branch, led the writing team, comprising Rodrigo Carcamo and Alexandra laurent.

The report benefited from comments received from UNCTAD colleagues Janvier Nkurunziza and Romain Perez. Onno Hoffmeister provided the commodity price series included in the report. Catherine katongola and Danièle Boglio of the Commodities Branch provided administrative assistance.

Magali Studer created the publication’s cover and was responsible for the desktop publishing and graphics.

For further information about this publication, please contact the Commodities Branch, Division on International Trade and Commodities, UNCTAD, Palais des Nations, CH-1211 geneva 10, Switzerland, tel. +41 22 917 56 76, e-mail: [email protected].

Table of contents IntroductionChapter 1

Key Findings from the Report

Chapter 2 Country Statistical

Profiles

List of Country Statistical Profiles

mailto:commodities%40unctad.org?subject=

THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2019

iv

IntroductionA country is considered to be export-commodity-dependent when more than 60 per cent of its total merchandise exports are composed of commodities. given that commodity dependence can have a negative impact on a country’s economic development, it is extremely important to monitor the evolution of such dependence in countries throughout the world. In particular, detailed statistics on commodity dependence provide an invaluable tool for a comprehensive analysis of its causes and consequences, and contribute significantly to the policy debate about measures necessary to address it in the short and long terms.

The UNCTAD report titled State of Commodity Dependence is published every two years. This 2019 issue contains statistical profiles for 189 countries comprising 30 indicators aimed at describing the extent of each country’s export and import commodity dependence, as well as key structural and socioeconomic variables that are related to the commodity dependence phenomenon, such as growth of gross domestic product (gDP) and per capita gDP levels, the Human Development Index, value added by sector of the economy and institutional quality index, among others.

In order to expand the knowledge about commodity dependence, some changes have been made since the 2016 edition of the report. For example, statistical profiles for individual developed countries and economies in transition have been added to those for individual developing countries. Also, the key socioeconomic and structural indicators in each country profile have been revised, and an additional historical reference point (the year 1995, when UNCTADStat started to disaggregate trade data) has been included for each monitored variable.

Further, an analytical chapter has been included in this 2019 issue of the State of Commodity Dependence to complement the rich statistical section. The following are its key elements:

• Characterizes and quantifies the state of commodity dependence around the world.

• Presents the evolution of world commodity dependence over the past 20 years and provides examples of how exports of countries with different economic structures and commodity dependence have evolved during this period.

• Examines how economic growth and external debt deteriorated in many CDDCs following the drop in commodity prices from their peak values.

• Explores the relationship between the level of development (measured in terms of gDP per capita), and export concentration, in countries with different compositions of their export basket.

The topics covered in the analytical chapter of the State of Commodity Dependence 2019 are elaborated in more detail in a background paper entitled “Commodity Dependence: A Twenty-Year Perspective” (UNCTAD/DITC/COM/2019/2).

Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted, but acknowledgement is requested, together with a copy of the publication containing the quotation or reprint, to be sent to the UNCTAD secretariat.




Profiles


https://unctad.org/en/pages/PublicationWebflyer.aspx?publicationid=2440

v

TABlE OF CONTENTS

Table of contents

Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv

Abbreviations and Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi

Chapter 1 - key Findings from the Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Chapter 2 - Country Statistical Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

list of Country Statistical Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Commodity-Dependent Countries and country classifications, 2013–2017. . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Explanatory Notes for the Country Statistical Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

list of Standard International Trade Classification (SITC), Third Revision Codes . . . . . . . . 237




Profiles



vi

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

CDC commodity-dependent country

CDDC commodity-dependent developing country

EIA Energy Information Administration (United States)

GDP gross domestic product

Ha hectare

HDI Human Development Index

LDC least developed country

LLDC landlocked developing country

OPEC Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries

SIDS small island developing States

SITC Standard International Trade Classification

USDA United States Department of Agriculture

USGS United States geological Survey




Profiles


KEY FINDINGS FROM THE REPORT

CHAPTER 1


THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2019THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2019




Profiles


2

More than half of all countries, and two thirds of developing countries are commodity-dependent

• A country is commodity-dependent if commodities account for more than 60 per cent of its total merchandise exports (in value terms).

• In the period 2013–2017, 102 out of 189 countries (54 per cent) were commodity-dependent. An

dorra

, L

uxem

bour

g

Antig

ua a

nd B

arbu

da,

Baha

mas

, Bar

bado

s,

Dom

inic

a

Bahr

ain

Brun

ei D

arus

sala

mCa

bo V

erde

Com

oros

Cypr

us, M

alta

Fiji,

Nau

ru,

Pala

u, V

anua

tu

Gren

ada,

Sai

nt V

ince

nt

and

the

Gren

adin

es

Kirib

ati,

Mic

rone

sia

(Fed

erat

ed S

tate

s of

),So

lom

on Is

land

s, To

nga

Mal

dive

s

Mar

shal

l Isl

ands

Mau

ritiu

s

Qata

r

Sain

t Kitt

s an

d Ne

vis

Sain

t Luc

ia,

Trin

idad

and

Toba

go

Sam

oa, T

uval

u

Sao

Tom

ean

d Pr

inci

peSe

yche

lles

Sing

apor

e Tim

or-L

este

0–20

20–4

040

–60

60–8

080

–100

Data

not

ava

ilabl

e or

not

incl

uded

in th

e re

port

Sou

rce:

A

utho

rs, b

ased

on

data

from

UN

CTA

DS

tat.

Fig

ure

1.

Deg

ree

of

com

mo

dit

y ex

po

rt d

epen

den

ce o

f al

l co

untr

ies

in t

he w

orl

d, 2

013–

2017

(p

erce

ntag

e)





Profiles


3

Two out of five commodity-dependent countries are located in sub-Saharan Africa

Nine out of ten sub-Saharan African countries are commodity-dependent • By region, 89 per cent of sub-Saharan African countries are commodity-dependent, compared to two thirds of

the countries in the Middle East and North Africa, half of the countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, and half of the countries in East Asia and the Pacific. On the other hand, only a quarter of countries in South Asia and in Europe and the Central Asia region are considered commodity-dependent, while there are no commodity-dependent countries in North America.

Figure 3.Distribution of commodity-dependent and non-commodity-dependent countries within each geographic region, 2013–2017 (percentage)

Source: Authors, based on data from UNCTADStat and country classification by region of the World Bank (accessed on 3 December 2018).

-

20

40

60

80

100

89

Sub-

Saha

ran

Afric

a

65

Mid

dle

East

and

North

Afri

ca

53

East

Asi

a an

d Pa

ci�c

52

Latin

Am

eric

a an

dth

e Ca

ribbe

an

25

Euro

pe a

ndCe

ntra

l Asi

a

North

Am

eric

a

Perc

enta

ge

25

Sout

h As

ia

Commodity-dependent countries in the region Non–commodity-dependent countries in the region

Figure 2.Distribution of commodity-dependent countries by geographic region, 2013–2017 (percentage and number of countries)

Source: Authors, based on data from UNCTADStat and country classification by region of the World Bank (accessed on 3 December 2018).

Sub-Saharan Africa(42 countries)

41%

East Asia and Paci�c(16 countries)

16%

Europe and Central Asia(12 countries)12%

Latin America and the Caribbean(17 countries)

17%

Middle East and North Africa(13 countries)

13%South Asia (2 countries)2%

THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2019THE STATE OF COMMODITY DEPENDENCE 2019




Profiles


4

Figure 4.Distribution of commodity-dependent and non-commodity-dependent countries within each commodity group, 2013–2017(percentage and number of countries)

Com

oros

, Sey

chel

les

Fiji,

Kiri

bati,

Mic

rone

sia

(Fed

erat

ed S

tate

s of

), Pa

lau,

Sol

omon

Isla

nds,

To

nga,

Van

uatu

Gam

bia

Jam

aica

Mal

dive

sNa

uru

Qata

r

Sain

t Luc

ia,

Trin

idad

and

Tob

ago

Sao

Tom

e an

dPr

inci

pe

Non-

com

mod

ity d

epen

dent

cou

ntrie

s

Depe

nden

ce o

n ex

ports

of m

iner

als,

ore

s an

d m

etal

sDe

pend

ence

on

expo

rts o

f agr

icul

tura

l pro

duct

sDe

pend

ence

on

ener

gy e

xpor

ts

Data

not

ava

ilabl

e or

not

incl

uded

in th

e re

port

Non-

com

mod

ities

(87

coun

tries

)

46%

Agric

ultu

re(3

7 co

untri

es)

20%

17% 1

7%En

ergy

(3

2 co

untri

es)

Min

eral

s(3

3 co

untri

es)

Source: Authors, based on data from UNCTADStat.





Profiles


5

Commodity dependence is almost exclusively a developing-country phenomenon

• Only 13 per cent of developed countries are commodity-dependent, compared with almost two thirds (64 per cent) of developing and transition economies.

• Commodity dependence is particularly concentrated in the least developed and most vulnerable country groups, as follows: 85 per cent of least developed countries (LDCs),1 81 per cent of landlocked developing countries (LLDCs), and 57 per cent of small island developing States (SIDS).

• Using the World Bank country classification by income groups, 91 per cent of low-income countries are dependent on their commodity exports, compared with less than one third of high-income countries.

1 UNCTADStat has no trade data for South Sudan.

Figure 5.Distribution of commodity-dependent and non-commodity-dependent countries within each development group, 2013–2017(percentage)

Source: Authors, based on data from UNCTADStat and UNCTAD country classification.

-

85

Leas

tDe

velo

ped

Coun

tries

57

Smal

lIs

land

sDe

velo

ping

Stat

es

81

Land

lock

edde

velo

ping

coun

tries

13

Deve

lope

dco

untri

es

64

Deve

lopi

ngco

untri

es and

Tran

sitio

nec

onom

ies

Perc

enta

ge

Commodity-dependent countries Non-commodity-dependent countries

20

40

60

80

100

Figure 6.Distribution of commodity-dependent and non-commodity-dependent countries within each income group, 2013–2017(percentage)


Low

inco

me

Low

er-

mid

dle

inco

me

Uppe

r-m

iddl

ein

com

e

High

inco

me

Perc

enta

ge

Commodity-dependent countries Non-commodity-dependent countries

91

53 55

32

-

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100





Profiles


6

The number of commodity-dependent countries has increased over the past 20 years

• The number of commodity-dependent countries increased from 92 in 1998–2002 to 1022 in 2013–2017, but the number of countries dependent on the export of agricultural products declined from 50 to 37 between these two periods, while the number of mineral-dependent countries steadily rose, from 14 to 33, and the number of energy-dependent countries increased from 28 to 32.

The dominant export product group changed in only 25 per cent of countries

• During the period 1998–2017, the dominant export product groups (agriculture, minerals, energy, or non-commodities) of 142 countries out of the 189 in the sample (75 per cent) remained unchanged.

2 Data on trade started to be reported separately for Indonesia and Timor-Leste from 2012 and for Serbia and Montenegro from 2008.

Figure 7.Evolution of the number of commodity-dependent countries by commodity group, five–year averages between 1998 and 2017(number of countries)


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

50

44

38 37

Agricultural products

2831 33 32

Energy

14

20

26

33

Minerals

95 93 9287

Non-commodities

Num

ber o

f cou

ntrie

s

2013–20171998–2002 2003–2007 2008–2012





Profiles


7

Changes in commodity prices partly explain the evolution of commodity dependence by product group

• Between 1998–2002 and 2008–2012, commodity prices increased substantially, but fell in 2013–2017, although they remained significantly higher than the prices registered in 1998–2002 or even in 2003–2007. But price increases varied by commodity group: the prices of energy and minerals increased much more than those of agricultural and manufactured goods.

• Therefore, relative price changes among these different commodity groups and relative to the price of manufactures contributed to changes in the dominant product groups exported. For example, during the period 2008–2012 when energy prices peaked, non-commodity-exporting countries with a sizeable energy sector, such as Egypt and Indonesia, became temporarily energy-export-dependent. Similarly, some countries switched from being dependent on agricultural exports in 1998–2002 to energy or mineral-dependent (e.g. Plurinational State of Bolivia and Mozambique) in 2008-2012 as energy and mineral prices soared.

Figure 8.Evolution of commodity price indices, five-year averages between 1998 and 2017(base period 1998–2002=100)


-

100

200

300

400

1998–2002 2003–2007 2008–2012 2013–2017

Inde

x 19

98–2

002=

100

Manufactures Unit Value IndexMinerals Energy Agricultural products

Figure 9.Ratio of commodity price indices, five-year averages between 1998 and 2017(base period 1998–2002=100)


0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

2.0Minerals vs agriculture

Energy vs agriculture

Energy vs minerals

Inde

x 19

98–2

002=

100

1998–2002 2003–2007 2008–2012 2013–2017





Profiles


8

Commodity price busts can hurt CDDCs’ growth…

• Commodity-dependent developing countries are vulnerable to negative commodity price shocks and commodity price volatility.

• As shown in figure 10, the average commodity price levels in the period 2013–2017 were substantially below their peak of the 2008–2010 period. For example, energy prices fell by 23.5 per cent, mineral prices by 13.7 per cent and agricultural prices by 12.8 per cent.

• The negative terms-of-trade shock, together with other factors, both external and domestic, contributed to an economic slowdown in 64 commodity-dependent countries,3 with several of them registering a recession in 2013–2017.

3 Only one out the 64 countries is a developed country (i.e. Australia). Also, 27 non-commodity-dependent countries experienced a deceleration of growth, and 4 of those (i.e. Bahamas, Belarus, Dominica and Ukraine) experienced recessions during the period.

Figure 10.Monthly commodity price indices, 1998–2018 (base year 2015=100)


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Inde

x 20

15 =

100

Agricultural products Energy Minerals

Figure 11.Average annual growth of GDP in selected countries, 2008–2012 and 2013–2017 (percentage points)

Source: Authors, based on data from UNCTADStat

-15 -10 -5 0 5 10

Brazil

Suriname

Timor-Leste

Central African Republic

Chad

Venezuela (Bolivarian Rep. of)

Equatorial Guinea

Percentage points

Change between both periods2008–2012 2013–2017





Profiles


9

…and their fiscal positions

• As their economies slowed down, many commodity-dependent developing countries’ fiscal situation deteriorated, resulting in the accumulation of public debt, often in the form of an increase in external debt. Indeed, the external debt of 17 commodity-dependent developing countries increased by more than 25 per cent of GDP between 2008 and 2017 (figure 12). A large proportion of them (82.3 per cent) are either mineral- or energy-dependent countries.

Figure 12.External debt-to-GDP ratio in selected countries, 2008 and 2017 (percentage)

Source: Authors, based on data from World Bank, World Development Indicators database

Mongolia

Papua New Guinea

Mozambique

Armenia

Zimbabwe

Kyrgyzstan

Tajikistan

Mauritania

Senegal

Montenegro

Niger

Gabon

Azerbaijan

Ghana

Uganda

Djibouti

Kazakhstan

2008 2017

80–105

85–112

16–43

19–47

9–37

14–42

18–46

33–66

21–54

50–84

48–82

71–108

17–63

31–90

30–97

12–82

39–245





Profiles


10

• During commodity price booms, the sudden inflow of additional public revenues provides resources to finance increases in public consumption. However, such increases, fuelled by a temporary increase in public income, may be difficult to contain or reverse after sudden declines in commodity prices. For example, public consumption grew in Mozambique and Zambia during the period 2011–2016 when aluminium and copper prices stagnated or fell (figure 13).

Figure 13.Public consumption and external debt in Mozambique and Zambia, 2004–2017 (percentage of GDP)

Source: Authors, based on data from World Bank, World Development Indicators database.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

-

5

10

15

20

25

30

Exte

rnal

deb

t (p

erce

ntag

e of

GDP

)

Publ

ic c

onsu

mpt

ion

(per

cent

age

of G

DP)

Public consumption

External

debt

(right axis)

Mozambique

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

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External

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(right axis)

Zambia

Publ

ic c

onsu

mpt

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(per

cent

age

of G

DP)

2004

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2011

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2017

Exte

rnal

deb

t (p

erce

ntag

e of

GDP

)





Profiles


11

While remaining commodity-dependent, some energy-export-dependent CDDCs managed to increase the share of their non-commodity exports by adding value in their downstream sectors…

• In some energy-export-dependent countries, such as Egypt, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Oman, Saudi Arabia, and Trinidad and Tobago, the share of chemicals (manufactured products downstream from their main exports) in total merchandise exports increased by more than five percentage points between 1998–2002 and 2013–2017. Oman increased the share of chemicals in its exports from 1 per cent to 9.5 per cent during this period, mainly due to the increase in its exports of fertilizers and other derivatives, while Trinidad and Tobago increased the share of chemicals in its exports from 19.4 per cent to 27.7 per cent (figure 14).

• Some countries such as the United Arab Emirates, Qatar and Saudi Arabia significantly increased their refining capacity and production of processed petroleum and gas products (figure 15a). Some of these countries and a few others like Bahrein also took advantage of their abundant energy resources by diversifying into energy-intensive aluminium production (figure 16).

Figure 14.Evolution of export shares in Oman and Trinidad and Tobago, five-year averages between 1998 and 2017 (percentage of total merchandise exports)

Source: Authors, based on data from UNCTADStat

82

1 4 110

71

6 410 8

0102030405060708090

100

Energy Minerals Agriculture Chemicals Other non-commodities

Perc

enta

ge o

f tot

al m

erch

andi

se

expo

rts

1998-2002 2003-2007 2008-2012 2013-2017

Oman

55

07

19 16

56

1 3

28

11

0102030405060708090

100

Energy Minerals Agriculture Chemicals Other non-commodities

Perc

enta

ge o

f tot

al m

erch

andi

se

expo

rts

Trinidad and Tobago





Profiles


12

Figure 15b.Production of petroleum products in Azerbaijan, Nigeria and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (right axis), 1998–2017 (1,000 barrels per day)

Source: Authors, based on data from OPEC Annual Statistical Bulletin (various years).Note: The petroleum products data provided by OPEC can be disaggregated into gasoline, kerosene, distillates, residuals and others.

700

900

1 100

1 300

0

200

400

600

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Vene

zuel

a (B

oliv

aria

n Re

publ

ic o

f) –

1 00

0 Ba

rrel

s pe

r day

1 00

0 Ba

rrel

s pe

r day

Azerbaijan Nigeria Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) (right axis)

Figure 15a.Production of petroleum products in Qatar, Saudi Arabia (right axis) and the United Arab Emirates, 1998–2017 (1,000 barrels per day)

In some energy-export-dependent CDDCs, value-added in downstream activities stagnated or fell

• In Azerbaijan, Nigeria and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela production of petroleum derivative products fell (figure 15b). Similarly, production of aluminium fell in energy-dependent CDDCs such as Azerbaijan and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (figure 16) and stagnated in others such as Nigeria.

1 500

1 700

1 900

2 100

2 300

2 500

2 700

2 900

0

400

800

1 200

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

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Saud

i Ara

bia

–1 0

00 B

arre

ls p

er d

ay

1 00

0 Ba

rrel

s pe

r day

Qatar United Arab Emirates Saudi Arabia (right axis)





Profiles


13

Figure 16.Aluminium production in selected countries, 1998–2017 (1,000 tons)

Source: Authors based on data from the United States Geological Survey.

300

800

1 300

1 800

2 300

0

500

1 000

1 500

2 000

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

Unite

d Ar

ab E

mira

tes

– 1

000

met

ric to

ns

1 00

0 to

ns

Bahrain QatarSaudi Arabia Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) United Arab Emirates (right axis)





Profiles


14

Despite higher commodity dependence, some CDDCs managed to expand their manufacturing exports

• For example, in Brazil, the share of commodity exports increased from 44.3 per cent in 1998–2002 to 62.8 per cent in 2013–2017. While its non-commodity exports, notably its auto industry, grew by 160 per cent and accounted for 29.1 per cent of the growth of exports, its agricultural exports grew even faster, at 390 per cent, and accounted for 42.8 per cent of the increase in export value during this period (figure 17).

Figure 17.Brazil: Evolution of total merchandise exports by commodity group, 1998–2002 and 2013–2017 (percentage of total merchandise exports and billions of US dollars)

Source: Authors, based on data from UNCTADStat.Note: Machinery refers to machinery and transport equipment.

2013–20171998–2002

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Perc

enta

ge o

f tot

al

mer

chan

dise

exp

orts

Chemicals

Chemicals

Energy

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Other non-commodities


Minerals

Minerals

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Agriculture

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Profiles


15

• In Colombia, commodity export dependence increased from 66.5 per cent in 1998–2002 to 80.6 per cent in 2013–2017, mainly due to a large increase in the value of energy exports (petroleum and coal). Its non-commodity exports also grew, by 110 per cent, and accounted for 14 per cent of the increase in the country’s total exports during this period. Note in the figure that exports of chemicals and other non-commodities increased, together with those of agricultural products (figure 18).

Figure 18.Colombia: Evolution of total merchandise exports by commodity group, 1998–2002 and 2013–2017(percentage of total merchandise exports and billions of US dollars)

Source: Authors, based on data from UNCTADStat.Note: Machinery refers to machinery and transport equipment.

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Profiles


16

Some CDDCs dependent on energy and mineral exports diversified their exports by boosting agriculture

• Rwanda has become a mineral-export-dependent CDDC over the last 20 years. However, it has also boosted its agricultural exports, which explains 34.2 per cent of the increase in export value. Especially dynamic have been its exports of tropical beverages (coffee and tea) and other agricultural products (figure 19).

Figure 19.Rwanda: Evolution of total merchandise exports by commodity group, 1998–2002 and 2013–2017 (percentage of total merchandise exports and billions of US dollars)


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Tropical beverages

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Energy

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Non-commodities





Profiles


17

• Cameroon has remained an energy-export-dependent CDDC, but its agricultural exports have increased significantly in value terms over the past 20 years (figure 20). Their increase accounted for 38 per cent of the increase in the country’s total export value during the period. This was due, in particular, to the dynamism of its cocoa exports, and, to a lesser extent, some agricultural raw materials, fruits and nuts.

Figure 20.Cameroon: Evolution of total merchandise exports by commodity group, 1998–2002 and 2013–2017(percentage of total merchandise exports and billions of US dollars)


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Agricultural raw materials


Tropical beverages

Tropical beverages



Energy

Energy

Minerals

Minerals

Non-commodities

Non-commodities





Profiles


18

In some CDDCs dependent on energy and mineral exports, the agricultural sector contracted, and export concentration increased

• In Chad, for example, the value of its exports boomed after oil extraction started in 2003 (figure 21). However, cotton exports fell by 40.3 per cent in value terms between 1998–2002 and 2013–2017, resulting from a large reduction in their production and area under cultivation.

• Despite some increases in exports of oilseeds and gum Arabic, the value of Chad’s agricultural exports fell by 16 per cent. This led to the share of agricultural exports in total exports shrinking from 92.5 per cent to 5.8 per cent (figure 22).

Figure 21.Chad: Petroleum production (1,000 barrels per day), cotton production (1,000 480-lb bales) and cultivated area (1,000 ha), 1990–2018

Source: Authors, based on data from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) for cotton, and the United States Energy Information Administration (EIA) for petroleum.

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Crude oil production (right axis)Cotton productionCultivated area

Figure 22Chad: Leading export product group, 1998–2002 and 2013–2017(percentage of total merchandise exports)


1998–2002

Agricultural raw materials89% of total merchandise exports

(0.94 billion US dollars)

2013-2017

Energy87% of total merchandise exports

(12.3 billion US dollars)





Profiles


19

• In Equatorial Guinea, petroleum production started in 1994 and peaked in 2004. The cocoa sector, which had been important before the oil boom, registered a fall in production of 93.9 per cent between 1990 and 2017 (figure 23). By 2013–2017, energy accounted for 91 per cent of exports, mostly in crude petroleum form (figure 24).

Figure 24.Equatorial Guinea: Evolution of total merchandise exports by commodity group, 1998–2002 and 2013–2017(percentage of total merchandise exports)


0

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Tropical beverages Agricultural raw materials

Other agriculturalproducts

Energy Minerals Non-commodities

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2013–20171998–2002

Figure 23.Equatorial Guinea: Petroleum production (1,000 barrels per day) and cocoa production (100 tons), 1990–2018

Source: Authors, based on data from FAOSTAT for cocoa and OPEC’s Annual Statistical Bulletin 2018 for petroleum.

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Crude oil production (right axis)Cocoa production





Profiles


20

Diversification and income: A non-linear relationship

• Our data4 suggest that a non-linear relationship exists between a country’s income (proxied by GDP per capita) and its export diversification, measured by Theil’s T concentration index. For high values of that index, increased diversification is associated with lower levels of income per capita, but for middle and low values of the Theil’s T concentration index, higher diversification is associated with higher income per capita.

• Figure 25 is divided into four quadrants using the median values of export concentration and GDP per capita. It shows that relatively wealthy and diversified countries are located in the north-east quadrant of the figure, and most of them are non-commodity-dependent. The exceptions are commodity-dependent developed countries, such as Australia (minerals) and New Zealand (agriculture) and a few commodity-dependent developing countries, such as the United Arab Emirates (energy), Mauritius (apparel), Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay (agriculture), as well as Montenegro (minerals).

• Relatively poor and less diversified countries are located in the south-west quadrant, which contains countries dependent on minerals and agriculture, but also half of all apparel-exporting countries and one third of all energy-dependent countries. Only two non-commodity dependent countries appear in this quadrant: Cabo Verde and Bhutan. Also, in this quadrant are 36 out of 42 LDCs (85.7 per cent), as well as 32 out of 45 sub-Saharan countries (71.1 per cent).

• The north-west quadrant, which contains relatively wealthy but export concentrated countries, is largely populated by energy-export-dependent countries (61.3 per cent of all the countries covered by the data).

• The south-east quadrant contains relatively poor but more diversified economies that are mostly non-commodity-export-dependent: half of the apparel exporters, such as El Salvador, Nepal and Sri Lanka, as well as some agriculture-dependent countries that are relatively diversified, such as Guatemala, Kenya and Uganda.

4 Based on a panel of 4,094 yearly observations of 179 countries for the period 1995–2017, the relationship between the log of GDP per capita and Theil’s T index (TEI) was tested using the following econometric model: log(gdp)=sqrt(Theil’s T)+Theil’s T. TEI, a measure of export concentration, is calculated as ,xk is the value of yearly exports of each product k according to the three-digit SITC revision 3 classification, and n is the total number of products exported by each country. and µ is the average value of exports.

Figure 25.Concentration, income and commodity dependence, 2013–2017

Source: Authors, based on data from UNCTADStat.Note: The figure uses official UNSTAT acronyms that are spelt out as follows: ARE (United Arab Emirates), ARG (Argentina), AUS

(Australia), BRA (Brazil), MNE (Montenegro), MUS (Mauritius), NZL (New Zealand), URY (Uruguay)

1.5

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ARE

ARG

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CHAPTER 2 Country Statistical

Profiles




Profiles



22


Afghanistan 31

Albania 32

Algeria 33

Andorra 34

Angola 35

Antigua and Barbuda 36

Argentina 37

Armenia 38

Australia 39

Austria 40

Azerbaijan 41

Bahamas 42

Bahrain 43

Bangladesh 44

Barbados 45

Belarus 46

Belgium 47

Belize 48

Benin 49

Bhutan 50

Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 51

Bosnia and Herzegovina 52

Botswana 53

Brazil 54

Brunei Darussalam 55

Bulgaria 56

Burkina Faso 57

Burundi 58

Cabo Verde 59

Cambodia 60

Cameroon 61

Canada 62

Central African Republic 63

Chad 64

Chile 65

China 66

Colombia 67

Comoros 68

Congo 69

Costa Rica 70

Côte d’Ivoire 71

Croatia 72

Cuba 73

Cyprus 74

Czechia 75

Democratic People’s Republic of Korea 76

Democratic Republic of the Congo 77

Denmark 78

Djibouti 79

Dominica 80

Dominican Republic 81

Ecuador 82

Egypt 83

El Salvador 84

Equatorial Guinea 85

Eritrea 86

Estonia 87

Eswatini 88

Ethiopia 89

Fiji 90

Finland 91

France 92

Gabon 93

Gambia 94

Georgia 95

Germany 96

Ghana 97

Greece 98

Grenada 99

Guatemala 100




Profiles


COUNTRY STATISTICAL PROFILES

23

Guinea 101

Guinea-Bissau 102

Guyana 103

Haiti 104

Honduras 105

Hungary 106

Iceland 107

India 108

Indonesia 109

Iran (Islamic Republic of) 110

Iraq 111

Ireland 112

Israel 113

Italy 114

Jamaica 115

Japan 116

Jordan 117

Kazakhstan 118

Kenya 119

Kiribati 120

Kuwait 121

Kyrgyzstan 122

Lao People’s Democratic Republic 123

Latvia 124

Lebanon 125

Lesotho 126

Liberia 127

Libya 128

Lithuania 129

Luxembourg 130

Madagascar 131

Malawi 132

Malaysia 133

Maldives 134

Mali 135

Malta 136

Marshall Islands 137

Mauritania 138

Mauritius 139

Mexico 140

Micronesia (Federated States of) 141

Mongolia 142

Montenegro 143

Morocco 144

Mozambique 145

Myanmar 146

Namibia 147

Nauru 148

Nepal 149

Netherlands 150

New Zealand 151

Nicaragua 152

Niger 153

Nigeria 154

Norway 155

Oman 156

Pakistan 157

Palau 158

Panama 159

Papua New Guinea 160

Paraguay 161

Peru 162

Philippines 163

Poland 164

Portugal 165

Qatar 166

Republic of Korea 167

Republic of Moldova 168

Republic of North Macedonia 169

Romania 170

Russian Federation 171

Rwanda 172

Saint Kitts and Nevis 173

Saint Lucia 174




Profiles



24

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 175

Samoa 176

Sao Tome and Principe 177

Saudi Arabia 178

Senegal 179

Serbia 180

Seychelles 181

Sierra Leone 182

Singapore 183

Slovakia 184

Slovenia 185

Solomon Islands 186

Somalia 187

South Africa 188

Spain 189

Sri Lanka 190

Sudan 191

Suriname 192

Sweden 193

Switzerland 194

Syrian Arab Republic 195

Tajikistan 196

Thailand 197

Timor-Leste 198

Togo 199

Tonga 200

Trinidad and Tobago 201

Tunisia 202

Turkey 203

Turkmenistan 204

Tuvalu 205

Uganda 206

Ukraine 207

United Arab Emirates 208

United Kingdom of Great Britain 209and Northern Ireland

United Republic of Tanzania 210

United States of America 211

Uruguay 212

Uzbekistan 213

Vanuatu 214

Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 215

Viet Nam 216

Yemen 217

Zambia 218

Zimbabwe 219




Profiles



25

The commodity-dependent countries are indicated in color in the table below (left column). This table also provides exhaustive information on all the diverse groups (e.g. geographically, economically and by income level) to which each State belongs.

Commodity-Dependent Countries and country classifications

Countries and Commodity-dependent countries

Region

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Afghanistan South Asia

Albania Europe and Central Asia

Algeria Middle East and North Africa

Andorra Europe and Central Asia

Angola Sub-Saharan Africa

Antigua and Barbuda Latin America and the Caribbean

Argentina Latin America and the Caribbean

Armenia Europe and Central Asia

Australia East Asia and Pacific

Austria Europe and Central Asia

Azerbaijan Europe and Central Asia

Bahamas Latin America and the Caribbean

Bahrain Middle East and North Africa

Bangladesh South Asia

Barbados Latin America and the Caribbean

Belarus Europe and Central Asia

Belgium Europe and Central Asia

Belize Latin America and the Caribbean

Benin Sub-Saharan Africa

Bhutan South Asia

Bolivia (Plurinational State of)

Latin America and the Caribbean

Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe and Central Asia

Botswana Sub-Saharan Africa

Brazil Latin America and the Caribbean

Brunei Darussalam East Asia and Pacific

Bulgaria Europe and Central Asia

Burkina Faso Sub-Saharan Africa

Development status of the

countryDevelopment

status of the countryDevelopment

status of the country

Dependence on exports of agricultural productsDependence on fuel exportsDependence on exports of minerals, ores and metalsNon-commodity dependent countries




Profiles


26



Region

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countryDevelopment



Burundi Sub-Saharan Africa

Cabo Verde Sub-Saharan Africa

Cambodia East Asia and Pacific

Cameroon Sub-Saharan Africa

Canada North America

Central African Republic Sub-Saharan Africa

Chad Sub-Saharan Africa

Chile Latin America and the Caribbean

China East Asia and Pacific

Colombia Latin America and the Caribbean

Comoros Sub-Saharan Africa

Congo Sub-Saharan Africa

Costa Rica Latin America and the Caribbean

Côte d’Ivoire Sub-Saharan Africa

Croatia Europe and Central Asia

Cuba Latin America and the Caribbean

Cyprus Europe and Central Asia

Czechia Europe and Central Asia

Democratic People’s Republic of Korea East Asia and Pacific

Democratic Republic of the Congo Sub-Saharan Africa

Denmark Europe and Central Asia

Djibouti Middle East and North Africa

Dominica Latin America and the Caribbean

Dominican Republic Latin America and the Caribbean

Ecuador Latin America and the Caribbean

Egypt Middle East and North Africa

El Salvador Latin America and the Caribbean

Equatorial Guinea Sub-Saharan Africa

Eritrea Sub-Saharan Africa

Estonia Europe and Central Asia

Eswatini Sub-Saharan Africa

Ethiopia Sub-Saharan Africa

Fiji East Asia and Pacific

Finland Europe and Central Asia





Profiles


27



Region

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countryDevelopment



France Europe and Central Asia

Gabon Sub-Saharan Africa

Gambia Sub-Saharan Africa

Georgia Europe and Central Asia

Germany Europe and Central Asia

Ghana Sub-Saharan Africa

Greece Europe and Central Asia

Grenada Latin America and the Caribbean

Guatemala Latin America and the Caribbean

Guinea Sub-Saharan Africa

Guinea-Bissau Sub-Saharan Africa

Guyana Latin America and the Caribbean

Haiti Latin America and the Caribbean

Honduras Latin America and the Caribbean

Hungary Europe and Central Asia

Iceland Europe and Central Asia

India South Asia

Indonesia East Asia and Pacific

Iran (Islamic Republic of) Middle East and North Africa

Iraq Middle East and North Africa

Ireland Europe and Central Asia

Israel Middle East and North Africa

Italy Europe and Central Asia

Jamaica Latin America and the Caribbean

Japan East Asia and Pacific

Jordan Middle East and North Africa

Kazakhstan Europe and Central Asia

Kenya Sub-Saharan Africa

Kiribati East Asia and Pacific

Kuwait Middle East and North Africa

Kyrgyzstan Europe and Central Asia

Lao People’s Democratic Republic East Asia and Pacific

Latvia Europe and Central Asia

Lebanon Middle East and North Africa





Profiles



28


Region

Dev

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Lesotho Sub-Saharan Africa

Liberia Sub-Saharan Africa

Libya Middle East and North Africa

Lithuania Europe and Central Asia

Luxembourg Europe and Central Asia

Madagascar Sub-Saharan Africa

Malawi Sub-Saharan Africa

Malaysia East Asia and Pacific

Maldives South Asia

Mali Sub-Saharan Africa

Malta Middle East and North Africa

Marshall Islands East Asia and Pacific

Mauritania Sub-Saharan Africa

Mauritius Sub-Saharan Africa

Mexico Latin America and the Caribbean

Micronesia (Federated States of) East Asia and Pacific

Mongolia East Asia and Pacific

Montenegro Europe and Central Asia

Morocco Middle East and North Africa

Mozambique Sub-Saharan Africa

Myanmar East Asia and Pacific

Namibia Sub-Saharan Africa

Nauru East Asia and Pacific

Nepal South Asia

Netherlands Europe and Central Asia

New Zealand East Asia and Pacific

Nicaragua Latin America and the Caribbean

Niger Sub-Saharan Africa

Nigeria Sub-Saharan Africa

Norway Europe and Central Asia

Oman Middle East and North Africa

Pakistan South Asia

Palau East Asia and Pacific


countryDevelopment








Profiles



29


Region

Dev

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Dev

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Tran

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Leas

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C

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Panama Latin America and the Caribbean

Papua New Guinea East Asia and Pacific

Paraguay Latin America and the Caribbean

Peru Latin America and the Caribbean

Philippines East Asia and Pacific

Poland Europe and Central Asia

Portugal Europe and Central Asia

Qatar Middle East and North Africa

Republic of Korea East Asia and Pacific

Republic of Moldova Europe and Central Asia

Republic of North Macedonia Europe and Central Asia

Romania Europe and Central Asia

Russian Federation Europe and Central Asia

Rwanda Sub-Saharan Africa

Saint Kitts and Nevis Latin America and the Caribbean

Saint Lucia Latin America and the Caribbean

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Latin America and the Caribbean

Samoa East Asia and Pacific

Sao Tome and Principe Sub-Saharan Africa

Saudi Arabia Middle East and North Africa

Senegal Sub-Saharan Africa

Serbia Europe and Central Asia

Seychelles Sub-Saharan Africa

Sierra Leone Sub-Saharan Africa

Singapore East Asia and Pacific

Slovakia Europe and Central Asia

Slovenia Europe and Central Asia

Solomon Islands East Asia and Pacific

Somalia Sub-Saharan Africa

South Africa Sub-Saharan Africa

Spain Europe and Central Asia

Sri Lanka South Asia

Sudan Sub-Saharan Africa


countryDevelopment








Profiles



30


Region

Dev

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Dev

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Suriname Latin America and the Caribbean

Sweden Europe and Central Asia

Switzerland Europe and Central Asia

Syrian Arab Republic Middle East and North Africa

Tajikistan Europe and Central Asia

Thailand East Asia and Pacific

Timor-Leste East Asia and Pacific

Togo Sub-Saharan Africa

Tonga East Asia and Pacific

Trinidad and Tobago Latin America and the Caribbean

Tunisia Middle East and North Africa

Turkey Europe and Central Asia

Turkmenistan Europe and Central Asia

Tuvalu East Asia and Pacific

Uganda Sub-Saharan Africa

Ukraine Europe and Central Asia

United Arab Emirates Middle East and North Africa

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Europe and Central Asia

United Republic of Tanzania Sub-Saharan Africa

United States of America North America

Uruguay Latin America and the Caribbean

Uzbekistan Europe and Central Asia

Vanuatu East Asia and Pacific

Venezuela (Bolivarian Rep. of) Latin America and the Caribbean

Viet Nam East Asia and Pacific

Yemen Middle East and North Africa

Zambia Sub-Saharan Africa

Zimbabwe Sub-Saharan Africa


countryDevelopment





INDIVIDUAL COUNTRY PROFILES




Profiles


31

AFGHANISTAN*

1995 2013-2017 2017

Merchandise export value (millions of US dollars) 166 591 700

Unallocated exports (as a share of merchandise exports) 2.2 13.0 3.5

Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl-Hirschmann index) 0.3399 0.3146 0.3500

Commodity export value (millions of US dollars) 132 469 628

Commodity exports (as a share of total merchandise exports) 80 79 90

Commodity exports (as a share of GDP) 4.1 2.2 2.9

Total natural resources rents (as a share of GDP) .. 0.7 0.6

Exports by commodity group (as a share of merchandise exports) 80 79 90

Agricultural commodities 77 59 66

Fuels – 7 8

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold 2 13 15

Three leading commodity exports (as a share of total merchandise exports) 19 43 50

[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried 17 27 33

[292] Crude vegetable materials, n.e.s. 2 9 9

[321] Coal, whether or not pulverized, not agglomerated – 7 8

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported 80.8 109.0 102.7

Five leading destination markets of commodity exports (as a share of total commodity exports) 91

Pakistan 41

India 31

European Union (28) 10



Commodity imports (millions of US dollars) 124 3,027 3,225

Commodity imports (as a share of total merchandise imports) 32 40 44

Food imports (millions of US dollars and as a share of total merchandise imports) 64 (17) 1,919 (25) 2,052 (28)

Fuel imports (millions of US dollars and as a share of total merchandise imports) 27 (7) 921 (12) 929 (13)

Five-leading trading partners for commodity imports (as a share of total commodity imports) 70

Pakistan 29


Kazakhstan 12


Turkmenistan 5

Percentage change of GDP measured in constant 2010 prices 49.9 19.6 2.5

GDP per capita measured in constant 2010 US dollars 410 633 624

Population (thousands) 8,926 18,676 20,165

Human Development Index (value and rank) .. 0.4926 (163) 0.4980 (165)

Total employment (as a share of the population) 47.4 49.1 49.4

Share of women in total employment 12.9 15.8 16.6

Proportion of population below international poverty line – SDG 1. Indicator 1.1.1 .. ..

Gini index, latest available year .. ..

Prevalence of undernourishment (per cent) – SDG 2. Indicator 2.1.1 46.1 30.3

Value added of agriculture/industry/services (as a share of GDP) 66/11/24 24/22/54 24/22/54

Employment in agriculture/industry/services (as a share of total employment) 79/4/17 62/7/32 62/7/31

Share of women in agriculture/industry/services 15/9/6 19/13/11 20/14/11

Institutional quality index, 2018 0.1271

Control of corruption –1.29 –1.44 –1.52

Rule of law –1.79 –1.52 –1.57

MERCHANDISE AND COMMODITY EXPORT DEPENDENCE

COMMODITY IMPORT DEPENDENCE

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS

OTHER STRUCTURAL INDICATORS




Profiles


32

ALBANIA

1995 2013-2017 2017

Merchandise export value (millions of US dollars) 202 2,183 2,262






Total natural resources rents (as a share of GDP) 1.3 2.8 2.0



Fuels 3 17 7



[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude – 14 5

[287] Ores and concentrates of base metals, n.e.s. 4 5 6

[03] Fishery products 2 2 3



China 32



Serbia 9

India 6



Food imports (millions of US dollars and as a share of total merchandise imports) 374 (52) 537 (11) 456 (8)




Serbia 8


Turkey 4

Brazil 3


GDP per capita measured in constant 2010 US dollars 1,746 4,499 4,775


Human Development Index (value and rank) 0.6320 (75) 0.7774 (67) 0.7850 (66)



Proportion of population below international poverty line – SDG 1. Indicator 1.1.1 (1996) 1.1 (2012) 1.1

Gini index, latest available year (1996) 27.0 (2012) 29.0







Rule of law –0.68 –0.38 –0.40








Profiles


33

ALGERIA

1995 2013-2017 2017

Merchandise export value (millions of US dollars) 9,357 45,273 35,191

Unallocated exports (as a share of merchandise exports) – – –


Commodity export value (millions of US dollars) 9,073 44,308 34,251






Fuels 95 97 96

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold 1 – –


[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude 46 39 36

[343] Natural gas, whether or not liquefied 26 31 31

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil 18 17 18





Brazil 9

Turkey 9

Canada 6


Commodity imports (millions of US dollars) 3,804 14,218 12,450


Food imports (millions of US dollars and as a share of total merchandise imports) 3,091 (29) 9,678 (19) 8,948 (19)

Fuel imports (millions of US dollars and as a share of total merchandise imports) 116 (1) 2,594 (5) 1,938 (4)



Argentina 11

Brazil 8



















Rule of law –1.22 –0.81 –0.86





Profiles


34

ANDORRA

1995 2013-2017 2017







Total natural resources rents (as a share of GDP) – – –



Fuels – – –



[282] Ferrous waste, scrape; remelting ingots, iron, steel 1 1 1

[971] Gold, non-monetary (excluding gold ores and concentrates) – 1 –

[24 + 25] Forestry products 1 1 1



Switzerland 75


Turkey 12

Commodity imports (millions of US dollars) 356 519 520






Mauritania 1

Viet Nam 1

Switzerland 1

Percentage change of GDP measured in constant 2010 prices 2.8 –0.9 0.5


Population (thousands) .. .. ..


Total employment (as a share of the population) .. .. ..

Share of women in total employment .. .. ..



Prevalence of undernourishment (per cent) – SDG 2. Indicator 2.1.1 .. ..


Employment in agriculture/industry/services (as a share of total employment) .. .. ..

Share of women in agriculture/industry/services .. .. ..

Institutional quality index, 2018 ..

Control of corruption 1.32 1.24 1.24

Rule of law 1.16 1.56 1.60








Profiles


35

ANGOLA*

1995 2013-2017 2017


Unallocated exports (as a share of merchandise exports) 0.2 – –







Agricultural commodities 1 – –

Fuels 94 98 97




[277] Natural abrasives, n.e.s. (incl. industri. diamonds) – 2 2

[335] Residual petroleum products, n.e.s., related mater. – 2 2



China 53

India 10



Taiwan, Province of China 5







Brazil 12

Singapore 7

South Africa 7

Malaysia 6

Percentage change of GDP measured in constant 2010 prices 15.0 14.8 –2.5














Rule of law –1.63 –1.13 –1.10








Profiles


36

ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA

1995 2013-2017 2017










Fuels 47 13 7

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold 4 1 –



[042] Rice 6 3 –

[081] Feeding stuff for animals (no unmilled cereals) 3 2 2



Suriname 40

Senegal 15

Cameroon 7


Angola 4









China 8


Percentage change of GDP measured in constant 2010 prices –4.4 9.0 2.2














Rule of law 1.05 0.44 0.44








Profiles


37

ARGENTINA

1995 2013-2017 2017


Unallocated exports (as a share of merchandise exports) – 2.1 1.5








Fuels 10 4 3




[421] Fixed vegetable fats & oils, crude, refined, fractio. 10 7 8

[044] Maize (not including sweet corn), unmilled 3 6 7




China 11

Brazil 9


Viet Nam 4






Brazil 15



















Rule of law 0.08 –0.60 –0.25








Profiles


38

ARMENIA

1995 2013-2017 2017




Commodity export value (millions of US dollars) 128 1,335 1,716






Fuels 5 3 2



[283] Copper ores and concentrates; copper mattes, cemen 3 24 30

[112] Alcoholic beverages 11 10 10

[122] Tobacco, manufactured – 9 9




China 14

Georgia 11

Iraq 9










Ukraine 5

Switzerland 4















Rule of law –0.47 –0.27 –0.16








Profiles


39

AUSTRALIA

1995 2013-2017 2017










Fuels 17 27 30



[281] Iron ore and concentrates 4 23 21

[321] Coal, whether or not pulverized, not agglomerated 10 16 19




China 42

Japan 15

Republic of Korea 8

India 5





Fuel imports (millions of US dollars and as a share of total merchandise imports) 2,883 (5) 27,960 (13) 23,615 (10)


Singapore 12

Malaysia 9

New Zealand 8

Republic of Korea 8










Prevalence of undernourishment (per cent) – SDG 2. Indicator 2.1.1 < 2.5 < 2.5






Rule of law 1.71 1.79 1.68








Profiles


40

AUSTRIA

1995 2013-2017 2017


Unallocated exports (as a share of merchandise exports) 7.6 2.7 –








Fuels 1 2 2



[684] Aluminium 1 1 1


[111] Non-alcoholic beverages, n.e.s. – 1 1



Switzerland 23




Japan 4







Switzerland 7

Kazakhstan 4


Libya 1















Rule of law 1.81 1.86 1.81








Profiles


41

AZERBAIJAN

1995 2013-2017 2017










Fuels 46 91 90





[343] Natural gas, whether or not liquefied – 2 5




Indonesia 15

Thailand 8

India 6

Israel 6








Ukraine 9

Brazil 7

Turkey 6







Proportion of population below international poverty line – SDG 1. Indicator 1.1.1 (1995) 7.3 (2005) –


Prevalence of undernourishment (per cent) – SDG 2. Indicator 2.1.1 23.0 < 2.5






Rule of law –1.20 –0.63 –0.56








Profiles


42

BAHAMAS

1995 2013-2017 2017







Total natural resources rents (as a share of GDP) 0.1 – –



Fuels 11 28 32










India 9

Ecuador 8

Mozambique 7







Colombia 8


Brazil 6

India 4



Population (thousands) 192 306 314












Rule of law 1.15 0.47 0.19








Profiles


43

BAHRAIN

1995 2013-2017 2017










Fuels 17 43 43




[684] Aluminium 40 17 18





Saudi Arabia 10


Japan 8







Saudi Arabia 61


Australia 5


Brazil 4



Population (thousands) 393 1,105 1,198







Value added of agriculture/industry/services (as a share of GDP) 1/36/63 –/44/56 –/40/60


Share of women in agriculture/industry/services –/5/24 1/5/30 1/5/29


Control of corruption 0.33 0.14 –0.14

Rule of law –0.01 0.41 0.45








Profiles


44

BANGLADESH*

1995 2013-2017 2017










Fuels – – –

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold – – –



[054] Vegetables – – –

[121] Tobacco, unmanufactured; tobacco refuse – – –




India 15

China 10

Saudi Arabia 6







India 16

Singapore 9

Brazil 8

Indonesia 8

Malaysia 7


GDP per capita measured in constant 2010 US dollars 428 972 1,085













Rule of law –0.93 –0.75 –0.67








Profiles


45

BARBADOS

1995 2013-2017 2017










Fuels 14 13 11











Jamaica 8

Bahamas 6









Canada 6

Suriname 4















Rule of law 1.05 0.94 0.66








Profiles


46

BELARUS

1995 2013-2017 2017










Fuels 5 29 25




[022] Milk, cream and milk products (excluding butter, cheese) – 3 3






Ukraine 18

Kazakhstan 1









Ukraine 4

Turkey 1

Norway 1















Rule of law –0.80 –0.82 –0.82








Profiles


47

BELGIUM

1995 2013-2017 2017










Fuels 2 10 8




[667] Pearls, precious & semi-precious stones 6 4 4





India 7



China 2








Norway 4


India 2















Rule of law 1.37 1.43 1.34








Profiles


48

BELIZE

1995 2013-2017 2017










Fuels 3 9 7

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold – 1 1


[061] Sugar, molasses and honey 26 17 22







Côte d'Ivoire 5

Jamaica 4







Curaçao 27


Mexico 13

Guatemala 7
















Rule of law 0.08 –0.75 –0.96








Profiles


49

BENIN*

1995 2013-2017 2017


Unallocated exports (as a share of merchandise exports) .. 0.4 0.4








Fuels 5 14 7



[263] Cotton 70 19 22

[971] Gold, non-monetary (excluding gold ores and concentrates) – 17 20




India 15


Sierra Leone 11

China 9

Nigeria 9



Food imports (millions of US dollars and as a share of total merchandise imports) 178 (25) 998 (33) 1,088 (34)




Thailand 17

India 15

Malaysia 10

China 5















Rule of law 0.05 –0.57 –0.62








Profiles


50

BHUTAN*

1995 2013-2017 2017










Fuels – 14 17



[351] Electric current – 13 16

[682] Copper – 4 4

[273] Stone, sand and gravel 1 3 3



India 77

Bangladesh 19

Nepal 3

Nigeria 1






India 93

Republic of Korea 2

Thailand 1

China 1



GDP per capita measured in constant 2010 US dollars 953 2,657 2,955













Rule of law –0.03 0.46 0.63








Profiles


51

BOLIVIA (PLURINATIONAL STATE OF)

1995 2013-2017 2017










Fuels 11 46 35





[971] Gold, non-monetary (excluding gold ores and concentrates) 11 9 14



Brazil 29

Argentina 18



Colombia 6






Argentina 30

Chile 15

Brazil 14


Peru 10















Rule of law –0.26 –1.13 –1.21








Profiles


52

BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

1995 2013-2017 2017










Fuels 4 8 9









Serbia 15

Turkey 8

Montenegro 4








Serbia 19



Brazil 1















Rule of law –0.24 –0.21 –0.21








Profiles


53

BOTSWANA

1995 2013-2017 2017










Fuels – – –




[284] Nickel ores & concentrates; nickel mattes, etc. 2 5 –

[011] Meat of bovine animals, fresh, chilled or frozen 3 2 1




India 14


South Africa 6

Namibia 6






South Africa 54

Namibia 20

Canada 11


Israel 2















Rule of law 0.58 0.57 0.51








Profiles


54

BRAZIL

1995 2013-2017 2017










Fuels 1 8 9



[222] Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits (excluding flour) 2 11 12





China 29



Japan 4

India 2








Nigeria 11

Argentina 8

Chile 6















Rule of law –0.22 –0.14 –0.28








Profiles


55

BRUNEI DARUSSALAM

1995 2013-2017 2017









Agricultural commodities – – –

Fuels 91 94 92





[667] Pearls, precious & semi-precious stones – – –



Japan 39


India 9

Thailand 8

Australia 7




Fuel imports (millions of US dollars and as a share of total merchandise imports) 4 (–) 265 (8) 266 (9)


Malaysia 39

Singapore 32

Thailand 6

Australia 4

China 3















Rule of law 0.82 0.54 0.65








Profiles


56

BULGARIA

1995 2013-2017 2017










Fuels 7 11 8



[682] Copper 5 9 9


[041] Wheat (including spelt) and meslin, unmilled – 3 3




Turkey 14

China 5

Singapore 3

Egypt 2








Turkey 4

Serbia 2

Georgia 2















Rule of law –0.34 –0.07 –0.04








Profiles


57

BURKINA FASO*

1995 2013-2017 2017










Fuels 1 4 2




[263] Cotton 57 17 16




Switzerland 56

India 7


Singapore 5

China 4






Côte d'Ivoire 27


Ghana 8

Niger 8

Togo 6














Control of corruption 0.11 –0.31 –0.11

Rule of law –0.93 –0.49 –0.40








Profiles


58

BURUNDI*

1995 2013-2017 2017










Fuels – – –




[071] Coffee and coffee substitutes 74 20 23

[074] Tea and mate 8 10 13






Pakistan 7

Switzerland 3






Saudi Arabia 16


India 10


Kenya 9

Percentage change of GDP measured in constant 2010 prices –7.0 13.5 –














Rule of law –1.42 –1.21 –1.40








Profiles


59

CABO VERDE

1995 2013-2017 2017Merchandise export value (millions of US dollars) 9 65 50









Fuels 9 5 1




[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil 9 5 –

[282] Ferrous waste, scrape; remelting ingots, iron, steel – 1 1




India 2

Morocco 2

Turkey 2

El Salvador 2







Brazil 8

Thailand 3

China 2

Argentina 1















Rule of law 1.04 0.50 0.41








Profiles


60

CAMBODIA*

1995 2013-2017 2017Merchandise export value (millions of US dollars) 855 8,627 11,011









Fuels – – –




[042] Rice 1 2 2

[054] Vegetables – 2 2



Viet Nam 34

Thailand 20

Singapore 15


China 12






Thailand 39

Singapore 20

Viet Nam 16

Indonesia 7
















Rule of law –1.19 –1.01 –1.06








Profiles


61

CAMEROON

1995 2013-2017 2017Merchandise export value (millions of US dollars) 1,539 4,054 3,233









Fuels 29 44 38





[072] Cocoa 9 13 14




China 11

India 9


Chad 4




Fuel imports (millions of US dollars and as a share of total merchandise imports) 21 (2) 1,119 (18) 652 (13)


Nigeria 27


Thailand 8

Togo 4

China 3















Rule of law –1.44 –1.00 –1.02








Profiles


62

CANADA










Fuels 9 22 20










China 6

Japan 4

Republic of Korea 1








Mexico 3

Brazil 2

Peru 2















Rule of law 1.65 1.83 1.80








Profiles


63

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC*










Fuels – – –



[263] Cotton 21 12 5


[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried – 5 4



China 27


Indonesia 11

Viet Nam 8

Belarus 7







Cameroon 14

Norway 9

Republic of Korea 8

Singapore 4















Rule of law –1.15 –1.74 –1.73








Profiles


64

CHAD*










Fuels – 87 78





[263] Cotton 70 3 6




Japan 7


India 6








Cameroon 28

Gabon 8


Nigeria 6















Rule of law –1.26 –1.28 –1.30








Profiles


65

CHILE










Fuels – 1 1



[682] Copper 30 27 25





China 30



Japan 11

Republic of Korea 7







Brazil 15

Argentina 10

Ecuador 9
















Rule of law 1.11 1.26 1.01








Profiles


66

CHINA

1995 2013-2017 2017Merchandise export value (millions of US dollars) 148,780 2,237,155 2,263,371









Fuels 4 1 2





[667] Pearls, precious & semi-precious stones – 1 1



China, Hong Kong SAR 15

Japan 11



Republic of Korea 7






Australia 12

Brazil 7






Population (thousands) 900,006 1,149,665 1,160,360





Gini index, latest available year (1996) .. (2014) ..







Rule of law –0.55 –0.39 –0.26








Profiles


67

COLOMBIA










Fuels 27 59 54










China 9

Panama 7

India 4








Chile 4

Argentina 4

Mexico 4















Rule of law –0.75 –0.32 –0.36








Profiles


68

COMOROS*










Fuels – – –



[075] Spices 58 66 63

[282] Ferrous waste, scrape; remelting ingots, iron, steel – 2 2

[056] Vegetables, roots, tubers, prepared, preserved, n.e.s. – 1 1




Singapore 15

India 11


Pakistan 5








Pakistan 14


India 6















Rule of law –0.88 –0.94 –1.05








Profiles


69

CONGO










Fuels 79 66 52




[682] Copper – 12 15




China 50


Australia 7









Namibia 5

Norway 5

Australia 5
















Rule of law –1.04 –1.10 –1.10








Profiles


70

COSTA RICA










Fuels – – –




[098] Edible products and preparations, n.e.s. 1 3 5






Nicaragua 4

Guatemala 4

Panama 3







Chile 6

Mexico 4


Nicaragua 3















Rule of law 0.62 0.51 0.45








Profiles


71

CÔTE D’IVOIRE










Fuels 10 19 17



[072] Cocoa 34 35 35







Nigeria 5

India 5

Switzerland 4






Nigeria 43


Thailand 4

Colombia 3

Viet Nam 3















Rule of law –0.79 –0.68 –0.63








Profiles


72

CROATIA










Fuels 8 12 11










Serbia 6

Egypt 2

Montenegro 2









Azerbaijan 4

Serbia 4







Proportion of population below international poverty line – SDG 1. Indicator 1.1.1 (1998) – (2015) 0.8







Control of corruption –0.58 0.20 0.19

Rule of law –0.63 0.31 0.33








Profiles


73

CUBA







Total natural resources rents (as a share of GDP) 0.7 1.6 ..



Fuels – 7 5




[122] Tobacco, manufactured 4 12 15

[284] Nickel ores & concentrates; nickel mattes, etc. 12 7 7




China 16


Canada 4







Venezuela (Bolivarian Rep. of) 24



Brazil 9

Viet Nam 8















Rule of law –1.14 –0.59 –0.43








Profiles


74

CYPRUS




Commodity export value (millions of US dollars) 690 852 1,186



Total natural resources rents (as a share of GDP) – 0.1 –



Fuels 4 13 18




[024] Cheese and curd 1 6 6

[054] Vegetables 9 3 2




Libya 12

Lebanon 5

Egypt 5

Israel 4







Israel 16


Cuba 2

Ukraine 1







Proportion of population below international poverty line – SDG 1. Indicator 1.1.1 (2004) – (2015) –








Rule of law 0.86 0.95 0.88








Profiles


75

CZECHIA










Fuels 4 2 2









Japan 1








Azerbaijan 4

Ukraine 2

Kazakhstan 2















Rule of law 0.92 1.10 1.12








Profiles


76

DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF KOREA




Commodity export value (millions of US dollars) 283 2,049 930



Total natural resources rents (as a share of GDP) .. .. ..



Fuels 2 37 23




[281] Iron ore and concentrates – 5 5




China 93

India 1



Burkina Faso 1

Commodity imports (millions of US dollars) 584 1,300 936





China 73


Thailand 6

India 4

Singapore 2




Human Development Index (value and rank) .. .. ..











Rule of law –1.15 –1.61 –1.71








Profiles


77

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO*










Fuels 10 9 7



[682] Copper 4 42 26

[689] Miscellaneous no-ferrous base metals for metallur. 12 14 25




China 41

Zambia 15


Saudi Arabia 8

Republic of Korea 6







Zambia 14

South Africa 12


Uganda 6















Rule of law –1.88 –1.58 –1.69








Profiles


78

DENMARK










Fuels 3 6 4



[012] Other meat and edible meat offal 5 3 3






Norway 5

China 5


Japan 3







Norway 15



Greenland 2















Rule of law 1.82 1.96 1.86








Profiles


79

DJIBOUTI*










Fuels 10 11 4



[001] Live animals other than animals of division 03 6 11 11





Ethiopia 20


Saudi Arabia 16

Eritrea 11

Qatar 6







Indonesia 13


Saudi Arabia 10

Ethiopia 8















Rule of law –0.97 –0.89 –0.91








Profiles


80

DOMINICA







Total natural resources rents (as a share of GDP) – 0.1 0.1



Fuels – – –




[273] Stone, sand and gravel 1 7 7







Guyana 5










Guyana 4

Canada 4















Rule of law 0.84 0.61 0.65








Profiles


81

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC










Fuels – 1 1




[122] Tobacco, manufactured 2 7 8





Canada 22


India 9

Haiti 5









Mexico 7
















Rule of law –0.52 –0.45 –0.42








Profiles


82

ECUADOR










Fuels 35 44 36










Chile 8

Peru 6

Viet Nam 4







Panama 12


Peru 6

Chile 4















Rule of law –0.45 –0.90 –0.70








Profiles


83

EGYPT










Fuels 45 25 22








India 14


Saudi Arabia 8

China 7

Canada 5









Brazil 7

Kuwait 5















Rule of law – –0.59 –0.53








Profiles


84

EL SALVADOR










Fuels – 2 2





[048] Cereal preparations, flour of fruits or vegetables 2 3 3




Guatemala 20


Honduras 11

Nicaragua 6







Guatemala 15

Nicaragua 7

Honduras 5

Costa Rica 4















Rule of law –0.87 –0.65 –0.86








Profiles


85

EQUATORIAL GUINEA










Fuels 28 91 83

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold – – 1




[342] Liquefied propane and butane – 3 4




China 21

Japan 8

India 8

Brazil 7







Côte d'Ivoire 10

Cameroon 6

Brazil 5


Percentage change of GDP measured in constant 2010 prices 11.7 –7.7 –6.8














Rule of law –1.28 –1.45 –1.49








Profiles


86

ERITREA*







Total natural resources rents (as a share of GDP) 8.9 .. ..



Fuels – – –


Three leading commodity exports (as a share of total merchandise exports) – 52 62

[283] Copper ores and concentrates; copper mattes, cemen – 33 5


[287] Ores and concentrates of base metals, n.e.s. – 7 36



China 39

India 22



Republic of Korea 7








Turkey 10

Egypt 7

Saudi Arabia 6















Rule of law –0.66 –1.52 –1.56








Profiles


87

ESTONIA










Fuels 7 10 10





[351] Electric current 1 2 1






Turkey 3

Norway 2








Côte d'Ivoire 2

Norway 1

Belarus 1















Rule of law 0.57 1.28 1.28








Profiles


88

ESWATINI










Fuels – 2 2








South Africa 56


India 5

China 4

Mozambique 2






South Africa 87

Nigeria 5



Zambia 1















Rule of law –0.47 –0.35 –0.29








Profiles


89

ETHIOPIA*










Fuels 2 5 4









China 10

Sudan 10

Somalia 9

Switzerland 9






Kuwait 25

Saudi Arabia 20


India 7
















Rule of law –0.97 –0.51 –0.45








Profiles


90

FIJI

1995 2013-2017 2017Merchandise export value (millions of US dollars) 619 1,052 956









Fuels 1 16 14



[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil – 16 14







Australia 11

Japan 6

China 6

Commodity imports (millions of US dollars) 257 1,040 937





Singapore 44

Australia 14

New Zealand 12

China 9

Republic of Korea 5















Rule of law 0.32 –0.45 –0.25








Profiles


91

FINLAND










Fuels 2 9 8





[682] Copper 1 2 2




China 9



Japan 2








Norway 5

Brazil 3










Prevalence of undernourishment (per cent), 2015 (SDG 2. Indicator 2.1.1) < 2.5 < 2.5






Rule of law 1.91 2.03 2.03








Profiles


92

FRANCE










Fuels 2 3 3





[041] Wheat (including spelt) and meslin, unmilled 1 1 1





Switzerland 4

China 3

Algeria 2









Saudi Arabia 4

Kazakhstan 3









Prevalence of undernourishment (per cent), 2015 (SDG 2. Indicator 2.1.1) < 2.5 < 2.5






Rule of law 1.48 1.43 1.44








Profiles


93

GABON










Fuels 83 74 70










China 12

Republic of Korea 9

Japan 6







Côte d'Ivoire 9

India 6

Brazil 4

Thailand 4















Rule of law –0.65 –0.58 –0.68








Profiles


94

GAMBIA*










Fuels 1 2 3



[24 + 25] Forestry products – 32 39





China 40

India 20


Guinea-Bissau 9

Viet Nam 9






Brazil 19


Côte d'Ivoire 13

Malaysia 7

Indonesia 6















Rule of law 0.02 –0.66 –0.45








Profiles


95

GEORGIA










Fuels 19 4 4










China 10

Ukraine 6

Azerbaijan 6








Azerbaijan 14

Ukraine 11

Turkey 7















Rule of law –1.26 0.23 0.33








Profiles


96

GERMANY










Fuels 1 2 2





[682] Copper 1 1 1




Switzerland 7


China 3

Saudi Arabia 1









Norway 3

Switzerland 3















Rule of law 1.61 1.71 1.61








Profiles


97

GHANA










Fuels 4 22 24





[072] Cocoa 34 19 18




India 14

Switzerland 14


China 10







Nigeria 15

China 6

Viet Nam 5
















Rule of law –0.23 0.10 0.13








Profiles


98

GREECE










Fuels 7 34 32









Turkey 12

Lebanon 5

Egypt 4

Gibraltar 4








Iraq 15

Kazakhstan 7

Saudi Arabia 4















Rule of law 1.05 0.26 0.08








Profiles


99

GRENADA










Fuels 1 – –

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold – – 1


[075] Spices 19 19 16

[046] Meal and flour of wheat and flour of meslin 5 15 13




Egypt 24


Dominica 14

Saint Lucia 10











Brazil 5















Rule of law 0.43 0.22 0.44








Profiles


100

GUATEMALA










Fuels 2 4 3










El Salvador 8

Honduras 5

Canada 5







Mexico 7

El Salvador 5

Colombia 4

Costa Rica 4








Gini index, latest available year (1998) .. (2014) 48.3







Rule of law –1.13 –1.01 –1.06








Profiles


101

GUINEA*










Fuels 1 11 6




[285] Aluminium ores and concentrates (incl. alumina) 71 31 28






China 16

India 12

Ghana 6







India 11


Morocco 4

Brazil 3















Rule of law –1.45 –1.27 –1.23








Profiles


102

GUINEA-BISSAU*


Unallocated exports (as a share of merchandise exports) .. – –








Fuels 7 4 4





[03] Fishery products – 4 4



India 83

Singapore 7


Ghana 3








Senegal 16

Pakistan 7

Gambia 6

China 3















Rule of law –1.67 –1.42 –1.44








Profiles


103

GUYANA










Fuels – – –




[042] Rice 15 13 10




Canada 28



Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 4

Ukraine 3








Suriname 14









Proportion of population below international poverty line – SDG 1. Indicator 1.1.1 (1998) 14.0 ..

Gini index, latest available year (1998) 44.6 ..







Rule of law –0.20 –0.45 –0.29








Profiles


104

HAITI*










Fuels – – –





[072] Cocoa 3 1 1





China 10

Canada 9

Thailand 2








Colombia 6

Malaysia 5

Peru 3















Rule of law –1.39 –1.15 –1.09








Profiles


105

HONDURAS










Fuels – 2 1










El Salvador 5

Guatemala 5

Mexico 3







Guatemala 9

El Salvador 5

Costa Rica 4

Mexico 3















Rule of law –0.93 –1.04 –1.05








Profiles


106

HUNGARY










Fuels 3 3 2





[081] Feeding stuff for animals (no unmilled cereals) – 1 1




Serbia 5

Ukraine 3


Switzerland 1








Ukraine 3

Serbia 2

Iraq 2















Rule of law 0.91 0.49 0.53








Profiles


107

ICELAND










Fuels – 2 1



[684] Aluminium 11 38 41







Norway 4


Nigeria 2







Norway 19

Brazil 13


Australia 4















Rule of law 1.60 1.63 1.61








Profiles


108

INDIA










Fuels 2 15 12





[042] Rice 4 2 2







China 5







Saudi Arabia 8

Switzerland 8


Iraq 6








Gini index, latest available year (2004) .. (2011) 35.2







Rule of law 0.21 –0.04 –








Profiles


109

INDONESIA

1995 2013-2017 2017Merchandise export value (millions of US dollars) .. 164,400 169,000


Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl-Hirschmann index) .. 0.1432 0.1421

Commodity export value (millions of US dollars) .. 95,766 98,153

Commodity exports (as a share of total merchandise exports) .. 58 58

Commodity exports (as a share of GDP) .. 10.4 9.7


Exports by commodity group (as a share of merchandise exports) .. 58 58

Agricultural commodities .. 26 29

Fuels .. 25 22

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold .. 7 7

Three leading commodity exports (as a share of total merchandise exports) .. 29 29

[422] Fixed vegetable fats & oils, crude, refined, fract. .. 11 13

[321] Coal, whether or not pulverized, not agglomerated .. 11 11

[343] Natural gas, whether or not liquefied .. 7 5

Average price index of the leading commodity group exported .. 115.7 106.2


China 15

Japan 14

India 11

Singapore 9


Commodity imports (millions of US dollars) .. 55,131 54,701

Commodity imports (as a share of total merchandise imports) .. 34 35

Food imports (millions of US dollars and as a share of total merchandise imports) .. 14,723 (9) 16,551 (11)

Fuel imports (millions of US dollars and as a share of total merchandise imports) .. 29,412 (18) 25,106 (16)


Singapore 21

Malaysia 8

Australia 7

China 6


Percentage change of GDP measured in constant 2010 prices .. 23.4 5.1

GDP per capita measured in constant 2010 US dollars .. 3,837 4,131






Gini index, latest available year (1996) .. (2017) ..


Value added of agriculture/industry/services (as a share of GDP) .. 14/42/44 14/41/45





Rule of law –0.49 –0.40 –0.35








Profiles


110

IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)










Fuels 77 65 63





[342] Liquefied propane and butane 1 3 3



China 34

India 14

Japan 11


Republic of Korea 8







India 9

Switzerland 9


Turkey 6















Rule of law –0.94 –0.87 –0.68








Profiles


111

IRAQ










Fuels 92 97 96








China 22

India 20







Fuel imports (millions of US dollars and as a share of total merchandise imports) – 2,236 (4) 1,020 (2)


Turkey 30



















Rule of law –1.56 –1.49 –1.64








Profiles


112

IRELAND










Fuels – 1 1










China 4









Norway 6


Argentina 1

Brazil 1















Rule of law 1.50 1.65 1.43








Profiles


113

ISRAEL










Fuels – 1 1











Switzerland 6

India 6








India 9


Switzerland 7















Rule of law 1.28 1.07 1.02








Profiles


114

ITALY










Fuels 1 3 3





[048] Cereal preparations, flour of fruits or vegetables 1 1 1




Switzerland 7


Turkey 2

Libya 2








Azerbaijan 4

Algeria 4

Libya 3















Rule of law 1.06 0.34 0.32








Profiles


115

JAMAICA










Fuels 1 19 18










Canada 15


Iceland 5









Mexico 4

Colombia 4















Rule of law –0.34 –0.24 –0.16








Profiles


116

JAPAN










Fuels 1 2 2





[682] Copper 1 1 1



China 20



Singapore 9







Australia 13


Saudi Arabia 9


Qatar 7















Rule of law 1.35 1.51 1.57








Profiles


117

JORDAN










Fuels – – –



[272] Crude fertilizers (excluding those of division 56) 18 6 6





India 19

Saudi Arabia 16

Iraq 12


Kuwait 7






Saudi Arabia 27



India 6
















Rule of law 0.28 0.37 0.26








Profiles


118

KAZAKHSTAN










Fuels 25 71 63




[682] Copper 12 4 5





China 12

Switzerland 7


Turkey 3








Uzbekistan 8

China 4

Ukraine 3















Rule of law –1.19 –0.52 –0.41








Profiles


119

KENYA










Fuels 5 5 5



[074] Tea and mate 19 22 24






Pakistan 9


Egypt 5

Uganda 5






India 24


Saudi Arabia 9


Indonesia 7















Rule of law –1.02 –0.49 –0.41








Profiles


120

KIRIBATI*










Fuels – 1 1




[422] Fixed vegetable fats & oils, crude, refined, fract. – 5 4




Thailand 66

Japan 6

Ecuador 5

Viet Nam 4

Bangladesh 3






Fiji 29

Australia 22

Singapore 12

China 9

New Zealand 5














Control of corruption .. 0.21 0.39

Rule of law 0.81 0.13 0.53








Profiles


121

KUWAIT










Fuels 88 86 79









India 13

Japan 13

China 11









India 9

Saudi Arabia 8











Value added of agriculture/industry/services (as a share of GDP) –/53/47 –/59/41 –/59/41





Rule of law 0.60 0.10 0.10








Profiles


122

KYRGYZSTAN










Fuels 13 7 8








Switzerland 37

Kazakhstan 13



Turkey 8







Kazakhstan 25

China 3

Ukraine 3
















Rule of law –0.73 –0.99 –0.93








Profiles


123

LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC*










Fuels – 15 17





[682] Copper 2 14 13



Thailand 39

China 35

Viet Nam 15

India 4







Thailand 84

Viet Nam 8

China 3


Singapore 1















Rule of law –1.05 –0.81 –0.88








Profiles


124

LATVIA










Fuels 2 6 4










Turkey 3

China 2

Saudi Arabia 1








Belarus 5

Norway 1

Ukraine 1















Rule of law 0.13 0.87 0.93








Profiles


125

LEBANON


Unallocated exports (as a share of merchandise exports) – 0.3 –








Fuels – 3 1




[288] Non-ferrous base metal waste and scrap, n.e.s. 2 6 11




South Africa 12




China 6









Egypt 4

Switzerland 4







Proportion of population below international poverty line – SDG 1. Indicator 1.1.1 (2011) – ..


Prevalence of undernourishment (per cent) – SDG 2. Indicator 2.1.1 < 2.5 10.9



Share of women in agriculture/industry/services –/12/27 –/10/28 –/9/28



Rule of law –0.28 –0.80 –0.82








Profiles


126

LESOTHO*

1995 2013-2017 2017Merchandise export value (millions of US dollars) 160 887 1,033









Fuels – – –




[111] Non-alcoholic beverages, n.e.s. 2 4 4

[268] Wool and other animal hair (incl. wool tops) 1 2 2




South Africa 33


Botswana 2

Eswatini 1






South Africa 97















Control of corruption 0.09 0.10 –0.03

Rule of law 0.10 –0.21 –0.27








Profiles


127

LIBERIA*






Commodity exports (as a share of GDP) 10.2 7.0




Fuels 2 4 6





[231] Natural rubber & similar gums, in primary forms 2 12 11




China 20



Switzerland 8






China 43


India 11

















Rule of law –1.93 –0.89 –0.97








Profiles


128

LIBYA










Fuels 92 92 88









China 5



Switzerland 3







Egypt 5

Brazil 5

Tunisia 4

Ukraine 4

Percentage change of GDP measured in constant 2010 prices –2.2 –51.1 46.2














Rule of law –1.18 –1.62 –1.78








Profiles


129

LITHUANIA










Fuels 11 17 15




[041] Wheat (including spelt) and meslin, unmilled – 2 2







Ukraine 6

Belarus 3








Kazakhstan 4

Belarus 4

Norway 2















Rule of law 0.45 0.96 0.99








Profiles


130

LUXEMBOURG










Fuels 1 1 1





[024] Cheese and curd – 1 1




Switzerland 6

China 2


Israel 1








Switzerland 1

Mexico 1

Indonesia 1








Gini index, latest available year (2003) –30.2 (2015) 33.8







Rule of law 1.71 1.82 1.74








Profiles


131

MADAGASCAR*










Fuels 3 1 1



[075] Spices 14 21 34

[683] Nickel – 19 13






China 8

Japan 7

Republic of Korea 5







India 8


Saudi Arabia 7

Bahrain 7















Rule of law –0.40 –0.80 –0.86








Profiles


132

MALAWI*










Fuels – – –



[121] Tobacco, unmanufactured; tobacco refuse 67 48 46


[074] Tea and mate 6 7 8




South Africa 7

Zimbabwe 6


China 5






Mozambique 19

South Africa 18

Zambia 16

















Rule of law –0.38 –0.30 –0.37








Profiles


133

MALAYSIA










Fuels 7 18 15





[422] Fixed vegetable fats & oils, crude, refined, fract. 5 5 5



Japan 15

Singapore 13

China 13

India 7

Australia 6






Singapore 17

Indonesia 9

China 7

Australia 7
















Rule of law 0.52 0.49 0.41








Profiles


134

MALDIVES










Fuels – 7 15




[344] Petroleum gases, other gaseous hydrocarbons, n.e.s. – 16 15

[411] Animals oils and fats – 1 –




Thailand 25

Sri Lanka 12


Japan 4

Commodity imports (millions of US dollars) 105 938 1,017






India 13

Singapore 13

Malaysia 7
















Rule of law 0.02 –0.58 –0.62








Profiles


135

MALI*










Fuels 1 1 1




[263] Cotton 73 12 16





Switzerland 18

South Africa 13

Côte d'Ivoire 4

Bangladesh 4






Senegal 32

Côte d'Ivoire 22


Benin 7

Ghana 5















Rule of law –0.30 –0.74 –0.78








Profiles


136

MALTA




Commodity export value (millions of US dollars) 156 1,097 608






Fuels 5 30 13









Egypt 24


Japan 10

Tunisia 5









Turkey 6

Egypt 2















Rule of law 1.05 1.16 1.14








Profiles


137

MARSHALL ISLANDS










Fuels – 4 4








China 28

Thailand 25

Japan 10


Republic of Korea 4



Food imports (millions of US dollars and as a share of total merchandise imports) 1.3 (1.7) 0.2 (0.2) 0.2 (0.2)

Fuel imports (millions of US dollars and as a share of total merchandise imports) 0.49 (1) 3 (2) 3 (2)


China 60



Turkey 7

South Africa 6














Control of corruption .. –0.06 –

Rule of law –0.20 –0.05 0.14








Profiles


138

MAURITANIA*










Fuels – 6 4








China 39


Switzerland 12

Japan 5

Nigeria 3








Brazil 7

China 4

Morocco 4















Rule of law –0.50 –0.81 –0.60








Profiles


139

MAURITIUS










Fuels – 1 2









Viet Nam 7


Madagascar 4







India 32


South Africa 9

Australia 5
















Rule of law 0.90 0.83 0.68








Profiles


140

MEXICO










Fuels 10 8 6










China 4

India 3

Republic of Korea 2








Canada 4

China 2

Chile 1















Rule of law –0.73 –0.51 –0.57








Profiles


141

MICRONESIA (FEDERATED STATES OF)










Fuels – – –


Three leading commodity exports (as a share of total merchandise exports) - 14 13


[054] Vegetables – 1 1

[098] Edible products and preparations, n.e.s. – 1 1



Thailand 76

Guam 16



Marshall Islands 1







Guam 31


Singapore 5

Australia 4















Rule of law 0.81 –0.11 0.01








Profiles


142

MONGOLIA










Fuels – 28 27








China 85


Switzerland 4








China 15

Republic of Korea 5


Kazakhstan 2















Rule of law 0.20 –0.32 –0.30








Profiles


143

MONTENEGRO

1995 2013-2017 2017Merchandise export value (millions of US dollars) .. 413 421



Commodity export value (millions of US dollars) .. 319 300






Fuels .. 18 12



[684] Aluminium .. 21 19

[351] Electric current .. 13 6

[24 + 25] Forestry products .. 8 8




Serbia 28


Turkey 5

Albania 5

Commodity imports (millions of US dollars) .. 916 947


Food imports (millions of US dollars and as a share of total merchandise imports) .. 490 (21) 501 (19)

Fuel imports (millions of US dollars and as a share of total merchandise imports) .. 275 (12) 290 (11)



Serbia 34



Albania 2









Prevalence of undernourishment (per cent) – SDG 2. Indicator 2.1.1 – < 2.5





Control of corruption .. –0.13 –0.09

Rule of law .. 0.04 0.01








Profiles


144

MOROCCO










Fuels 2 3 2











Turkey 3

Brazil 3









Saudi Arabia 7

Algeria 6















Rule of law 0.22 –0.15 –0.17








Profiles


145

MOZAMBIQUE*










Fuels 4 35 46



[684] Aluminium – 26 22


[325] Coke & semi-cokes of coal, lign., peat; retort carbon 2 7 16




South Africa 18

India 12

China 11

Malawi 2






South Africa 25

India 16



Bahrain 6















Rule of law –0.81 –0.91 –1.01








Profiles


146

MYANMAR*










Fuels – 34 27








China 43

Thailand 34

India 9


Singapore 3






Singapore 44

Thailand 11

Malaysia 11

Indonesia 9

India 6







Proportion of population below international poverty line – SDG 1. Indicator 1.1.1 .. (2015) 6.4

Gini index, latest available year .. (2015) 38.1







Rule of law –1.58 –1.10 –0.95








Profiles


147

NAMIBIA










Fuels 2 2 1





[682] Copper 2 8 10




Botswana 20

South Africa 17

Switzerland 9

China 4






South Africa 45

Botswana 14


Zambia 5

Peru 3















Rule of law 0.25 0.24 0.24








Profiles


148

NAURU







Total natural resources rents (as a share of GDP) .. – –



Fuels – – –




[684] Aluminium – 5 0

[025] Birds' eggs, and eggs' yolks; egg albumin – 4 1



Australia 25


New Zealand 19

Japan 15

Nigeria 9






Australia 41

Fiji 41



Singapore 1















Rule of law 0.81 –0.60 –0.73








Profiles


149

NEPAL*










Fuels – – –



[059] Fruit and vegetable juices, unfermented, no spirit – 5 6

[075] Spices 1 5 7

[074] Tea and mate – 3 4



India 77

Bangladesh 5

Afghanistan 3

China 3







India 66


Argentina 3

Indonesia 3

China 2















Rule of law –0.01 –0.70 –0.68








Profiles


150

NETHERLANDS










Fuels 7 16 12










China 2

Singapore 1

Nigeria 1








Norway 6


Brazil 3















Rule of law 1.70 1.90 1.83








Profiles


151

NEW ZEALAND










Fuels 2 2 2



[022] Milk, cream and milk products (excluding butter, cheese) 7 18 16





China 24

Australia 14



Japan 6






Australia 18

Singapore 9

Malaysia 8

















Rule of law 1.86 1.95 1.92








Profiles


152

NICARAGUA










Fuels 1 – –











El Salvador 9

Canada 6







Curaçao 18


Costa Rica 11

Mexico 8















Rule of law –0.52 –0.68 –0.64








Profiles


153

NIGER*










Fuels 7 17 14



[286] Ores and concentrates of uranium or thorium 20 20 19






Nigeria 10


Burkina Faso 10








Nigeria 17

Thailand 9

Ghana 6

India 6















Rule of law –0.66 –0.65 –0.68








Profiles


154

NIGERIA


Unallocated exports (as a share of merchandise exports) 0.2 – 0.1








Fuels 92 93 92









India 21

Brazil 8


South Africa 5








China 6

Brazil 4

Norway 3















Rule of law –1.29 –1.00 –0.87








Profiles


155

NORWAY










Fuels 47 61 57










Japan 1

China 1

Canada 1







Canada 8

Brazil 7

















Rule of law 1.92 2.02 2.02








Profiles


156

OMAN










Fuels 81 70 59








China 49


Japan 8









India 15


Brazil 8

Saudi Arabia 6















Rule of law 0.55 0.44 0.43








Profiles


157

PAKISTAN










Fuels 1 2 1



[042] Rice 6 8 8





Afghanistan 20


China 9


Saudi Arabia 5







Saudi Arabia 9

Kuwait 9

Indonesia 8
















Rule of law –0.63 –0.78 –0.72








Profiles


158

PALAU










Fuels – – –





[24 + 25] Forestry products – 1 –



Japan 90



Micronesia (Federated States of) 1








Singapore 22

Guam 10


Japan 8















Rule of law 0.81 0.41 0.28








Profiles


159

PANAMA










Fuels 3 12 12








Ecuador 28


China 7


Switzerland 4







Colombia 17

China 12

Angola 7

Ecuador 6















Rule of law –0.17 –0.06 0.04








Profiles


160

PAPUA NEW GUINEA










Fuels 24 31 32








Australia 33

Japan 18

China 14


Singapore 4






Australia 41

Singapore 24

Malaysia 9


China 5















Rule of law –0.62 –0.84 –0.82








Profiles


161

PARAGUAY










Fuels 3 19 21




[351] Electric current 3 19 20




Brazil 24



Argentina 9

Chile 8






Brazil 25


Argentina 19


Chile 3















Rule of law –0.66 –0.71 –0.65








Profiles


162

PERU










Fuels 5 9 8








China 24



Switzerland 8

Canada 6







Ecuador 12

Argentina 7

Chile 5

Colombia 4















Rule of law –0.70 –0.51 –0.50








Profiles


163

PHILIPPINES










Fuels 2 2 2





[284] Nickel ores & concentrates; nickel mattes, etc. – 2 2



Japan 18

China 17










China 9

Saudi Arabia 9

Republic of Korea 9

Indonesia 8















Rule of law 0.07 –0.37 –0.41








Profiles


164

POLAND










Fuels 8 3 3




[682] Copper 4 2 1





Ukraine 2


China 2









Norway 3

Ukraine 2

Kazakhstan 2















Rule of law 0.77 0.71 0.47








Profiles


165

PORTUGAL










Fuels 3 8 7










Angola 6

Brazil 3

Morocco 2







Angola 7


Saudi Arabia 3

Brazil 3















Rule of law 1.29 1.11 1.13








Profiles


166

QATAR










Fuels 81 86 86








Japan 27


India 13


China 7




Fuel imports (millions of US dollars and as a share of total merchandise imports) 15 (–) 315 (1) 291 (1)




Saudi Arabia 9

Australia 8

India 7












Share of women in agriculture/industry/services –/1/22 –/1/29 –/2/30



Rule of law –0.04 0.82 0.72








Profiles


167

REPUBLIC OF KOREA










Fuels 2 7 6




[682] Copper – 1 1

[232] Synthetic rubber – – 1



China 18

Japan 13

Singapore 10


Australia 6






Saudi Arabia 13

Qatar 9

Australia 9

Kuwait 6
















Rule of law 0.80 1.04 1.16








Profiles


168

REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA










Fuels 1 1 1










Turkey 10

Belarus 9

Ukraine 4







Ukraine 19


Belarus 6

Turkey 3















Rule of law –0.12 –0.38 –0.41








Profiles


169

REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA


Unallocated exports (as a share of merchandise exports) – – 0.1








Fuels – 2 2









Serbia 22


Albania 3








Serbia 12

South Africa 5


Turkey 2

Percentage change of GDP measured in constant 2010 prices –1.1 10.4 –














Rule of law –0.31 –0.19 –0.24








Profiles


170

ROMANIA










Fuels 8 5 4




[041] Wheat (including spelt) and meslin, unmilled 1 2 2

[222] Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits (excluding flour) – 2 2




Turkey 7

Egypt 4


Serbia 2








Kazakhstan 11

Turkey 2

Brazil 2















Rule of law –0.02 0.24 0.39








Profiles


171

RUSSIAN FEDERATION










Fuels 43 64 59









China 11

Japan 5

Republic of Korea 5

Turkey 3







Belarus 12

Kazakhstan 8

Brazil 7

China 6















Rule of law –0.79 –0.77 –0.79








Profiles


172

RWANDA*

1995 2013-2017 2017Merchandise export value (millions of US dollars) 52 795 1,189









Fuels – 10 8










Kenya 9


China 7






Uganda 25

Kenya 13


















Rule of law –1.50 0.04 0.13








Profiles


173

SAINT KITTS AND NEVIS










Fuels – 1 –



[112] Alcoholic beverages – 3 2

[111] Non-alcoholic beverages, n.e.s. 2 2 1




Bangladesh 30




Belize 5










Canada 3















Rule of law 0.81 0.46 0.53








Profiles


174

SAINT LUCIA










Fuels – 43 38








Suriname 19

Barbados 15










Brazil 34


Colombia 8
















Rule of law 0.81 0.61 0.60








Profiles


175

SAINT VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES










Fuels – – –



[046] Meal and flour of wheat and flour of meslin 9 15 15





Saint Lucia 20

Barbados 20



Dominica 7










Guyana 4















Rule of law 0.81 0.57 0.43








Profiles


176

SAMOA










Fuels – 6 9


Three leading commodity exports (as a share of total merchandise exports) – 27 35






American Samoa 29

Australia 14

New Zealand 14

Colombia 10







Singapore 34

New Zealand 20


Fiji 7

China 6















Rule of law 0.95 0.75 0.87








Profiles


177

SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE*










Fuels – 3 12



[072] Cocoa 54 67 63


[263] Cotton – 3 2




Guyana 4

Switzerland 2

Turkey 2

Angola 1







Angola 28

Japan 2


China 1












Share of women in agriculture/industry/services 25/–/47 19/12/41 18/12/41


Control of corruption 0.40 –0.03 0.14

Rule of law 0.27 –0.73 –0.68








Profiles


178

SAUDI ARABIA










Fuels 82 76 71








Japan 15

China 13



India 10




Fuel imports (millions of US dollars and as a share of total merchandise imports) 61 (–) 1,625 (1) 1,411 (1)




Brazil 7

India 6

Switzerland 6















Rule of law 0.11 0.17 0.10








Profiles


179

SENEGAL*










Fuels 13 18 15









Mali 18

Switzerland 14


Côte d'Ivoire 5







Nigeria 16

India 7

China 3

Thailand 3















Rule of law –0.18 –0.14 –0.15








Profiles


180

SERBIA










Fuels .. 3 3



[682] Copper .. 3 3

[058] Fruit, preserved, and fruit preparations (no juice) .. 3 2

[044] Maize (not including sweet corn), unmilled .. 2 2






Montenegro 7





Fuel imports (millions of US dollars and as a share of total merchandise imports) .. 2,420 (12) 2,301 (10)

Five-leading trading partners for commodity imports (as a share of total commodity imports) .. 82




Kazakhstan 5

Iraq 3









Prevalence of undernourishment (per cent) – SDG 2. Indicator 2.1.1 – 5.6






Rule of law –1.26 –0.19 –0.19








Profiles


181

SEYCHELLES










Fuels 40 16 23





[081] Feeding stuff for animals (no unmilled cereals) – 1 1





Mauritius 4

Japan 4

Thailand 1








Singapore 4

South Africa 4

Malaysia 3















Rule of law 0.60 0.13 0.10








Profiles


182

SIERRA LEONE*










Fuels 1 – –








China 57




Saudi Arabia 2






Côte d'Ivoire 21


Benin 11

Senegal 9
















Rule of law –1.38 –0.84 –0.79








Profiles


183

SINGAPORE










Fuels 9 17 15





[098] Edible products and preparations, n.e.s. – 1 1



Malaysia 18

Indonesia 16

China 10

Australia 9







Malaysia 10

Indonesia 8



Republic of Korea 5










Value added of agriculture/industry/services (as a share of GDP) –/34/66 –/26/74 –/26/74

Employment in agriculture/industry/services (as a share of total employment) –/31/69 1/17/82 –/16/84




Rule of law 1.24 1.80 1.82








Profiles


184

SLOVAKIA










Fuels 4 4 5









Ukraine 1








Ukraine 3


Switzerland 1















Rule of law 0.16 0.54 0.57








Profiles


185

SLOVENIA










Fuels 1 5 4










Algeria 2

Serbia 2









Brazil 4

Serbia 2
















Rule of law 1.07 1.02 1.02








Profiles


186

SOLOMON ISLANDS*










Fuels – – –








China 63


India 5

Australia 5

Thailand 2






Singapore 35

Australia 19

Viet Nam 7

China 6

Papua New Guinea 5














Control of corruption 0.34 –0.25 0.11

Rule of law 0.74 –0.41 –0.21








Profiles


187

SOMALIA*










Fuels – – –








Saudi Arabia 39

Oman 29


India 5

China 3







India 17

Oman 14

Ethiopia 14

Malaysia 4

Percentage change of GDP measured in constant 2010 prices – 10.8 2.5














Rule of law –2.14 –2.34 –2.31








Profiles


188

SOUTH AFRICA










Fuels 11 10 12



[681] Silver, platinum, other metals of the platinum group 9 8 7






China 17

Japan 8

India 7







Saudi Arabia 17

Nigeria 12


India 6

Angola 6














Control of corruption 0.73 – –0.01

Rule of law 0.09 0.11 –0.01








Profiles


189

SPAIN










Fuels 2 6 6










China 3

Morocco 3

Gibraltar 2







Algeria 8

Nigeria 6


Saudi Arabia 4















Rule of law 1.44 0.97 1.01








Profiles


190

SRI LANKA


Unallocated exports (as a share of merchandise exports) 0.7 – 0.1








Fuels 1 2 3



[074] Tea and mate 10 14 13

[075] Spices 1 3 3





India 10










India 17

Singapore 14

China 5

Malaysia 5















Rule of law 0.16 –0.05 0.06








Profiles


191

SUDAN*










Fuels .. 55 44



[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude .. 53 43

[971] Gold, non-monetary (excluding gold ores and concentrates) .. 25 24

[001] Live animals other than animals of division 03 .. 6 10



China 46


Saudi Arabia 8

Japan 6








India 9

Egypt 8

Turkey 6










Prevalence of undernourishment (per cent) – SDG 2. Indicator 2.1.1 – 25.2






Rule of law –1.71 –1.20 –1.11








Profiles


192

SURINAME










Fuels 2 10 7








Switzerland 27




Guyana 7








Curaçao 13


Saint Lucia 6

Percentage change of GDP measured in constant 2010 prices – 3.5 –0.7














Rule of law –0.08 –0.14 –0.15








Profiles


193

SWEDEN










Fuels 2 7 6









Norway 9


Switzerland 2

China 2







Norway 22


Nigeria 3
















Rule of law 1.80 1.99 1.94








Profiles


194

SWITZERLAND










Fuels – 1 1




[681] Silver, platinum, other metals of the platinum group 1 1 1






India 18

China 12

Singapore 5










Peru 2















Rule of law 1.93 1.92 1.93








Profiles


195

SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC










Fuels 63 17 17








Iraq 41


Lebanon 9

Jordan 6

Turkey 4








Turkey 13

Ukraine 4

Egypt 3















Rule of law –0.55 –1.65 –2.09








Profiles


196

TAJIKISTAN










Fuels 1 1 2



[684] Aluminium 34 33 26

[263] Cotton 33 18 15




Turkey 25

China 13


Switzerland 10

Kazakhstan 8







Kazakhstan 23

Uzbekistan 8

China 6
















Rule of law –1.65 –1.16 –1.35








Profiles


197

THAILAND










Fuels 1 4 3





[231] Natural rubber & similar gums, in primary forms 4 3 3



China 16

Japan 10



Singapore 6







Saudi Arabia 8

Switzerland 6

Australia 6

Indonesia 5















Rule of law 0.54 –0.08 0.04








Profiles


198

TIMOR-LESTE*

1995 2013-2017 2017Merchandise export value (millions of US dollars) .. 18 17



Commodity export value (millions of US dollars) .. 16 15






Fuels .. 69 61



[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude .. 62 60

[071] Coffee and coffee substitutes .. 18 22

[342] Liquefied propane and butane .. 7 1



Singapore 36


Thailand 15

Indonesia 7


Commodity imports (millions of US dollars) .. 408 363


Food imports (millions of US dollars and as a share of total merchandise imports) .. 215 (26) 213 (27)



Viet Nam 25

Indonesia 22

Malaysia 16

Singapore 13

Australia 7

Percentage change of GDP measured in constant 2010 prices .. –12.0 –0.5













Control of corruption – –0.56 –0.54

Rule of law –1.57 –1.16 –1.17








Profiles


199

TOGO*










Fuels 6 19 26









India 11

Switzerland 9

Cameroon 9

Benin 8








Republic of Korea 5

India 4

Malaysia 3















Rule of law –0.73 –0.80 –0.71








Profiles


200

TONGA










Fuels – – –








New Zealand 21

Japan 18



Republic of Korea 9





Five-leading trading partners for commodity imports (as a share of total commodity imports) -

New Zealand 25

Fiji 24

Singapore 20


Australia 4














Control of corruption – –0.33 –0.16

Rule of law 0.81 0.04 0.31








Profiles


201

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO










Fuels 43 56 49









Argentina 13


Chile 6

Jamaica 6






Gabon 31


Colombia 15


Brazil 6















Rule of law 0.53 –0.13 –0.11








Profiles


202

TUNISIA


Unallocated exports (as a share of merchandise exports) – – 0.2








Fuels 8 10 6









Switzerland 8

Libya 8


Morocco 2







Algeria 14


Azerbaijan 7
















Rule of law –0.30 –0.06 0.07








Profiles


203

TURKEY










Fuels 1 3 3









Iraq 10


Switzerland 6

China 6










Switzerland 6















Rule of law –0.14 –0.10 –0.25








Profiles


204

TURKMENISTAN










Fuels 69 84 57

Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold 1 1 –




[263] Cotton 20 6 19



China 61

Ukraine 16


Turkey 3







Turkey 22



Kazakhstan 7

Ukraine 6















Rule of law –1.49 –1.43 –1.49








Profiles


205

TUVALU*

1995 2013-2017 2017Merchandise export value (in 1,000 US$) 164 166 99



Commodity export value (in 1,000 US$) 6 98 60


Commodity exports (as a share of GDP) – 0.3 0.2




Fuels – 1 1



[03] Fishery products 0.4 57 59

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil - 1 1

[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried 0.1 1 1



Japan 77

China 16

Australia 2

Fiji 2





Fuel imports (millions of US dollars and as a share of total merchandise imports) 0.08 (1) 2 (8) 3 (8)


Fiji 30

Australia 17


New Zealand 12

China 7














Control of corruption – –0.07 0.06

Rule of law 0.81 0.45 0.56








Profiles


206

UGANDA*










Fuels – 2 4









Kenya 16


South Sudan 8

Rwanda 5






India 22


Kenya 14

Saudi Arabia 7
















Rule of law –0.58 –0.33 –0.30








Profiles


207

UKRAINE










Fuels 4 3 2




[044] Maize (not including sweet corn), unmilled – 7 7





China 9


India 7

Egypt 6








Belarus 12


Switzerland 3

Percentage change of GDP measured in constant 2010 prices –12.2 –7.4 2.5














Rule of law –0.82 –0.78 –0.71








Profiles


208

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES










Fuels 72 42 38








Japan 17

India 13


Republic of Korea 7

Thailand 6






India 19



Switzerland 4

Saudi Arabia 4









Prevalence of undernourishment (per cent) – SDG 2. Indicator 2.1.1 < 2.5 2.5


Employment in agriculture/industry/services (as a share of total employment) 8/34/58 –/34/66 –/39/61




Rule of law 0.69 0.71 0.80








Profiles


209

UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND










Fuels 6 9 8









Switzerland 21


China 6








Norway 11


Canada 6
















Rule of law 1.63 1.76 1.68








Profiles


210

UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA*










Fuels – 2 2








India 21



China 9

South Africa 8






India 29

Saudi Arabia 16


Switzerland 7

Malaysia 4















Rule of law –0.19 –0.41 –0.45








Profiles


211

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA










Fuels 2 8 9








Canada 15

Mexico 13


China 11

Japan 5






Canada 28


Mexico 10

Saudi Arabia 6
















Rule of law 1.50 1.61 1.64








Profiles


212

URUGUAY










Fuels 1 1 2








China 23


Brazil 15








Brazil 20

Argentina 17

Nigeria 13

















Rule of law 0.56 0.64 0.59








Profiles


213

UZBEKISTAN










Fuels 15 13 9





[263] Cotton 61 8 2



Switzerland 42

China 21

Turkey 12

Kazakhstan 10








Kazakhstan 33


China 4

Malaysia 2















Rule of law –1.24 –1.14 –1.11








Profiles


214

VANUATU*










Fuels – 1 –




[048] Cereal preparations, flour of fruits or vegetables – 9 –

[042] Rice – 3 –



Japan 27

Thailand 22

Mauritania 15

China 4

Philippines 4






Singapore 40

Australia 24

Fiji 9


New Zealand 6















Rule of law 0.32 0.28 0.49








Profiles


215

VENEZUELA (BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF)










Fuels 74 90 77









India 16

China 15


Singapore 7







Brazil 19

Argentina 11


Colombia 7















Rule of law –0.75 –2.05 –2.26








Profiles


216

VIET NAM










Fuels 18 4 3








China 23



Japan 10

Republic of Korea 6






China 11


Singapore 7

Republic of Korea 7

Thailand 6















Rule of law –0.48 –0.21 0.07








Profiles


217

YEMEN*










Fuels 93 82 46








China 32


Thailand 14

Japan 6

India 6








Brazil 10

India 9

Saudi Arabia 6















Rule of law –1.38 –1.41 –1.75








Profiles


218

ZAMBIA*










Fuels 2 1 1



[682] Copper 77 67 69

[121] Tobacco, unmanufactured; tobacco refuse – 3 2

[044] Maize (not including sweet corn), unmilled – 2 2



Switzerland 28

China 28


South Africa 5

Zimbabwe 4




Fuel imports (millions of US dollars and as a share of total merchandise imports) 94 (13) 948 (11) 1,138 (13)



South Africa 19

Kuwait 11

Kenya 7

Mauritius 3















Rule of law –0.53 –0.27 –0.33








Profiles


219

ZIMBABWE










Fuels 2 2 1





[284] Nickel ores & concentrates; nickel mattes, etc. 1 8 5



South Africa 38

China 19



Mozambique 5






South Africa 40

Zambia 25

Singapore 7

Kuwait 6

Malawi 4















Rule of law –0.81 –1.41 –1.38








Profiles



220

Explanatory Notes for the Country Statistical Profiles

In the 2019 edition of the State of Commodity Dependence some changes have been introduced in terms of countries and indicators included as well as the period covered. All developed economies and economies in transition have been included in this edition, in addition to the developing countries group that was in previous editions of the report. Regarding the time period selected for data coverage, its aim is to provide readers with both a long-term and short-term perspective to compare changes in the statistical indicators. More precisely:

• Left column: 1995 represents the historical reference point for all data series (when available)

• 2013–2017 is the computed five-year average of the last available period in the data

• 2017 is the last year for which data were available for most data series included in the report

Use of an en-dash (–) between dates representing years, e.g. 2013–2017, signifies the full period involved including the initial and final years

An asterix (*) highlights a Least Developed Country in the statistical profiles

A dot (.) in a table indicates a decimal point

Two dots (..) in a table indicate that the data are not available, or are not separately reported

A dash (-) in a table indicates that the amount is nil or negligible

The symbol, % in a graph indicates a percentage

Merchandise and commodity export dependence

Trade data are based on the third revision of the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC), using disaggregation up to the 3-digit level.

No trade-related statistics for the following countries are presented in the left column (1995) for the following reasons:

• Indonesia and Timor-Leste – trade data started to be reported separately only from 2012 onwards.

• Serbia and Montenegro – trade data started to be reported separately for these two countries only from 2008 onwards.

• Sudan – trade data started to be reported only from 2012 onwards.

Given the absence of trade data for South Sudan, this country has not been included in the 2019 edition of the State of Commodity Dependence.




Profiles



221

1. Merchandise export value (millions of US dollars)

Source UNCTADStat

Website https://unctad.org/en/Pages/statistics.aspx

Unit Millions of US dollars

Definition Merchandise trade data are based on the SITC commodity classification, Revision 3

Data extracted 15 October 2018

Data not available

1995 data are missing for: Indonesia, Montenegro, Serbia, the Sudan, and Timor-Leste

Comments

(1) From 2011 onwards, data for Eritrea include commercial mining

(2) Prior to 2009, data for the Gambia exclude re-exports

(3) Trade data for Tuvalu are expressed in thousands of US dollars

(4) Data for this indicator are rounded to the nearest whole number

2. Unallocated exports (as a share of merchandise exports)

Source UNCTADStat


Unit Per cent

Definition

In some cases, available data corresponding to a reporting country do not allocate specific trade flows to certain trading partners and/or specific product lines. In such cases, unallocated values have been computed using the following formula: Total merchandise export value reported by the country (indicator #1) minus the sum of all individual product lines allocated to one specific trading partner and one specific item. The value thus obtained is then estimated as a share of total merchandise exports, in value terms, as reported by the country and available in UNCTADStat

Data extracted 19 November 2018

Data not available

1995 data are missing for: Benin, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guinea-Bissau, Indonesia, Montenegro, Serbia, the Sudan and Timor-Leste

https://unctad.org/en/Pages/statistics.aspx





Profiles



222

3. Merchandise export concentration by product line (Herfindahl-Hirschmann index)

Source UNCTADStat


Unit Index value

Definition

Concentration index, also named Herfindahl-Hirschmann Index (Product HHI), is a measure of the degree of product concentration. The following normalized HHI is used in order to obtain values between 0 and 1:

Hj = country or country group index

xij = value of export for country j and product i

and

n = number of products (SITC Revision 3 at 3-digit group level).

An index value closer to 1 indicates a country’s exports or imports are highly concentrated on a few products. On the contrary, values closer to 0 reflect exports or imports are more homogeneously distributed among a series of products.


Data not available

1995 data are missing for: Indonesia, Montenegro, Serbia, the Sudan and Timor-Leste

Comment Data for this indicator are rounded to 4 digits after the comma





Profiles



223

4. Commodity export value (millions of US dollars)

Source UNCTADStat



Definition

Commodity export data include data for food and live animals [0], Beverages and tobacco [1], Crude materials, inedible, except fuels [2], Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials [3], Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes [4], Non-ferrous metals [68], Pearls, precious and semi-precious stones [667], Gold, non-monetary (excluding gold ores and concentrates) [971]


Data not available


Comments

(1) From 2011 onwards, data for Eritrea include commercial mining

(2) Prior to 2009, data for the Gambia exclude re-exports

(3) Trade data for Tuvalu are expressed in thousands of 1,000 US dollars

(4) Data for this indicator are rounded to the nearest whole number

5. Commodity exports (as a share of total merchandise exports)

Source UNCTADStat


Unit Per cent

DefinitionRatio (in percentage) of data series 3 (Commodity export value) versus data series 1 (Merchandise export value)


Data not available

1995 data are missing for: Indonesia, Montenegro, Serbia, the Sudan, Timor-Leste

Comment Data for this indicator are rounded to the nearest whole number






Profiles



224

6. Commodity exports (as a share of GDP)

Source UNCTADStat


Unit Per cent

Definition

Ratio (in percentage) of data series 3 (Commodity export value) versus national GDP in current prices

In UNCTADStat, GDP data at current prices in US dollars are converted from GDP in national currency using annual period-average exchange rates


Data not available

1995 data are missing for: Indonesia, Montenegro, Serbia, the Sudan and Timor- Leste

Comment Data for this indicator are rounded to 1 digit after the comma

7. Total natural resources rents (as a share of GDP)

Source World Bank, World Development Indicators database

Website http://databank.worldbank.org/data/source/world-development-indicators/preview/on

Unit Per cent

DefinitionTotal rents from natural resources are the sum of rents from oil, natural gas, coal (hard and soft), minerals, and forests


Data not available

(1) 1995 data are missing for: Afghanistan, Iraq, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Montenegro, Myanmar, Nauru, Sao Tome and Principe, Somalia and Timor-Leste

(2) 2013–2016 average data are missing for: the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Eritrea, Libya and the Syrian Arab Republic

(3) 2016 data are missing for: Cuba, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Djibouti, Eritrea, Libya, the Syrian Arab Republic, and Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

Comments

(1) Data for 2017 are not available for this data series. As a result, the average period 2013–2017 (second column of individual country profiles) has been replaced by the five-year average: 2013–2016 and the right column displays data for 2016, which is the last year available

(2) Data for this indicator are rounded to 1 digit after the comma


http://databank.worldbank.org/data/source/world-development-indicators/preview/on




Profiles



225

8. Exports by commodity group (as a share of merchandise exports)

Source UNCTADStat


Unit Per cent

Definition

Distribution of commodity exports by commodity group:

(1) Agricultural products (SITC 0 + 1 + 2 (less 27 and 28) + 4)

(2) Fuels (SITC 3)

(3) Ores, metals, precious stones and non-monetary gold (SITC 27 + 28 +667 + 68 +971)


Data not available


Comment Data for this indicator are rounded to the nearest whole number

9. Three leading commodity exports (as a share of total merchandise exports)

Source UNCTADStat


Unit Per cent

Definitions

Leading commodity exports are the main individual commodities exports at the 3-digit level, except for “fishery products” and “forestry products” which are the result of the aggregation of several 3-digit commodity items, as follows:

(1) Fishery products

[034] Fish, fresh (live or dead), chilled or frozen,

[035] Fish, dried, salted or in brine; smoked fish,

[036] Crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic invertebrates,

[037] Fish, aqua. invertebrates, prepared, preserved, n.e.s.)

(2) Forestry products

[245] Fuel wood (excluding wood waste) and wood charcoal,

[246] Wood in chips or particles and wood waste,

[247] Wood in the rough or roughly squared,

[248] Wood simply worked, and railway sleepers of wood,

[251] Pulp and waste paper

The share of each individual commodity product in the total merchandise exports has been computed using data from indicator #1 as the denominator


Data not available







Profiles



226

10. Average price index of the leading commodity group exported

Source UNCTADStat


Unit Index value (2015=100)

Definition

Composition of UNCTAD commodity price indices, as of December 2018


11. Five leading destination markets of commodity exports (as a share of total commodity exports)

Source UNCTADStat


Unit Per cent

Definition

Leading destination markets are the main countries/territories to which commodities are exported as a share of the exporting country’s total commodity exports over the period 2013–2017. An aggregated total for the leading export destination markets which individually represents more than 1 per cent of the country’s total commodity exports is indicated as a reference


Data not available

None

Comment

The data indicated represent the average share over the period 2013–2017. Only trade flows higher than 1 per cent of a country’s commodity exports have been reportedData for this indicator are rounded to the nearest whole number.All trade flows related to Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom have been aggregated under the generic title of European Union (28). Consequently, these countries do not appear as an individual trading partner in the country profiles


Minerals ores and metals Precious metals

Other minerals, ores and metals

Fuels

Agricultural products All food Food

Tropical beverages

Vegetable oilseeds and oils






Profiles



227

Commodity import dependence

12. Commodity imports (millions of US dollars)

Source UNCTADStat



Definition

Import data for primary commodities are based on the SITC third revision. They include the following commodity groups and individual commodities:

(1) Food and live animals [0]

(2) Beverages and tobacco [1]

(3) Crude materials, inedible, except fuels [2]

(4) Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials [3]

(5) Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes [4]

(6) Non-ferrous metals [68]

(7) Pearls, precious and semi-precious stones [667]

Gold, non-monetary (excluding gold ores and concentrates) [971]


Data not available


Data for this indicator are rounded to the nearest whole number

13. Commodity imports (as a share of total merchandise imports)

Source UNCTADStat


Unit Per cent

DefinitionRatio (in percentage) of indicator #11 (Commodity imports) versus Merchandise imports, in value terms


Data not available







Profiles



228

14. Food imports (millions of US dollars and as a share of total merchandise imports)

Source UNCTADStat


Unit Millions of US dollars and per cent

DefinitionsBasic food imports have been considered for indicator #14. Thus, data cover all 3-digit commodity items under the following titles: [0] Food and live animals, [22] Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits and [4] Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes


Data not available

1995 data are missing for: Indonesia, Montenegro, Serbia, the Sudan and Timor-Leste Data are rounded to the nearest whole number in both absolute and percentage terms

15. Fuel imports (millions of US dollars and as a share of total merchandise imports)

Source UNCTADStat


Unit Millions of US dollars and per cent

Definition Fuel import data are based on SITC, third revision, SITC code [3]


Data not available

1995 data are missing for: Indonesia, Montenegro, Serbia, the Sudan and Timor-Leste Data are rounded to the nearest whole number in both absolute and percentage terms

16. Five-leading trading partners for commodity imports (as a share of total commodity imports)

Source UNCTADStat


Unit Per cent

DefinitionLeading importing markets are the main individual countries/territories in terms of a country’s commodity imports as a share of its total commodities imports over the 2013–2017 period. An aggregated total is indicated as a reference


Data not available None

CommentThe data indicated represent the average share over the 2013–2017 period. Only trade flows higher than 1 per cent of a country’s commodity imports have been presented. Data are rounded to the nearest whole number







Profiles



229

Key socioeconomic indicators

17. Percentage change of GDP measured in constant 2010 prices

Source UNCTADStat


Unit Per cent

DefinitionGDP data in constant prices in dollars are converted from GDP in national currency using the annual period-average exchange rate of the base year for all years.


Data not available 1995 data are missing for: Indonesia, Montenegro, Serbia, the Sudan and Timor-Leste

Comment

Column 1995 gives the percentage change between 1994 and 1995

Column 2013–2017 gives the percentage change between the average GDP in constant 2010 prices in 2009–2013 and 2013–2017

Column 2017 shows the percentage change in constant GDP between 2016 and 2017

All data for this indicator are rounded to 1 digit after the comma

18. GDP per capita measured in constant 2010 US dollars

Source UNCTADStat


Unit US dollars at constant prices (2010) and constant exchange rates (2010) per capita

DefinitionGDP data per capita in constant prices in US dollars are converted from GDP in national currency using the annual period-average exchange rate of the base year for all years, divided by the total population



Comment Data are rounded to the nearest whole number






Profiles



230

19. Population (thousands)

Source International Labour Organization (ILO)

Website http://www.ilo.org/ilostat/

Unit Thousands of people

DefinitionThe total population comprises persons of all ages who were living in the country during the reference period, regardless of residency status or citizenship.

Data extracted 19 September 2018

Data not available

Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia (Federated States of), Nauru, Palau, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Seychelles and Tuvalu

Data are rounded to the nearest whole number

20. Human Development Index (value and rank)

Source United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

Website http://hdr.undp.org/en/data

Unit Index value

Definition

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary measure of achievements in three key dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life, access to knowledge and a decent standard of living. The HDI is the geometric mean of normalized indices for each of the three dimensions


Data not available

(1) 1995 data are missing for: Afghanistan, Andorra, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Bhutan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burkina Faso, Cabo Verde, Chad, Comoros, Dominica, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Georgia, Grenada, Guinea-Bissau, Kiribati, Lebanon, Liberia, Republic of North Macedonia, Madagascar, Micronesia (Federated States of), Montenegro, Nigeria, Oman, Palau, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Seychelles, Solomon Islands, Suriname, Timor-Leste, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Vanuatu

(2) 1995, 2013–2017 and 2017 data are missing for the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Nauru, Somalia and Tuvalu

Comment

There are 189 countries with HDI data for 2017. The countries are divided into four categories:

(1) Very high human development (HDI ≥ 0.800)

(2) High human development (0.700 ≤ HDI ≤ 0.800)

(3) Medium human development (0.550 ≤ HDI ≤ 0.700)

(4) Low human development (HDI < 0.550)

Data for this indicator are rounded to 4 digits after the comma

http://www.ilo.org/ilostat/

http://hdr.undp.org/en/data




Profiles



231

21. Total employment (as a share of the population)



Unit Per cent

DefinitionThe employment-to-population ratio is defined as the proportion of a country’s working-age population (15 years and older) that is employed


Data not availableAndorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia (Federated States of), Nauru, Palau, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Seychelles and Tuvalu


22. Share of women in total employment



Unit Per cent

Definition Percentage of women (aged 15 years and older) in total employment









Profiles



232

23. Proportion of population below international poverty line – SDG 1. Indicator 1.1.1

Source World Bank, PovcalNet

Website http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/povOnDemand.aspx

Unit Per cent

Definition Percentage of the population living on less than $1.90 a day at 2011 international prices


Data not available

Afghanistan, Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Bahrain, Barbados, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Cuba, Dominica, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Grenada, Guyana (2), Haiti (2), Japan (2), Kiribati (2), Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon (2), Libya, Marshall Islands, Myanmar (1), Nauru, New Zealand, Oman, Palau, Qatar, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia (2), Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa (2), Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Somalia, Sudan (2), Suriname (2), Syrian Arab Republic (2), Trinidad and Tobago, Turkmenistan (2), Tuvalu (2), United Arab Emirates, Vanuatu (2) and Zimbabwe (2)

Beginning and end of period data are missing

Comment

The data series displays differences in terms of the individual years available. As a result, country tables present the oldest available data in the left column and the most recent one in the right column. Individual years are indicated within brackets

Given the limited number of years available for this indicator, the average column is not calculated

Data for this indicator are rounded to 1 digit after comma

http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/povOnDemand.aspx




Profiles



233

24. Gini Index

Source World Bank, PovcalNet

Website http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/povOnDemand.aspx

Unit Per cent

Definition

The Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income (or, in some cases, consumption expenditure) among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A Lorenz curve plots the cumulative percentages of total income received against the cumulative number of recipients, starting with the poorest individual or household. The Gini index measures the area between the Lorenz curve and a hypothetical line of absolute equality, expressed as a percentage of the maximum area below the line. Thus, a Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, while an index of 100 implies perfect inequality


Data not available

Afghanistan, Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Bahrain, Barbados, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Cuba, Dominica, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Grenada, Guatemala (1), Guyana (2), Haiti (2), India (1), Indonesia, Japan (2), Kiribati (2), Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon (2), Libya, Marshall Islands, Myanmar (1), Nauru, New Zealand, Oman, Palau, Qatar, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia (2), Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa (2), Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Somalia, Sudan (2), Suriname (2), Syrian Arab Republic (2), Trinidad and Tobago, Turkmenistan (2), Tuvalu (2), United Arab Emirates, Vanuatu (2) and Zimbabwe (2)

Beginning and end of period data are missing

Comment

In the data series there are differences in terms of the individual years available. As a result, country tables present the earliest available data in the left column and the most recent ones in the right column. Individual years are indicated within brackets

Given the limited number of years available for this indicator, the average column is not calculated

Data for this indicator are rounded to 1 digit after the comma

http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/povOnDemand.aspx




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234

Other structural indicators

25. Prevalence of undernourishment (per cent) – SDG 2. Indicator 2.1.1

Source Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Food security indicators

Website http://www.fao.org/economic/ess/ess-fs/ess-fadata/en/#.W7IMyXszaHs

Unit Per cent

Definition

The prevalence of undernourishment expresses the probability that a randomly selected individual from the population consumes a number of calories that are insufficient to cover her/his energy requirement for an active and healthy life. The indicator is computed by comparing a probability distribution of habitual daily dietary energy consumption with a threshold level called the minimum dietary energy requirement. Both are based on the notion of an average individual in the reference population


Data not available

Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bhutan, Burundi, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Grenada, Libya, Marshall Islands, Micronesia (Federated States of), Republic of Moldova, Nauru, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Qatar, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Seychelles, Singapore, Somalia, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Tonga and Tuvalu

Comment

The indicator is calculated in three-year averages to reduce the impact of possible errors in estimated Dietary Energy Supply, due to the difficulties in properly accounting for stock variations in major food items. Data presented in individual tables are for 1999–2001 (left column) and 2015–2017 (right column)

Data for this indicator are rounded to 1 digit after the comma

26. Value added of agriculture/industry/services (as a share of GDP)

Source UNCTADStat


Unit Per cent of GDP

Definition

The breakdown of GDP by kind of economic activity is classified into three categories: agriculture, industry and services.

(1) Agriculture consists of agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing (ISIC Rev.3, divisions 01-05)

(2) Industry consists of mining and quarrying, manufacturing, electricity, gas and water supply, and construction (ISIC Rev.3, divisions 10-45)

(3) Services include all other economic activities (ISIC Rev.3, divisions 50-99)



CommentShares are rounded to the nearest whole number. Because of rounding, totals do not necessarily add up to 100 per cent

http://www.fao.org/economic/ess/ess-fs/ess-fadata/en/#.W7IMyXszaHs





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235

27. Employment in agriculture/industry/services (as a share of total employment)



Unit Per cent

DefinitionDistribution of the country’s working-age population (15 years and older) by economic activity as a percentage of total employment



CommentShares are rounded to the nearest whole number. Because of rounding, totals do not necessarily add up to 100 per cent

28. Share of women in agriculture/industry/services



Unit Per cent

DefinitionPercentage of women (aged 15 years and older) employed in agriculture, industry and services, respectively, as a percentage of total employment in each of those economic activities



Comment Shares are rounded to the nearest whole number

29. Institutional Quality Index, 2018

Source Institutional Quality Index 2018, Friedrich Naumann Stiftung für die freiheit

Website http://en.libertadyprogresonline.org/files/2018/05/IQI-2018.pdf

Unit Index value

Definition The index measures the state of institutions throughout the world


Data not available Andorra, Brunei Darussalam, Grenada, Nauru and Tuvalu

Comment Data for this indicator are rounded to 4 digits after the comma



http://en.libertadyprogresonline.org/files/2018/05/IQI-2018.pdf




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236

30. Control of corruption

Source World Bank, Worldwide Governance Indicators

Website http://databank.worldbank.org/data/source/worldwide-governance-indicators#

Unit Estimates

Definition

Control of corruption captures perceptions of the extent to which public power is exercised for private gain, including both petty and grand forms of corruption, as well as «capture» of the State by elites and private interests. Estimate gives the country’s score on the aggregate indicator in units of a standard normal distribution, i.e. ranging from approximately -2.5 to 2.5.


Data not availableData for 1996 are not available. Please refer to comment(s) for: Kiribati (1995), Marshall Islands, Micronesia (Federated States of), Montenegro, Nauru, Palau, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Timor-Leste, Tonga and Tuvalu

Comment

This data series starts in 1996 in the World Bank database. As a result, 1996 has been used as the start date (left column in individual country tables)


31. Rule of law

Source World Bank, Worldwide Governance Indicators

Website http://databank.worldbank.org/data/source/worldwide-governance-indicators#

Unit Estimates

Definition

Rule of law captures perceptions of the extent to which agents have confidence in and abide by the rules of society, and in particular the quality of contract enforcement, property rights, the police, and the courts, as well as the likelihood of crime and violence. The country’s score is estimated on the aggregate indicator in units of a standard normal distribution, i.e. ranging from approximately -2.5 to 2.5.


Data not available Data for 1996 are not available (left column in individual column) for: Montenegro

Comment

This data series starts in 1996 in the World Bank database. As a result, 1996 has been used as the start date (left column in individual country tables).


http://databank.worldbank.org/data/source/worldwide-governance-indicators#

http://databank.worldbank.org/data/source/worldwide-governance-indicators#




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237

List of Standard International Trade Classification (SITC), Third Revision Codes

All commodities [0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 667 + 68 + 971]

Fishery products [034 +035 + 036 + 037]

Forestry products [245 + 246 + 247 + 248 + 251]

This classification follows closely that of UNCTADStat, except that code 26 (Textile Fibres and their Wastes) is not included in Apparel and Textiles, but in Agricultural Raw Materials. See https://unctadstat.unctad.org/EN/Classifications/DimSitcRev3Products_DsibSpecialGroupings_Hierarchy.pdf

1. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS a. FOOD

[001] Live animals other than animals of division 03

[011] Meat of bovine animals, fresh, chilled or frozen

[012] Other meat and edible meat offal

[016] Meat, edible meat offal, salted, dried; flours, meals

[017] Meat, edible meat offal, prepared, preserved, n.e.s.

[022] Milk, cream and milk products (excluding butter, cheese)

[023] Butter and other fats and oils derived from milk

[024] Cheese and curd

[025] Birds’ eggs, and eggs’ yolks; egg albumin

[034] Fish, fresh (live or dead), chilled or frozen

[035] Fish, dried, salted or in brine; smoked fish

[036] Crustaceans, mollusks and aquatic invertebrates

[037] Fish, aqua. invertebrates, prepared, preserved, n.e.s.

[041] Wheat (including spelt) and meslin, unmilled

[042] Rice

[043] Barley, unmilled

[044] Maize (not including sweet corn), unmilled

[045] Cereals, unmilled (excluding wheat, rice, barley, maize)

[046] Meal and flour of wheat and flour of meslin

[047] Other cereal meals and flour

[048] Cereal preparations, flour of fruits or vegetables

[054] Vegetables

[056] Vegetables, roots, tubers, prepared, preserved, n.e.s.

[057] Fruits and nuts (excluding oil nuts), fresh or dried

[058] Fruit, preserved, and fruit preparations (no juice)

[059] Fruit and vegetable juices, unfermented, no spirit

[061] Sugar, molasses and honey

[062] Sugar confectionery

[081] Feeding stuff for animals (no unmilled cereals)

[091] Margarine and shortening

[098] Edible products and preparations, n.e.s.

[222] Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits (excluding flour)

[223] Oil seeds & oleaginous fruits (incl. flour, n.e.s.)

[411] Animals oils and fats

[421] Fixed vegetable fats & oils, crude, refined, fractio.

[422] Fixed vegetable fats & oils, crude, refined, fract.

[431] Animal or veg. oils & fats, processed, n.e.s.; mixt.

b. TROPICAL BEVERAGES AND SPICES

[071] Coffee and coffee substitutes

[072] Cocoa

[073] Chocolate, food preparations with cocoa, n.e.s.

[074] Tea and mate

[075] Spices

c. BEVERAGES AND TOBACCO

[111] Non-alcoholic beverages, n.e.s.

[112] Alcoholic beverages

[121] Tobacco, unmanufactured; tobacco refuse

[122] Tobacco, manufactured

https://unctadstat.unctad.org/EN/Classifications/DimSitcRev3Products_DsibSpecialGroupings_Hierarchy.pdf




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d. AGRICULTURAL RAW MATERIALS

[211] Hides and skins (except furskins), raw

[212] Furskins, raw, other than hides & skins of group 211

[231] Natural rubber & similar gums, in primary forms

[232] Synthetic rubber

[245] Fuel wood (excluding wood waste) and wood charcoal

[246] Wood in chips or particles and wood waste

[247] Wood in the rough or roughly squared

[248] Wood simply worked, and railway sleepers of wood

[251] Pulp and waste paper

[261] Silk

[263] Cotton

[265] Vegetable textile fibres, not spun; waste of them

[266] Synthetic fibres suitable for spinning

[267] Other man-made fibres suitable for spinning

[268] Wool and other animal hair (incl. wool tops)

[269] Worn clothing and other worn textile articles

[291] Crude animal materials, n.e.s.

[292] Crude vegetable materials, n.e.s.

2. ENERGY

[321] Coal, whether or not pulverized, not agglomerated

[322] Briquettes, lignites and peat

[325] Coke & semi-cokes of coal, lign., peat; retort carbon

[333] Petroleum oils, oils from bitumin. materials, crude

[334] Petroleum oils or bituminous minerals > 70 % oil

[335] Residual petroleum products, n.e.s., related mater.

[342] Liquefied propane and butane

[343] Natural gas, whether or not liquefied

[344] Petroleum gases, other gaseous hydrocarbons, n.e.s.

[351] Electric current

3. MINERALS, ORES AND METALS

[272] Crude fertilizers (excluding those of division 56)

[273] Stone, sand and gravel

[274] Sulphur and unroasted iron pyrites

[277] Natural abrasives, n.e.s. (incl. industri. diamonds)

[278] Other crude minerals

[281] Iron ore and concentrates

[282] Ferrous waste, scrape; remelting ingots, iron, steel

[283] Copper ores and concentrates; copper mattes, cemen

[284] Nickel ores & concentrates; nickel mattes, etc.

[285] Aluminium ores and concentrates (incl. alumina)

[286] Ores and concentrates of uranium or thorium

[287] Ores and concentrates of base metals, n.e.s.

[288] Non-ferrous base metal waste and scrap, n.e.s.

[289] Ores & concentrates of precious metals; waste, scrap

[667] Pearls, precious & semi-precious stones

[681] Silver, platinum, other metals of the platinum group

[682] Copper

[683] Nickel

[684] Aluminium

[685] Lead

[686] Zinc

[687] Tin

[689] Miscellaneous no-ferrous base metals for metallur.

[971] Gold, non-monetary (excluding gold ores and concentrates

All other products are considered as non-commodities. They include the following sub-groups:

- Chemical products [5]

- Manufactures [61 + 62 + 63 + 64 + 66 (less 667) + 67 + 69]

- Machinery and Transport Equipment [7]

- Apparel and Textiles [65 + 84]

- Other Manufactures [8 (less 84)]

Documents

The State of Commodity Dependence 2019...GE.19-17786 (E) State of Commodity Dependence 2019 Corrigendum Page ii For eISBN: 978-92-1-004034-1 read eISBN: 978-92-1-004301-4 Page 10,