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The Spread of the Roman Republic
The Spread of Roman Power• Roman legions fight to expand the empire
– Controlled central Italy by 390 BC• Were defeated an had Rome destroyed by the Gauls
– They rebuilt and later controlled all of Italy by 265 BC• Rome keeps control with deals to people
– Areas close to Rome allowed to…• Became full citizens of Rome• Have the same rights and could vote
– Further areas given rights, couldn’t vote– Also couldn’t make treaties w/ others
Trade Leads to War
• Rome had great access to trade routes– Made merchants rich by selling products
• Other cities were interfering with the money Rome could be making– Carthage- trade city of the Phoeicians
• Both cities fought for control of the Mediterranean Sea– With it came incredible riches– Control meant all trade thru their city
The Punic Wars 264-146 BC
• Carthage and Rome fight for Mediterranean– Total of 3 wars fought
• 1st Punic War- won by Rome – they take Sicily• 2nd Punic War- Hannibal destroys most of Rome• 3rd Punic War- Carthage is completely destroyed
• Rome wins due to better army & mistakes• Effects of the war on both groups…
– Rome wins, controls trade, wealth grows– Carthage no longer a major city
Hannibal vs. Scipio
• Hannibal- Carthaginian military leader– Brilliant military strategist, used elephants as weapons– Planned a surprise attack on Rome, to avenge a loss
• Trip took them thru Spain and France to get to Italy– Greatest victory came at Cannae in 216 BC
• Scipio- Roman military leader– Saves Rome by attacking Carthage– Forces Hannibal to return to defend– Romans defeat Hannibal at Zama (202 BC)
Expansion After the Punic Wars
• Rome expanded east after the Punic Wars– Took Macedonia, Greece and Anatolia
• Also controlled Spain, parts of France– Empire now stretched from Spain to Asia
• Benefits of Expansion– New citizens (partial and full)– More tax revenue and people for army
• Also created many problems in Rome– Problems lead to the end of the republic
Expansion Creates Major Issues• Growing empire led to the following problems
– Increasing gap between rich and poor• Rich gained more land from war, poor did not• Rich also gained slaves- conquered people from war
– Poor farmers could not compete against slave labor
– Soldiers and small farmers lose their jobs• Came home to no job, or couldn’t compete• Moved to the cities to look for work• Many were homeless and hated the rich
– Inflation hits- devaluation of money• Money will not buy what it used to
with the increased wealth, prices go up
The Republic Collapses• The republic slowly began to fall apart
– Tiberius and Gaius try to save the republic• Tried to reform the land issues to fix problem• Both were killed for their ideas against the rich
– Civil war breaks out b/w rich and poor• Political leaders build armies to gain power
– Hired jobless soldiers to fight for them• Soldiers no longer fight for Rome
• Rivalries b/w generals led to many battles for control of Rome
The First Triumvirate• Triumvirate- group of three leaders• 3 Leaders come to power together
– Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar• Caesar gained power by taking Gaul (France)
– Caesar told to disband army by senators• He refuses adding another problem to republic• Civil war begins again over right v. wrong
• Caesar then turned his armies on Rome– Attacks Pompey’s armies, defeats them– Pompey flees Rome, Caesar becomes ruler
• Named dictator for life by Senate- an absolute ruler • Gets new title in 44 BC
Julius Caesar’s Rule of Rome• Makes many changes to Rome
– Granted Roman citizenship to people of conquered areas– Expanding the Senate
• Added his friends and other supporters– Created jobs for the poor
• Built new buildings in Rome• Started communities were people with no
land could own land • Increased pay for soldiers on the Army
• Senators did not like his popularity– Felt they would lose their influence w/ people– Assassinated J. Caesar on March 15, 44 BC
• The “Ides of March”- prophecy of his death
Ancient Rome After Caesar
Life After Julius Caesar
• Rome falls into civil war again
• A new triumvirate comes to power– Octavian, Marc Antony and Lepidus
• Three don’t share power long, Lepidus is forced to retire
• Marc Antony falls in love with Cleopatra
Octavian Takes Control
• Octavian accuses Marc Antony of trying to rule Rome from Egypt– Rome breaks out in civil war again
• Octavian defeats Antony at Battle of Actium– Marc Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide
• Octavian takes full power- becomes Augustus– Takes the name Augutus- means “exalted one”– Also took name imperator- means “emperor”
The Pax Romana
• Pax Romana- time of peace in Rome – Starts about the time of Augustus’
reign (27BC)– Lasts for over 200 years
• Population between this time is 60-80 mil.
• Empire covers most of Europe and Africa
Economy of the Pax Romana
• Economy was based on Agriculture– Many people farmed – Traded at sea, used Roman navy for protection– Traded along roads connected to the Silk Roads
• Created a coin monetary system– Made of silver- called a denarius– Made trade easier because there was a common
way to trade all over the empire
Government and Emperors• Army had to protect all the lands
– Allowed people to join; gave citizenship to them• Augustus set up a civil service
– Paid people to run the government, like today• Augustus dies, son Tiberius takes over 14AD• Good Emperors of Pax Romana (96-180AD)
– Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius Pius, Aurelius• Bad Emperors of Pax Romana (37-96AD)
– Caligula, Nero, Domitian- 2 thought to be crazy
Trajan
Life in Imperial Rome
• People did not live in the cities; lived in the countrysides- did business in cities
• Society based around the family• Women close to equals to men; no voting• Boys favored over girls, girls don’t get names• Women married between 12-15• Slaves played a major role in Roman society
– Made about 1/3 of population