The Spread of Liberal The Spread of Liberal GovernmentGovernment

Reform and Revolution in Great Reform and Revolution in Great Britain, France, and Western Britain, France, and Western

Europe.Europe.

Civil Unrest in Great BritainCivil Unrest in Great Britain Postwar economic Postwar economic

depression led to civil unrest depression led to civil unrest in Britain.in Britain.

Lord Liverpool, a Tory, Lord Liverpool, a Tory, served as prime minister of served as prime minister of a reactionary government.a reactionary government.

Aug, 1819 – Protesters Aug, 1819 – Protesters gathered in St. Peter’s Field, gathered in St. Peter’s Field, Manchester were attacked Manchester were attacked by Government troops. by Government troops. Eleven people were killed in Eleven people were killed in what became know as the what became know as the Peterloo Massacre. Peterloo Massacre. Peterloo Massacre, 1819Peterloo Massacre, 1819

Conservative ReactionConservative Reaction The Six ActsThe Six Acts

– Reaction to the Peterloo Massacre, passed by Reaction to the Peterloo Massacre, passed by Parliament in Dec. 1819.Parliament in Dec. 1819.

– Restricted freedom of speech press, and Restricted freedom of speech press, and assembly, allowed for searches of homes.assembly, allowed for searches of homes.

Cato Street ConspiracyCato Street Conspiracy– January 1820, George IV (r. 1820-1830) January 1820, George IV (r. 1820-1830)

succeeded to the throne.succeeded to the throne.– Government uncovered a plot to kill the entire Government uncovered a plot to kill the entire

cabinet and the king.cabinet and the king.– Conspirators were arrested and executed.Conspirators were arrested and executed.

Tory ReformsTory Reforms Younger Tory leaders began to Younger Tory leaders began to

push for reforms in the 1820s.push for reforms in the 1820s. Robert Peel, the home Robert Peel, the home

secretary, reformed criminal secretary, reformed criminal codes and reorganized the codes and reorganized the police (bobbies)police (bobbies)

Free trade policies put in place Free trade policies put in place by reducing tariffs on imports.by reducing tariffs on imports.

Religious restrictions removed.Religious restrictions removed.– Test Act Repealed in 1828Test Act Repealed in 1828– Catholic Emancipation passed in Catholic Emancipation passed in

1829.1829.

Robert Peel

Reform Bill of 1832Reform Bill of 1832 Whigs won the election of 1830, replacing Whigs won the election of 1830, replacing

the Tory government of the Duke of the Tory government of the Duke of Wellington.Wellington.

PM Earl Grey introduced electoral reform.PM Earl Grey introduced electoral reform. It was blocked two times by the House of It was blocked two times by the House of

Lords.Lords. Passed with threat of adding Whig peers to Passed with threat of adding Whig peers to

the House of Lords by king William IV (r. the House of Lords by king William IV (r. 1830 – 1837).1830 – 1837).

Reform Bill of 1832Reform Bill of 1832

Eliminated 56 “rotten Eliminated 56 “rotten boroughs” and “pocket boroughs” and “pocket boroughs” and redistributed boroughs” and redistributed their 111 seats, 32 smaller their 111 seats, 32 smaller ones lost one of two seats in ones lost one of two seats in the House of Commons.the House of Commons.

The bill lowered property The bill lowered property qualifications to include most qualifications to include most middle class men, expanding middle class men, expanding the electorate by 800,000 the electorate by 800,000 men.men.

Earl Grey

Reforms ExpandReforms Expand

In 1833, slavery was abolished throughout In 1833, slavery was abolished throughout the British Empire.the British Empire.

Factory Act of 1833 placed restrictions of Factory Act of 1833 placed restrictions of child labor.child labor.– Those under age 9 could not work in mills.Those under age 9 could not work in mills.– 9 to 13 work 9 hours, 13 to 18 could work 12 hrs9 to 13 work 9 hours, 13 to 18 could work 12 hrs

Municipal Corporations Act of 1835 created Municipal Corporations Act of 1835 created town councils.town councils.

Repeal of the Corn LawsRepeal of the Corn Laws Anti-Corn Law League (est. 1839) campaigned Anti-Corn Law League (est. 1839) campaigned

for repeal of Corn Laws (tariffs on grains)for repeal of Corn Laws (tariffs on grains) Adopted in 1815, the laws provided protection Adopted in 1815, the laws provided protection

for landowners by inflating prices.for landowners by inflating prices. Middle class reformers argued that elimination Middle class reformers argued that elimination

of tariffs would lower grain prices, helping the of tariffs would lower grain prices, helping the workers and industrialists.workers and industrialists.

Under pressure of the Peelites (splitting the Under pressure of the Peelites (splitting the Tories) and the effects of the Irish Famine, the Tories) and the effects of the Irish Famine, the Corn Laws were repealed in 1846. Corn Laws were repealed in 1846.

The Chartist MovementThe Chartist Movement Agitation continued for further reform and the Agitation continued for further reform and the

creation of the People’s Charter in 1838 by a creation of the People’s Charter in 1838 by a group of working class leaders.group of working class leaders.

Demands centered on:Demands centered on:1.1. Universal Manhood SuffrageUniversal Manhood Suffrage

2.2. Secret Ballot in VotingSecret Ballot in Voting

3.3. End of Property requirements to officeEnd of Property requirements to office

4.4. Salaries for MPs.Salaries for MPs.

5.5. Creation of Equal Electoral DistrictsCreation of Equal Electoral Districts

6.6. Annual Elections for the House of Commons.Annual Elections for the House of Commons.

Presented demands to Parliament in 1839. They Presented demands to Parliament in 1839. They were ignored. Agitation continued through 1848.were ignored. Agitation continued through 1848.

France – The Bourbon RestorationFrance – The Bourbon Restoration

Under Louis XVIII (r. 1814-1824) the Charter Under Louis XVIII (r. 1814-1824) the Charter of 1814 created a constitutional monarchy.of 1814 created a constitutional monarchy.– Two house parliament created (on British model)Two house parliament created (on British model)– Guarantees of civil libertiesGuarantees of civil liberties– Napoleonic Code remained in effectNapoleonic Code remained in effect

Ultra-Royalists, under the leadership of the Ultra-Royalists, under the leadership of the king’s brother, the Count of Artois, won king’s brother, the Count of Artois, won elections in 1820 and reduced civil liberties.elections in 1820 and reduced civil liberties.

France – The Bourbon RestorationFrance – The Bourbon Restoration

In 1824, the Count of Artois In 1824, the Count of Artois succeeded his brother as King succeeded his brother as King Charles X.Charles X.

He angered the bourgeoisie by He angered the bourgeoisie by lowering the interest on government lowering the interest on government bonds to compensate the nobility for bonds to compensate the nobility for the lands they had lost.the lands they had lost.

Liberals and moderate royalists Liberals and moderate royalists gained control in elections in 1827. gained control in elections in 1827.

In response, Charles X made the In response, Charles X made the reactionary Prince of Polignac reactionary Prince of Polignac premier premier

Charles X

Revolutions of 1830 - FranceRevolutions of 1830 - France

The July RevolutionThe July Revolution– Liberals won elections in May 1830.Liberals won elections in May 1830.– In response, Charles and Polignac enacted the In response, Charles and Polignac enacted the

Four Ordinances which imposed limitations on Four Ordinances which imposed limitations on freedom of the press, dissolved the Parliament freedom of the press, dissolved the Parliament and scheduled new elections.and scheduled new elections.

– On July 27-29, the people of Paris rose in revolt On July 27-29, the people of Paris rose in revolt against the king.against the king.

– Charles X fled to Great Britain.Charles X fled to Great Britain.

Revolutions of 1830 - FranceRevolutions of 1830 - France The July MonarchyThe July Monarchy

– Some revolutionaries favored Some revolutionaries favored creating a republic, but liberals in creating a republic, but liberals in the Chamber of Deputies supported the Chamber of Deputies supported a constitutional monarchy.a constitutional monarchy.

– They proclaimed Louis Philippe, They proclaimed Louis Philippe, Duke of Orleans, as kingDuke of Orleans, as king

– King Louis Philippe (r. 1830-1848) King Louis Philippe (r. 1830-1848) cultivated a bourgeois image as cultivated a bourgeois image as “citizen king.”“citizen king.”

– His economic and political policies His economic and political policies favored the interests of the middle favored the interests of the middle class.class.

King Louis PhilippeKing Louis Philippe

Revolutions of 1830 - EuropeRevolutions of 1830 - Europe

BelgiumBelgium– Catholics and liberals take opportunity to gain Catholics and liberals take opportunity to gain

independence from Dutch.independence from Dutch.– Constitutional monarchy created.Constitutional monarchy created.

SwitzerlandSwitzerland– Swiss cantons more toward more liberal representative Swiss cantons more toward more liberal representative

governments.governments. Spain Spain

– Conflicts between the Carlists and the monarchy led to Conflicts between the Carlists and the monarchy led to expansion of liberal ideas, though reform was difficult to expansion of liberal ideas, though reform was difficult to maintainmaintain