The spectrophotometric analysis of mixtures with overlapping absorption bands

J . ŠUSTEK

Research Institute of Agrochemical Technology, 810 04 Bratislava

Received 16 March 1972

Accepted for publication 17 July 1972

The subject of this work was to estimate the precision and accuracy of the results of the determination of the individual component concentrations in their mixtures obtained by four absorption spectroscopic methods. The spectrum of any substance can be expressed by a linear combination or by a product of Lorentz or Gauss functions; therefore the spectrum approximated by two overlapping Lorentz functions was used as the model system. Small concentrations of unknown components were re­placed by a polynomial.

Provided that the Lambert—Beer law and the law of the additivity of components absorbances are valid, the relationship between concentrations of the individual com­ponents and absorbance at analytical wavenumbers can be expressed in matrix nota­tion [1]

ä = Kxč, (1)

where a — the column matrix of absorbances at wavenumbers g = 1, 2, . . . , к,

К — the matrix of absorptivities kgj of the components,; = 1, 2, . . . , n at wave-numbers g = 1, 2, . . . , к (matrix of the к x n type),

с — the column matrix of concentrations of the components^ = 1, 2, . . . , n. In the simplest case, when к = n, one wavenumber, usually corresponding to the

maximum of an absorption band, is chosen for each component. Equation (1) then represents a system of n linear equations with n unknown concentrations at n different wavelengths.

The absorptivities Jcgj can be found as follows. Series of solutions of the individual components are prepared, absorbances on their spectra are measured and then the line slopes of the dependences of absorbances on concentration are estimated graphicaUy or calculated by the least-squares method [1, 2]. In a favourable case when the spectra of the components do not overlap too much, the main diagonal elements of the matrix of absorptivities are relatively large in comparison with other elements. The system of equations represented by equation (1) can be solved by some common methods [3].

When the absorption bands of the individual components overlap to a large extent, this classical method is not efficient enough and the determined concentrations of com­ponents are imprecise and often inaccurate. Better results can be obtained by means of overdetermined systems of equations together with the least-squares method. An over-determined system of equations can be chosen by two different ways:

318 Chem. zvesti 27 (3) 318-326 (1973)

SPECTltOPlIOTOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF MIXTURES

1. The matrix К is obtained as described above, using the spectra of individual stan­dards, but the absorbances are measured at more wavelengths (wavenumbers) than is the number of components [1, 4—7]. After Zscheue and co-workers [8] the best results are achieved if maximum of the accessible wavelengths is used and the same was con­cluded by Sternberg et al. [9]. Such method was applied by many authors especially in the ultraviolet region where absorption bands are relatively broad and the precision of the measurement of absorbances is high. Thus, reproducible measurements are possible there even at the sides of absorption bands.

2. Barnett and Bartoli [10] used the spectra of mixtures of the standards for calibration instead of the individual standards, the number of calibration mixtures being greater than the number of the components. The number of analytical wavelengths is equal to the number of components. Niebergall and Mattocks [11] applied a similar procedure in the ultraviolet region. Absorbances were measured at the maximum of the band of each component. Such procedure removes problems occurring especiallj' in the infrared region. A number of the specific absorption bands for each component are usually avail­able there but the Lambert —Beer law is often not valid exactly and measurements of absorbances at sharply sloped parts of absorption bands are not precise.

Vastlyev [12] extended the validity of Barnett's and Bartoli's relationships for any number of wavenumbers and expressed them in matrix notation. In other works [13—15] the generalization of the method of the analysis of multicomponent mixtures has been theoretically worked out and practical application in u.v. and i.r. regions pointed out. The method joins the advantages of the overdetermined system of equations in the number of calibration mixtures with those of overdetermination in analytical wave­numbers.

The aim of the present work is to compare the accuracy and precision of the above-cited methods in relation to the extent of overlapping of absorption bands and to check the possibility of determination of the individual components from absorbances measured at the sides of absorption bands in the infrared region.

Experimental

Precision and accuracy of the results of determination of the component concentrations in the mixtures obtained by the methods chosen were studied on a model system and verified on the binary mixture of chlorobenzene with o-dichlorobenzene. Two overlapping absorption bands were used as the model system which enabled to check the'influence of experimental errors on the determination of concentrations in a multicomponent mixture. Each band was expressed by the Lorentz function [16, 17]

Ao Av = ^ ГТ7 > (2)

1 + 4(i> — vo)2

^ l 2 / 2

where A„ — absorbance at frequency v, Ao — absorbance at frequency vo, vo — frequency at the maximum of the band, Avi/2 — half-band width.

The influence of background [18, 19] causing deviations from the Lambert —Beer law was approximated by the function

Qhem. zvesti 27 (3) 318-326 (1973) o i a

J. SüSTEK

^r (obs ) = 0C(V — ?~02)2 — ß(v — Г02) + 7 , {S)

where £02 is the frequency a t t h e m a x i m u m of t he second band . The coefficients a, ß, у

were e s t i m a t e d from t h e spectra of chlorobenzene a n d o-dichlorobenzene. Another inaccuracy was b r o u g h t in t h e model sys tem b y rounding off t h e values of Ay t o t h r e e dec imal places (which corresponded t o t h e common precision of m e a s u r e d absorbances) .

N u m e r i c a l values represent ing t h e concentra t ions of t h e c o m p o n e n t s in t h e cal ibrat ion solutions of s t a n d a r d s , in t h e ca l ibrat ion m i x t u r e s a n d samples, as well as o t h e r p a r a ­m e t e r s were chosen to be similar t o t h e p a r a m e t e r s of t h e b inary sys tem chlorobenzene — — o-dichlorobenzeneT used in t h e infrared region (Table 1).

Table 1

Comparison of t h e model a n d exper imenta l p a r a m e t e r s of t h e b inary s y s t e m

Parameter

Cmax [% w/v] A0

Avi/2 [ c m - 1 ] vo [cm- 1] Region of spectrum [ c m - 1 ] Distances of maxima AVQ = voi — V02 [cm - 1 ] Distances of analytical wavenumbers Av = vg — Vg-i [ c m - 1 ]

Lorent

3 = 1

0.5000 0.750 4.0 2.0

0

z functions

- 1 2 .

8.0

2.0

i = 2

0.5000 0.550 4.5

10.0 0

Chloro­benzene i = i

0.4920 0.714 5.7

737.6 735.

o-Dichloro-benzene i = 2

0.5030 0.551 5.3

746.2 4-748.4 / 8.72

2.18

Model samples

T h e absorbances of model samples were ca lculated by t h e same way as t h e absorbances of c o m p o n e n t s of t h e b inary model sys tem. T h e matr ices В o f t e n chosen samples (m = 10; к = 2 a n d к = 1) were ca lculated t o c o m p a r e different m e t h o d s . T o t a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n of samples did n o t exceed t h e interval of 0.4952 — 0 . 5 0 2 5 % w/v while t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n r a t i o of t h e two c o m p o n e n t s was a lways 0.2585 : 0.2415.

Binary system chlorobenzene—o-dichlorobenzene

T h e selected m e t h o d s of t h e s p e c t r o p h o t o m e t r y analysis of m u l t i c o m p o n e n t m i x t u r e s were appl ied t o d e t e r m i n e t h e m i x t u r e of chlorobenzene w i t h o-dichlorobenzene in t h e infrared region (720 —760 c m - 1 ) . M e a s u r e m e n t s were performed on a double-beam U N I C A M SP-100 infrared s p e c t r o p h o t o m e t e r (NaCl prism) us ing 1-mm cells w i th NaCi windows.

S t a n d a r d solutions a n d ca l ibrat ion m i x t u r e s were p r e p a r e d from t h e s t a n d a r d s of t h e indiv idual c o m p o n e n t s ; redistil led carbon disulfide was used as a solvent. T h e concentra­t i o n s of t h e s t a n d a r d solutions of chlorobenzene a n d o-dichlorobenzene var ied from 0.05 t o 0 . 5 % w/v. T h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n of chlorobenzene in cal ibrat ion m i x t u r e s decreased from 0 . 5 1 1 1 % w/v in t h e 1st m i x t u r e t o 0 % in t h e 21st one. T h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n of o-di­chlorobenzene was chosen so as t o m a k e t h e t o t a l s u m of c o n c e n t r a t i o n s (сц -f- <аз) e q u a l t o ca. 0 .5000% w/v. T h e values of absorbances used for calculat ion of t h e calibra­t i o n d a t a were corrected for t h e solvent absorbances .

220 chem- zvesti 27 ( 3 ) 3 1 8 ~ 3 2 6 ( 1 9 7 3 )

SPECTROPHOTOMETRY ANALYSIS OF MIXTURES

Methods of calibration and calculations of the sample concentrations

Method I

The calibration data were calculated from the known concentrations of the solutions of the individual standards and from the absorbances measured at the maxima of the corresponding bands (wavenumbers 2 and 6). The arithmetic series of seven concentrations taken from the interval of 0.07 — 0.5% w/v was used. kg\ and kg2 were calculated by minimalization of deviations from the Lambert—Beer law via the least-squares method [1, 2, 15]; the resulting matrix К was inverted to K~x.

The unknown concentrations of components in the samples were calculated by multi­plication of the transposed matrix K'1 by the matrix of the sample absorbances В which were measured at wavenumbers 2 and 6 of the spectra of samples. The formula is

X={K-i)TxB, (4)

where X — the matrix of concentrations of the components,; = 1, 2, . . . , n in the samples i = 1, 2, . . . , m (type n x m),

В — the matrix of absorbances of the samples г = 1, 2, . . . , m at wavenumbers g = 1, 2. . . . . k (type k x m).

Method II

The matrix of absorptivities К was evaluated in the same way as in method / but absorbances were measured also at the sides of the absorption bands (k = 7). The result­ing matrix К is a rectangular one, its inverse matrix is not defined. The required con­centrations of samples can be calculated by minimalization of the squares of absorbance deviations with respect to concentrations [1, 15, 20]

X = QxB, (5)

where Q is the matrix (type n X k) for calculation of concentrations

e = | r X X)-i X l r (5a)

Method III

The calibration data were obtained here by measurements of w = 21 mixtures of the known composition. Concentrations of the first component decreased regularly from 0.5000% w/v in the 1st mixture to 0% w/v in the 21st one while concentrations of the second component increased at the same time from 0% to 0.5000% w/v. The total con­centration in any mixture was always 0.5000% w/v. The absorbances were measured at two wavenumbers corresponding to the maxima of absorption bands of components. The values obtained were arranged to form the matrix of concentrations G and the matrix of absorbances A. Multiplying these matrices after equation (6) we can obtain directly the matrix for calculation of concentrations [15]

Q = С X GT X (I X CT)-i , (ß)

where G — the matrix of concentrations of the components^' = 1, 2 , . . . , n in the mixtures i = 1, 2, . . . , m (type n X m),

Chem. zvesti 27 (3) 318-326 (1973) 321

J. ŠUSTEК

А — the matrix of absorbances of the mixtures i = 1, 2 w a t wavenumbers g — 1, 2, . . . , к (type k x га).

The concentrations of components in the samples were calculated after equation (5).

Method IV

The calibration data were calculated from absorbances obtained as in method III supplemented by absorbances measured at the sides of absorption bands (k = 7) of ca­libration mixtures composed as in method III. The matrix Q was calculated after the following formula, derived for the case k > n [15]

Q = C x C T x ( C x A T x A x CT)-i x C X AT (6a)

The concentrations of components in the samples were again calculated afcer equa­tion (<5).

Method V

The matrix Q was calculated in the same way as in method IV but instead of t ho matrices С and A (m = 21) their submatrices (ra = 7, mixtures 8—14) were used. For the calculation of the concentrations of components equation (5) was used.

Remarks

Other two model systems and model samples were studied to compare the efficiency of methods/— V in dependence on the extent of overlapping of the absorption bands. The distances of maxima of two Lorentz bands were 4.0 c m - 1 (i>oi = 4 c m - 1 , £02 = = 8 cm - 1) and 12.0 cm - 1 (£01 = 0 cm - 1 , £02 = 12 cm - 1) , respectively. The other para­meters were the same as it was with a maxima distance of 8.0 cm - 1 .

A desk calculator ELKA 6521 was used for the calculations of methods / and II and a digital computer GIER (Regnecentralen) for the methods III, IV, and V. The computer programme was written in ALGOL; version GIER-ALGOL 4 [21].

Results and discussion

The accuracy of results of the above-listed methods was compared by means of the relative errors of concentration determinations A(o/o)jii calculated from the formula

A(*/o)ji = Xii ~ Cii 100%, (7) Cji

where сц — the known concentration of the component j = 1, 2, . . . , n in the sample i = 1, 2, . . . , m,

x ji — the determined concentration of the component,/ = 1, 2, . . . , n in the sample г = 1, 2, . . . , т.

The criteria of precision of the achieved results were standard deviations of the con­centration determinations of components from their known values

S {Xji — Cji)2

Sj= I ^ , (S)

' m where m is the number of determinations.

0 2 2 Chem* z v e s t i 2 7 ( 3 ) 3 1 8 - 3 2 6 (!973)

SPECTROPHOTOMETRY ANALYSIS OF MIXTURES

^ H

С О Ю 0 0 С 5 ^ Ю 0 0 О 5

© t ^ O O C O » O C O O O © i - l C 5 - H O O

со ю 00 a i-i ю с» О М О Ф О С О Ю О О Н М Ю Ф О

О СО СО 00

t ^ Ю О тН TJI 05 О О l > (N TJH -- ~ © СО СО 00 OS

C J 0 0 1 O « > O Ä N ( N O 5 O 1 0 0 b 0 ( M C O C O i - l C O O C 0 0 0 0 5 C O i - H

r - н Ю О О О С О С О С О О С О Ю О О О с М т Г H H H ( N ( N ( N ( N M M M M T | l T f ^

Ю h Tř 00 M p - l 0 5 0 0 0 0 O t ^ 0 0 O ( N i — l 00 l > C i t - CC • -~ - - — ~~ — ~ ~ ~ ' - ~ ~ ~ - - ^ с о с о < м ( М © с о ю

US Г"» T OO П i—I 0 3 >JU ÍJU W Г » t*J ^ H O O H h O O N O J O O N W O í N ^ /»Л »ŕ~> /-*\ ľ*\ i l/~í ř ^ _ ЛТ\ Г Л <•<"•> <•<"» ( ^ ř f t 0 0 0 5 Н Ю 1 > 0 5 М С О Ю О С 1 5 Ю О О

г Н г Н г - | г Ч С < 1 < П < М С О С О С О С О СО Ю 00 i-H СО Ю l >

^H ^< TJÍ ^<

Ю 1 > С О - н О 1 > 0 0 0 0 С О О С 0 ^ С 0 С 0 Г > О Ю | — 1 С ^ Г » Ю О С О О О Ю О О Ю О О О О О О С О С О С О т г О Ь г Н т г О О Ю С О О С О r H 0 0 U Í ( ^ O 5 C Ô c Ô i ^ 0 ^ l O ( N O c Ô T l H ( N O 5 t > c Ô c Ô O L O r f T j i T l i M W M W M N I N N N H H H i

O O i X O t ^ O O l O C O ť M O l O O O i - í ^ - H r H C O M 0 0 l O M t » I > N ( N ( N ! 0 0 5 O 0 0 e 0 i J O t > U D O Q O Í c Ô t ^ c 4 r H I > l O c Ô O t > ' ^ (M Oi l > CO <M i-i

i O i O i - H X 0 , - H O < M p - l < Ä 0 0 O C 0 T ť l 0 i - l 0 0 i - l 0 0 C 0 » O 0 0 T ť 0 0 > 0 T t < l > C O < N C 0 r H l 0 O O 0 0 < N C 0 r l H l > < N r ť C O 0 0 6 > ^ N O Í c Ó N N H t > c Ó w O ^ ^ ( N 0 5 l > O N 6 i I J ^ ^ T t i M C O M M M l N l M N I N H H H i

0 0 0 6 5 h O N H M 1 0 e t * O C O t O M O ) H C Ď 1 0 N 5 0 < ^ 0 0 Ю ^ 0 5 0 5 Ю Ю Ю О ^ г 1 Н С 0 < А 1 ^ ( ^ С 0 | - н С < 1 1 Г Э О 6 ^ « 5 C Í ( Ä O b W H o Ó t Ó c i 5 H l > l d c Ó 6 o Ó ^ c Ó d l í 5 r | l ^ T | t M W M M C O l N l N N N H H H H i

^ H (M O (Ä CO 00 Ю Ю l >

O l O C O F - H O ť N O O O t ^ ť Ä t ^ a s C O i - H ' * T i j i o r i j f l 5 r t T i j M i > o o q e o o 5 H T t i o

b » ó ( N C 5 C Ď > W H i > c ó c Ó H i > T j ! e ô d i > i > w d T j < T Í ( ^ M M n M « ( N l N N ( N H H H H i

H > H C O N O ) O O C q U 5 T } l l O f l 5 i l > O O T ť O O N н м < О С 0 0 5 т ) | 1 * О С 0 М ( О Ю Ф ( 3 0 М ^ ф С 0 1 - н о б ю с ^ О с О С О ( ^ О ^ Ю ( П О с О т Г с < 1 0 5 1 > l O T j ( T i l T J l T i t W C i 5 e O M ( N ( M ( N N H H H

1 - Н < М С О т г Ю С 0 1 > 0 0 0 5 0 г - 4 < П С 0 ^ 1 0 С О ^

C t o i . z m ĺ i 27 (3) 318-326 (1973) 323

J. ŠUSTEK

Table 3

Averages of t he absolute values of re la t ive errors of t he de te rmina t ion of component concent ra t ions by me thods I— V

System

Chlorobenzene — o-dichlorobenzene

Model system Avo = 8 c m - 1

Model system Avo = 4 c m - 1

Model system Avo = 1 2 c m - 1

Com­

po­nent

3

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

/

4.1444 2.5086 0.8830 0.5886 1.7010 2.9238 0.4184 0.5095

II

4.9862 3.2443 0.5151 0.1370 0.4881 0.1742 0.0736 0.2982

Л [%];[%]

III

1.3036 1.2164 0.1740 0.1578 0.1510 0.1203 0.0697 0.1614

IV

1.5388 1.4401 0.1702 0.1287 0.1782 0.1244 0.0580 0.1490

V

1.0992 1.6623 0.1083 0.1204 0.1084 0.1285 0.0968 0.1448

Table 4

S t a n d a r d dev ia t ions of t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n d e t e r m i n a t i o n s of c o m p o n e n t s b y m e t h o d s I— V

System

Com-

po- -nent

3

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

/

6.034 4.422 2.307 1.449 4.395 7.058 1.095 1.296

Si­

ll

7.082 5.041 1.364 0.424 1.281 0.480 0.245 0.787

• 103 [% w/v]

III

3.833 3.251 0.548 0.458 0.436 0.374 0.224 0.469

IV

4.225 3.684 0.520 0.387 0.510 0.361 0.224 0.412

V

1.944 3.084 0.346 0.374 0.346 0.361 0.300 0.400

Chlorobenzene — o-dichlorobenzene

Model system AVQ = 8 c m - 1

Model system Avo = 4 c m - 1

Model system Avo = 12 c m - 1

Table 2 shows t h e k n o w n c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of chlorobenzene (the c o m p o n e n t 1) a n d o-dichlorobenzene ( the c o m p o n e n t 2) in t h e m i x t u r e s 1 — 21 a n d t h e concentra t ions d e t e r m i n e d b y m e t h o d s I—V. T h e results of m e t h o d V were ca lculated b y m e a n s of t h e submatr ices г = 1 — 7, 8—14, 15 — 2 1 . T h e averages of absolute values of re lat ive errors of t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n d e t e r m i n a t i o n s ^1(%и are shown in Table 3, s t a n d a r d deviat ions of t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n d e t e r m i n a t i o n s s j are in Table 4.

T h e accuracy a n d precision of t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e b i n a r y m i x t u r e c h l o r o b e n z e n e — —o-dichlorobenzene were apprec iab ly higher in m e t h o d s III—V where cal ibrat ion was m a d e b y m i x t u r e s . However , a n i n d e p e n d e n t set of d a t a w a s used for ca l ibrat ion in m e t h o d s / a n d II (cal ibrat ion b y t h e individual s t a n d a r d s ) while a regressive calculat ion of concentra t ions of t h e cal ibrat ion m i x t u r e s was, in fact, performed in m e t h o d s III— V.

T h e increase in w a v e n u m b e r s resul ted in a decrease of t h e precision a n d accuracy of de­t e r m i n a t i o n s , obviously d u e t o t h e errors of absorbances m e a s u r e d a t t h e sides of t h e a b s o r p t i o n b a n d s .

As follows from t h e A (o/o) j a n d s j values of t h e model sys tem (the dis tance of m a x i m a

324 Qhem. zvesti 27 (3) 318-326 (1973)

SPECTROPHOTOMETRY ANALYSIS OF MIXTURES

8 c m - 1 ) , the accuracy and precision of determinations increase in accordance with the sequence of the listed methods. The increase in wavenumbers has a clean-cut influence only on the calibration by individual standards.

The results achieved in both cases by method V proved that the narrowed concentra­tion range of calibration mixtures may improve precision and accuracy, even when a markedly lower number of calibration mixtures was used.

An influence of the overlapping of absorption bands on the precision and accuracy of determinations can be deduced from a comparison of the results for all model systems. When overlapping is larger {AVQ — 4 c m - 1 ) , the calibration by mixtures is more advan­tageous while the increase in wavenumbers influences only the calibration by individual standards. Smaller overlapping (Avo = 12 c m - 1 ) brings about a slight improvement of precision and accuracy, parallel to the sequence of the above methods. Markedly improved are only the results of method I, which are the least precise and accurate.

On the basis of the achieved results it can be concluded that calibration by mixtures increases substantially the precision and accuracy of the analysis of mixtures with overlapping absorption bands. Furthermore, even the absorbances measured at the sides of overlapping absorption bands can be used in the systems overdetermined in wave-numbers (k > n) if they are measured with sufficient precision. This can be reached e.g. by means of a spectrophotometer with a digital recorder of absorbances measured at a great number of wavenumbers. The obtained values are processed by mathematical filtration in a computer [22]. An optimalization procedure is applied to choose the optimal analytical wavenumbers and the corresponding absorbances are used for calculation of calibration data or concentrations of components in the samples.

Acknowledgements. The author is indebted to Dr J\l. Livar, Institute of Chemistry, Ko­menský University, Bratislava and to Dr O. Schiessl, Research Institute of Wood, Bratislava for their helpful comments and f or providing us with their programmes.

References

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Chem. zvesti 27 (3) 318-326 (1973) 325

J. ŠUSTEK

15. Šustek, J., Livař, M., and Schiessl, O., Chem. Listy 66, 168 (1972). 16. Audo, D., Arnaud, P., and Armand, Y., J. Mol. Struct. 2, 287, 409 (1968). 17. Seshadri, K. S. and Jones, B. N., Spectrochim. Acta 19, 1013 (1963). 18. Stone, H., J. Opt. Soc. Amer. 52, 998 (1962). 19. Papoušek, D. and Plíva, J., Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 30, 3007 (1965). 20. Przybylski, Z. and Kramarz, J., Chem. Anal. (Warsaw) 13, 249 (1968). 21. Schiessl, O., unpublished Program SAMZ-L 1968. 22. Livař, M. and Šustek, J., Z. Anal. Chem., in press.

Translated by F. Kopecký

326 Chem. zvesti 27 (3) 316-326 (1973)