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Our advice, your growth!
The South American Tomato Pin Worm Tuta absolutaA new challenge Suggestions for a control strategy
Ing. Paco Lozano Rubio
Our advice, your growth!
Tuta absuluta:
overview
Pest
Profile:
• Taxonomy
• Host
• Origin
• Distribution
• Morfology
• Damages
• Life cycle
Cultural
Interventions:
• Clean start
• Hermiticity
• Hygiene
• Fysical control
• Monitoring
Currative
Interventions:
• Mass trapping
• Biological Control
• Chemical
Corrections
Tuta absoluta
pest profile
Taxonomy:
Class: Insecta (insects)
Order: Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)
Family: Gelechiidae (curved-horn moths)
Genus: Tuta
Specie: T. absoluta (Povolny, 1994)
Synonyms:
• Scrobipalpula absoluta (Povolny, 1964)
• Gnorimoschema absoluta (Clarke, 1962)
• Phthorimaea absoluta (Meyrick, 1917)
Common name:
• South American tomato pinworm
• Tomato borer
17 October 2012
Tuta absoluta
pest profile
17 October 2012
Host plats:
• Solanacea family
• Main target crops: Tomato, eggplant, potato
• Other crops: tabaco, sweet pepper
• Weeds: Solanum nigrum, Datura stramonium
Tuta absoluta
pest profile
Origin & geographical distribution:
South America:
• Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru,
Uruguay, Venezuela.
• Not present in Andean regions (> 1000 m), as low temperature is a
limiting factor (Notz, 1992)
Asia:
• There is an old record of T. Absoluta attacking Solanum lyratum in
Japan (Clarke, 1962) but no recent records
Europe:
• Invasive specie in Europe since 2006
17 October 2012
Tuta absoluta
pest profile
17 October 2012
Origin & geographical distribution
Tuta absoluta
pest profile
Morphology:
Adults:
• Longitude: 6-7 mm
• Wingspan: 10 - 11 mm.
• Wings: gray brown, with dark spots
• Antenna: large, filiform, twirled
• Lifespan: 10-15 days , 6-7 days
• Activity time: night & twilight,
hided in daytime.
• Fecundity: 180 – 260 eggs /
17 October 2012
Tuta absoluta
pest profile
Morphology:
Egg:
• Shape: small, cylindrical
• Color: creamy white (recently laid)
yellow-orange (before hedging)
• Size: 0.36 mm long, 0.22 mm wide
• Location : individual or small groups
73% on leaves
21% on stems
5% on sepals
1% on green fruits
(source: Estay, 2000)
17 October 2012
Tuta absoluta
pest profile
17 October 2012
Tuta absoluta
pest profile
Morphology:
Larva:
• 4 larval stages, each of different sizes and color.
• L1: 0.5 – 0.8 mm long
cream-coloured
young larvae mine the leave and feed on mesophyle tissue
• L2: 2.8 mm long
as they feed and grow, they turn yellowish-green
black stripe at the back of their head
• L3: 4.5 mm long.
maintain the yellow-green colour
• L4: about 7.5 mm. Full-grown larvae are greenish pink
before pupating, stop feeding
17 October 2012
Tuta absoluta
pest profile
17 October 2012
Tuta absoluta
pest profile
Morphology:
Pupa:
• Shape: cylindrical
• Colour: light brown
• Size: 4-5 mm long, 1.1 mm Ø
• Pupation in a silk cocoon
• Location: on crop or drops on floor
17 October 2012
Tuta absoluta
pest profile
Damages:
Leaves:
• bladder-shaped mines >< leafminer
• Excrements at the end of the mines
• Mines turn brow and necrotic
• Larvae leave mines to penetrate other leaves, stems or fruits
17 October 2012
Tuta absoluta
pest profile
17 October 2012
T. absoluta
Lyriomyza
17 October 2012
Tuta absoluta
pest profile
17 October 2012
Tuta absoluta
pest profile
Tuta absoluta
pest profile
Damages:
Stems:
• Boreholes in young stems
• Heaps of dark granular excrements
Fruits:
• boreholes under and around the sepal
• Heaps of dark granular excrements
• unsuitable for sale and consumption.
17 October 2012
Tuta absoluta
pest profile
17 October 2012
Tuta absoluta
pest profile
17 October 2012
Tuta absoluta
pest profile
Life cycle:
• min. activity T : 9 C
• Overwinter:
egg, pupa or adult
not in the Mediterranean
• Diapause:
no food available
4-6 weeks
• 10 – 12 generations / year
17 October 2012
15 20 25 30
Egg 10 7 4 3
Larva 36 23 15 11
Pupa 21 12 7 6
Total 67 42 26 20
Life span 23 17 13 9
Tuta absoluta
cultural intervention
Clean start:
End of crop:
• Treat crop and soil; i.e. chlorpyrifos-methyl + spinosad)
• Dispose and destroy all crop remains and weeds; i.e. burning
Disinfection:
• Greenhouse structure
• Focus on entre gates and windows
17 October 2012
17 oktober 2012
Tuta absoluta
preventive intervention
Clean start
Hygiene:
• Remove and destroy all weeds (potential host plants) , also around
the greenhouse
• Plantlets free of pest (eggs, larvae, adults)
• Tools and crates free pest (eggs, larvae, adults)
Soil treatment:
• Plowing
• (Bio) solarization
• Min. 5-6 weeks fallowing
17 October 2012
Tuta absoluta
preventive intervention
Hermiticity
Insect screen
17 October 2012
Insect proof netting
Ventilation
Tuta absoluta
preventive intervention
Hermiticity
Mesh: min. 9 x 6 / cm²
17 October 2012
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
1 2 3 4 5 6
Na
du
lte
n
Permeability
4x2
6x6
9x6
Tuta absoluta
preventive intervention
Hermiticity
Dobble doors
17 October 2012
Tuta absoluta
preventive intervention
Hermiticity
Seal crack and holes
17 October 2012
Tuta absoluta
cultural intervention
Physical control
Trapping:
• For hedged adults from the soil
• 10 – 15 days prior to planting
• 15 – 30 watertraps / ha + pheromones (or yellow sticky traps)
• Remore sticky traps before introductions of beneficials
17 October 2012
Tuta absoluta
cultural intervention
Physical control
Remove and destroy
• infested tissue
• weeds
17 October 2012
Tuta absoluta
cultural intervention
Monitoring
What?
• Detection presence of pest
• Follow up population development
Why?
• first damages observable after 2-3 weeks after first captures
• Threshold level
• Moment of intervention
How?
• Captures on traps (n adults)
• Observation of pest symptoms (% of damage)
17 October 2012
Tuta absoluta
cultural intervention
Monitoring
Correlation captures and risk level
Correlation % symptomatic plants and risk level
17 October 2012
N of captured adults % of symptomatic Plants Risk Level
0 - Non
1 5% Very Low
2 - 3 5 - 25% Low
4 - 30 25 - 50% Middle
30 - 100 > 50% High
> 100> 50%,
all larval stagesExtreme
Tuta absoluta
cultural intervention
Monitoring
17 October 2012
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1 2 3 4 5 6
NA
du
lts
pe
r tr
ap
type of trap
Funnelval
Deltaval
Waterval
17 October 2012
Tuta absoluta
cultural intervention
Monitoring
Tuta absoluta
cultural intervention
17 October 2012
Monitoring
4-6 delta traps / ha
Replace pheromone every 4-6
weeks
0.4-1.2 m height
17 octobre 2012
Mass trapping:
Water traps
• 15 - 30 water traps / ha
• 40 cm height
• Oil layer
• Pheromone
Note:
• Captures
• No correlation N captures with % infested plants
Tuta absoluta
curative strategies
Tuta absoluta
curative strategies
Risk Level Recommended intervention
Non Monitoring on traps
Very Low Monitoring on traps and crops
Low Monitoring on traps and crops
MiddleIntensify monitoring
Preventive application of biological products
HighIntensify monitoring
Intensify bio treatments
Extreme Corrective treatments
17 October 2012
Intervention
17 October 2012
Tuta absoluta
curative strategies
Intervention:
Preventive application of biological products:
• every 10-15 days
• Bacillus thuringiensis, azadirachtine
Curative treatments:
• Spinosad : 3x / cyclus
• Indoxacarb: 6x / cyclus
• New Tuta chemicals available
17 octobre 2012
Tuta absoluta
curative strategies
Biological control:
Biopesticides:
• Bt
Mirids:
• Macrolophus caliginosus
• Nesidiocoris tenuis
Parasitoids:
• Trichogramma achaea
• Others in research: egg and larva parasitoid
17 October 2012
Tuta absoluta
curative strategies
40
Urbaneja et al. 2009
Trial conditions: 24 h; 25ºC; 16:8 (L:D)
Macrolophus
Nesidiocoris
Urbaneja et al. 2009
Trial conditions: 5 larvae; 24 h. 25ºC; 16:8 (L:D)
Tuta absoluta
curative strategies
17 October 2012
0.2 damaged fruits / 5 fruits = 4%
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Mirids
Da
ma
ged
fru
its
/ 5
fru
its
4.5 mirids /plant
Judit Arnó, IRTA 2009
Tuta absoluta
curative strategies
17 October 2012
Some considerations on mirids:
Predation by adults of eggs and early stage larval stages.
Contained Threshold at high mirid population levels > 4.5 / plant
Slow population development
Phytophagy – risk of feeding damage
Advance population development:
• Earlier releases (propagation area, 3-4 weeks after planting)
• Introduction of adults
• Increase dosage (1,5 /m²)
• External food source (Ephestia eggs)
Tuta absoluta
curative strategies
17 October 2012
Tuta absoluta
curative strategies
Recommendation on release of Nesidiocoris tenuis:
Dosage:0.5 – 1 /m²/ release, total 1.5-2 / m²
Moment of introduction Planting August, 3 weeks later, in 2 releasesPlanting September, as soon as possible, in 1 release (+ephestia)
Introduction method:On plants or BioboxFeed with ephestia eggs
Treatments:Avoid extensive chemical treatmentsduring build-up face (3-4 weeks)
17 October 2012
17 October 2012
Trichogramma achaeae
Dosage:
50-100 /m²/w, total: 250-500 / m²
Moment of introduction:
first sign of galaries or adults catched on traps in spring time
Introduction method:
Low volume card, lower part of plants, good distributed over the crop
Treatments:
compatible products
Note: in research
Tuta absoluta
curative strategies
