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The Solar SystemEarth is not even the beginning!
How the Solar System FormedLarge explosion sent gas and dust
flying
Gravity forced particles together
Tighter
And Tighter
And even tighter
Until they began to heat because of friction
This would eventually become stars and planets
Solar SystemComposed of a number of thingsSunPlanetsMoonsAsteroidsDwarf PlanetsCometsAnd of course Space
History of Solar System
Geocentric model put earth at the center (Ptolemy)
Sun and all planets orbited Earth
Impossible
Heliocentric Model
Copernicus fixed Ptolemy’s problem
Put Sun at center of Solar System
Lots of criticism
Correct
The Sun
Gas star
Made of hydrogen and helium
99% mass of solar system
Powers EVERYTHING in solar system
Sun Cont.
Massive gravitational pull
10,000 Degrees Fahrenheit (5,500 C)
93,000,000 miles from Earth
Fusion of hydrogen to helium
Center of the Solar System
Warm Up Questions…1. What is the main difference between the
geocentric and heliocentric models of planetary orbit?
2. Who originally proposed the heliocentric model?
3. How hot is the sun?
4. How far is the sun from Earth?
5. What was the material that came from the explosion that formed our solar system?
6. What force allowed these particles to rotate and eventually fuse together?
Think About It???
Explain how small particles such as dust and gas could form something as large as a planet?
Planets
8 Planets in our solar system. (Sorry Pluto)
4 Inner planets (Rock)
4 Outer Planets (Gas and Ice)
Made of rock or gas
All orbit around the Sun
Have unique features
Planet Formation
Grains of dust and other material condensed and began to accumulate into small masses.
Masses grew and grew
Masses became spheres
We call them planets
Inner Planets
Also known as terrestrial planets
Smaller than others
More dense
Made of Rock
Revolve fast around the sun
Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars
Mercury
Closest planet to the sun
Orbits the sun every 88 days
Rotates once every 59 days (1407.6 hours)
No Moons
Approx. 1/3 the size of Earth
Mercury Cont.
Thin Atmosphere
Surface is covered with craters
Temp. Day=473 C Night= -173 C
Mariner 10 – 1974
Messenger - 2011
Mercury Mythology
Named after Roman god Mercurius
Messenger of the gods
Greek god Hermes
Why we will never meet an alien…
Venus
Second planet from the sun
No moons
Orbit period 225 days
Rotation 243 days
Same size as earth
Hottest planet in solar system
Very thick atmosphere
Venus’ Atmosphere
Pressure is 92x greater than Earth
Clouds composed of sulfuric acid
Greenhouse gases trapped in atmosphere
464 C
Venus Surface
Composed of Basalt and Granite
1978- Pioneer
1989- Magellan
Inner core of metal
Venus
Roman goddess of love
Greek would be Aphrodite
Brightest object in the night sky next to moon
Warm Up Questions???1. Please list the two reasons why Venus
is the hottest planet in the solar system?
2. Why are Venus and Earth considered twin planets?
3. How long does it take Mercury to orbit the Sun?
4. What does the surface of Mercury look like?
5. Why does Mercury’s surface look like this?
6. What is unique about the rotation of Venus?
Earth
3rd planet from the sun
Orbit period 365.24 days
One rotation in 23 hours and 56 minutes
Thick atmosphere (greenhouse effect)
Tectonically active
One moon
Earth Mythology
Romans called her “terra Mater”
Mother Earth
Goddess Gaia
Earth Formation
Originally hot
Crust cooled
Inside is hot (mantle and core)
Dense materials were pulled in close to the center by gravity. (iron)
Water on Earth
Water allowed life to form on earth
Water came from two places
1. Water vapor contained in volcanoes during eruption
2. Contained in meteor, comet, and asteroid collisions with earth.
Beginnings of Earth
Warm Up Questions???1. What are the four layers of the
Earth called?
2. What is the largest layer?
3. Which layer(s) are solid?
4. What layer do we live on?
5. Describe the outer core?
6. Why couldn’t we dig a hole to China?
Mars
4th planet from the sun
Orbit period 468 days
Rotation = 24hours 37 minutes
Has a tilted axis like Earth (Seasons)
Iron oxide in soil makes it red
Atmosphere
Constant wind and dust storms
Mars Cont.
Temp Range -87C to -5C
Dried river and lake beds
Surface has ancient non functioning volcanoes
No tectonic plate movement
Polar ice caps
Mars Mythology
Named after Roman God of war
Greek god Ares
2 Moons: Deimos and Phobos
Both moons are irregularly shaped
Inner planets closing questions???
1. Name the inner planets.
2. What inner planet is named after the Greek messenger Hermes?
3. What is the composition of the inner planets?
4. What is located between the inner and outer planets?
5. Which of the inner planets has the thickest atmosphere?
6. What is another name for the inner planets?
Inner Planet Groups1. Size as compared to Earth
2. Atmosphere?
3. Moons?
4. Surface features.
5. Temp (hot and cold)
6. Orbit and rotation periods.
7. Unique features of the planet?
Outer Planets
Think about it???
What do we already know about the outer planets?
What we know…
Outer Planets
Density: how tightly packed something is
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune
Also called Jovian planets
Larger
Less dense
Gas giants
Outer Planets
Thick atmospheres
Many moons (satellites)
Many rings
Interiors made of gas or liquid
May have rocky cores
Jupiter
5th planet from the sun
Largest planet
Orbit Period: 12 years
Day is about 9 hours 50min
Moves so fast it is flat at poles with a bulge at equator
Jupiter’s Moons and Rings
4 rings
63 moons
4 Largest moons observed by Galileo
Galilean Moons:1. Io- Volcanic activity2. Europa- Ocean of water under
frozen ice3. Ganymede- Largest moon in solar
system4. Callisto-Most cratered moon in SS
Jupiter Features
Giant Red Spot (storm)
30,000 C at core
Gives off more heat than it receives
Would have become a star but not enough mass
Clouds on surface (lightning)
Massive electric field
Jupiter Mythology
King of the Roman gods
Greek god Zeus
Warm up questions???1. What is Jupiter’s big red spot?
2. Name Jupiter’s 4 largest moons?
3. Who first discovered these moons?
4. Why are scientists so interested in Europa?
5. What constantly hits the surface of Jupiter?
6. Describe what happens to Jupiter because of it’s fast rotation.
Saturn
6th planet from the sun
2nd largest in the solar system
Average temp. -178 C
Rotation period = 10 Hours 40 Min
Orbit Period = 29.5 Years
Saturn’s Moons
62 Moons
Titan – Saturn’s largest moonLarger than MercuryThick atmosphere
Titan
Lord of the Rings
Saturn has several thousand rings
Each large ring is divided into dozens of smaller ringlets
Billions of pieces of rock and ice
67,000 Km wide
Less than 100 meters thick
Ring Theories
1. A large body was orbiting the planet and was ripped apart by gravity.
2. Debris left over from a collision with an asteroid.
3. Material that was unable to condense into a moon.
Warm up question???
Please explain how Saturn got its rings?
Be specific!
You can use any of the three we talked about yesterday.
Saturn's Rings
Saturn Mythology
Roman god of agriculture, harvest, or time.
Last day of the week is named after Saturn.
Greek Cronus
Uranus
Seventh Planet
3rd Largest
Discovered 1781
Rotation = 17 Hours
Orbit = 84 Years
Uranus
Methane atmosphere (blue)
Tilted 97 degrees
Rotates like a bicycle tire
Temp -215 C
Uranus Moons and Rings
27 Moons
Most are small
13 Rings
Uranus Mythology
Father of Saturn and Grandfather of Jupiter
Greek Ouranus
Neptune
8th planet from the sun
Predicted before its discovery
Rotation = 16 hours
Orbit = 165 years
Temp = -214 C
Neptune’s Moons and Rings
13 MoonsTriton – Travels from east to
westGeologically active
9 Rings
Triton
Neptune Mythology
Roman god of the sea
Greek God Poseidon
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gPPnifA7Yh0&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zWpZ1gIEHhY&feature=related
