The Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific Revolution

Ptolemaic System: Almagest – geocentric Ptolemaic System: Almagest – geocentric universe (earth-centered) universe (earth-centered)

Copernicus: On the Revolutions of the Copernicus: On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres – heliocentric universe Heavenly Spheres – heliocentric universe (sun centered)(sun centered)This theory was published in 1543 This theory was published in 1543 It was charged by Catholic and Protestant It was charged by Catholic and Protestant

alike as illogical, unbiblical, and un-Christianalike as illogical, unbiblical, and un-Christian

Ptolemaic SystemPtolemaic System

Copernican HeliocentricCopernican Heliocentric

Galileo Galilei – 1564 – 1642 Galileo Galilei – 1564 – 1642 First to use the telescope for astronomical First to use the telescope for astronomical

observations observations 1632 – Published his Dialogue on Two Chief Systems 1632 – Published his Dialogue on Two Chief Systems

of the World – Galileo, although devout in his religious of the World – Galileo, although devout in his religious faith, contended that the Bible was not a reliable faith, contended that the Bible was not a reliable authority on scientific mattersauthority on scientific matters

Church was prepared to tolerate the heliocentric Church was prepared to tolerate the heliocentric theory as long as it was only a proposed hypothesistheory as long as it was only a proposed hypothesis

Galileo was forced to recant, but was believed to have Galileo was forced to recant, but was believed to have muttered, “And yet it does move.” muttered, “And yet it does move.”

Sir Isaac Newton 1642 – 1727 Sir Isaac Newton 1642 – 1727 Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge University Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge University Invented differential calculus independently but at the Invented differential calculus independently but at the

same time as Leibniz same time as Leibniz Newton believed, as did other scientists of his day, Newton believed, as did other scientists of his day,

that the earth was governed by natural laws that the earth was governed by natural laws Research pointed to the idea of universal gravitation – Research pointed to the idea of universal gravitation –

outlined this theory in his Principia Mathematicaoutlined this theory in his Principia Mathematica

Hobbes vs. Locke – Hobbes vs. Locke – Hobbes – Leviathon (1651) Hobbes – Leviathon (1651) Human beings in their natural state are inclined to a Human beings in their natural state are inclined to a

“perpetual and restless desire” desire for power“perpetual and restless desire” desire for power People are self-centered creatures who lack a master People are self-centered creatures who lack a master They needed a political contract where every person, They needed a political contract where every person,

for the sake of peace and self-defense, set aside for the sake of peace and self-defense, set aside personal rights and freedoms, and the people would personal rights and freedoms, and the people would be ruled by some system of governance, and this be ruled by some system of governance, and this would be absolutewould be absolute

Locke – Second Treatise of Government (1690)Locke – Second Treatise of Government (1690) Tabula Rasa – at birth every human’s mind is a blank Tabula Rasa – at birth every human’s mind is a blank

page, and all knowledge comes from experiencepage, and all knowledge comes from experience Believed that people had created a government to Believed that people had created a government to

protect their natural rights to life, liberty, and propertyprotect their natural rights to life, liberty, and property The authority of the government is thus derived from The authority of the government is thus derived from

the consent of those governedthe consent of those governed When the government fails to protect the people’s When the government fails to protect the people’s

natural rights and instead, interferes with them by natural rights and instead, interferes with them by attempting to rule absolutely, the people have a right attempting to rule absolutely, the people have a right to rebelto rebel

Homework: Homework: Honors – Read pages 382 – 387 in your textbooksHonors – Read pages 382 – 387 in your textbooks

Please compose a one-page essay summarizing any one of Please compose a one-page essay summarizing any one of the major developments of the Scientific Revolution covered the major developments of the Scientific Revolution covered in Section 1 of Chapter 16in Section 1 of Chapter 16

Summarizing means to first explain the theory and second Summarizing means to first explain the theory and second and then to explain its importance to modern society and then to explain its importance to modern society

Assignment should be one-page typed and double spacedAssignment should be one-page typed and double spaced One-inch margins, 12-size font and Times New Roman font One-inch margins, 12-size font and Times New Roman font