The The ScientificScientific RevolutionRevolution

Chapter 13Chapter 13

Pgs. 351-371Pgs. 351-371

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1.1. Notes from yesterdayNotes from yesterday

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1. Scientific Revolution, pg. 3541. Scientific Revolution, pg. 354The series of events that led to the The series of events that led to the

birth of modern science.birth of modern science.

It occurred between 1540-1700.It occurred between 1540-1700.Educated people placed more Educated people placed more

importance on what they observed importance on what they observed and less on what they were told by and less on what they were told by the Catholic Church.the Catholic Church.

(p. 354).(p. 354).

2. Science (pg. 355)2. Science (pg. 355)

A particular way of gaining A particular way of gaining knowledge about the worldknowledge about the world

3. Theories (pg. 355)3. Theories (pg. 355)

The explanations scientists The explanations scientists develop based on these acts develop based on these acts are called theoriesare called theories

4. Roots of the Revolution 4. Roots of the Revolution (pgs. 355-356)(pgs. 355-356)

Great Greek thinkers such as Aristotle, Great Greek thinkers such as Aristotle, Ptolemy and Plato were philosophers Ptolemy and Plato were philosophers who made significant contributions to who made significant contributions to science, philosophy and geography science, philosophy and geography were viewed as authorities. What they were viewed as authorities. What they said goes.said goes.

They made rational decisions about They made rational decisions about the word that were reasonable and the word that were reasonable and logical.logical.

Aristotle, Ptolemy, Plato, Aristotle, Ptolemy, Plato,

4. rationalist4. rationalist

People who looked at the world in a People who looked at the world in a rational or reasonable or logical wayrational or reasonable or logical way

Discovery Leads to DoubtDiscovery Leads to Doubt(pgs 358-359)(pgs 358-359)

Scientists were making Scientists were making discoveries that were disproving discoveries that were disproving what the church and what Greek what the church and what Greek authorities were stating as factual.authorities were stating as factual.

Scientist made their own Scientist made their own observations that helped lead to observations that helped lead to the Scientific Revolution.the Scientific Revolution.

5. Nicolaus Copernicus5. Nicolaus Copernicus(pg. 359)(pg. 359)

The book thought to The book thought to have marked the have marked the beginning of the beginning of the Scientific Revolution Scientific Revolution

His 1543 book was His 1543 book was called called On the On the Revolution of the Revolution of the Celestial SpheresCelestial Spheres

5. Copernicus’s theory5. Copernicus’s theoryHis theory was His theory was

that the earth was that the earth was the center of the the center of the universe and that universe and that the sun and the the sun and the other planets other planets orbited the earth orbited the earth in a in a circularcircular fashion fashion insteadinstead of of an an elliptical wayelliptical way..

• Kepler disprovedKepler disproved Copernicus’ theory Copernicus’ theory and said the and said the planets moved in planets moved in an ellipticalan elliptical orbit orbit instead of circular instead of circular orbitsorbits

Copernicus’ TheoryCopernicus’ Theory

Circular orbit = Circular orbit = CopernicusCopernicus

KeplerKepler

Johannes Kepler- German Johannes Kepler- German astronomerastronomer

Kepler Kepler disagreeddisagreed with with Copernicus who stated that orbits Copernicus who stated that orbits of the of the planets were circularplanets were circular..

Kepler’s observations showed Kepler’s observations showed that Copernicus was mistaken.that Copernicus was mistaken.

6. Kepler6. Kepler

Kepler stated that the Kepler stated that the

planets moved in planets moved in elliptical elliptical orbitsorbits where the where the planets planets

orbit around the sunorbit around the sun..

7. Galileo Galilei7. Galileo GalileiHe was the most important scientist He was the most important scientist

during the during the Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution

He was the first person to studyHe was the first person to study the sky with a telescope.the sky with a telescope.He also was interested in such He also was interested in such

things as how falling objects things as how falling objects behave. behave.

Today, we use the term Today, we use the term mechanicsmechanics for for the study ofthe study of objects and motionobjects and motion

Galileo’s biggest contribution to the Galileo’s biggest contribution to the development of science was development of science was the way he the way he learned about mechanics.learned about mechanics.

he set up experiments to test his he set up experiments to test his theoriestheories

He was the first scientist to He was the first scientist to routinely use routinely use experiments to test his theoriesexperiments to test his theories

7. Galileo

8. Sir Isaac Newton8. Sir Isaac Newton1687 – English scientist who 1687 – English scientist who

wrote wrote Principia MathematicaPrincipia Mathematica book was published.book was published.

One of the greatest and most One of the greatest and most influential scientist who ever influential scientist who ever lived.lived.

Identified 4 theories that Identified 4 theories that described how the physical world described how the physical world worked.worked.

#1 One of his laws is called the law of #1 One of his laws is called the law of gravity.gravity.

#2 His other 3 laws are called the laws #2 His other 3 laws are called the laws of motion: how objects move in spaceof motion: how objects move in space

#3“For every action, there is an equal #3“For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.”and opposite reaction.”

#4 Invented calculus#4 Invented calculus

8. Newton

Newton and Laws of GravityNewton and Laws of Gravity

Newton and Laws of MotionNewton and Laws of Motion

9. New Inventions9. New Inventions

The first person who invented The first person who invented the microscope was Zacharias the microscope was Zacharias JanssenJanssen

10. What did Galileo invent?10. What did Galileo invent?

• Galileo invented the Galileo invented the thermometer: used to measure thermometer: used to measure temperaturetemperature

..

11. 11.

Galileo built a much-improved Galileo built a much-improved telescope telescope that he used to that he used to make his important make his important astronomical discoveriesastronomical discoveries

In 1643, the Italian scientist In 1643, the Italian scientist Evangelista Torricelli invented Evangelista Torricelli invented the barometer.the barometer.

A barometer is a scientific A barometer is a scientific instrument that measures air instrument that measures air pressure.pressure.

12.

13.13.

These instruments, the These instruments, the microscope, telescope, microscope, telescope, thermometer, the telescope and thermometer, the telescope and the barometer are very common the barometer are very common todaytoday

14. 14.

They gave scientist the tools they They gave scientist the tools they needed to make more needed to make more accurate accurate observationsobservations of the world and to of the world and to conduct conduct experimentsexperiments..

They were the tools of the They were the tools of the Scientific Scientific RevolutionRevolution

15. The work of Copernicus, 15. The work of Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, Galileo and Brahe, Kepler, Galileo and Newton was central to the Newton was central to the Scienfic RevolutionScienfic Revolution

16. Francis Bacon16. Francis Bacon

Francis Bacon noted how these Francis Bacon noted how these scientist (during the Scientific scientist (during the Scientific Revolution) using Revolution) using observations, observations, facts, facts, experiments, and theoriesexperiments, and theories, , were revealing were revealing the truth about the truth about how nature worked.how nature worked.

16. Bacon16. Bacon

Develop theories to explain Develop theories to explain data through tests and data through tests and experimentationexperimentation

17. List 3 statements Bacon made 17. List 3 statements Bacon made about scientists belowabout scientists below

a.a. They should observe the world and They should observe the world and gather data, or information about itgather data, or information about it

b.b. They can conduct experiments to gather They can conduct experiments to gather datadata

c.c. They can develop theories to explain They can develop theories to explain their data and then test them through their data and then test them through more experimentsmore experiments

Rene DescartesRene Descartes

French philosopherFrench philosopherDescartes emphasized that Descartes emphasized that

people must use clear thinking people must use clear thinking and reason to establish proof.and reason to establish proof.

18. List three statements Descartes 18. List three statements Descartes made about science belowmade about science below

a.a. Doubt everything until it can be proven with Doubt everything until it can be proven with reasonreason

b.b. The natural world operates like a machine and The natural world operates like a machine and follows basic physical lawsfollows basic physical laws

c.c. Individual existence is the one acceptable Individual existence is the one acceptable truth; “I think, therefore I am”truth; “I think, therefore I am”

d.d. Abbbbeeeeeey waas Abbbbeeeeeey waas heeeeeeeere!heeeeeeeere!

19. The Scientific Method19. The Scientific Method

Scientific method- a step-by-Scientific method- a step-by-step method for performing step method for performing experiments and other experiments and other scientific researchscientific research..

A hypothesis- a solution that A hypothesis- a solution that the scientist proposes to solve the scientist proposes to solve the problem.the problem.

20. Why was there conflict between 20. Why was there conflict between the scientist and the Catholic the scientist and the Catholic Church?Church?Scientists were trying to find out the truth Scientists were trying to find out the truth

by testing theories and conducting by testing theories and conducting experimentsexperiments

The Catholic Church felt weakened and The Catholic Church felt weakened and threatened by the scientist questioning threatened by the scientist questioning their teachingstheir teachings

Abbeeeey waas heeeree(;Abbeeeey waas heeeree(;

Science and Government Science and Government

The Power of Reason- by the end The Power of Reason- by the end of the Scientific Revolution, one of the Scientific Revolution, one thing had become clear to many thing had become clear to many European thinkers: human European thinkers: human reason, or logical thought.reason, or logical thought.

Democratic IdeasDemocratic Ideas

Scientists use reason and logic to pave Scientists use reason and logic to pave the way these ideas about personal the way these ideas about personal freedom, individual rights and equality.freedom, individual rights and equality.

Science and ReligionScience and Religion

The Roman Catholic Church was The Roman Catholic Church was powerful force in Europe during powerful force in Europe during the time of the Scientific the time of the Scientific Revolution.Revolution.

SummarySummary

The work of Copernicus, Brahe, The work of Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton was Kepler, Galileo, and Newton was central to the Scientific Revolutioncentral to the Scientific Revolution