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The Scientific Method Chapter 2.1 Dr. C.’s PAP Chemistry Fall 2015

The Scientific Method Chapter 2.1 Dr. C.’s PAP Chemistry Fall 2015

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Page 1: The Scientific Method Chapter 2.1 Dr. C.’s PAP Chemistry Fall 2015

The Scientific MethodChapter 2.1Dr. C.’s PAP Chemistry Fall 2015

Page 2: The Scientific Method Chapter 2.1 Dr. C.’s PAP Chemistry Fall 2015

Lesson Objectives• Review Scientific Notation

• Describe the purpose and steps of the scientific method

• Distinguish independent, dependent and control variables

• Describe the difference between a hypothesis and theory

• Explain the purpose and use of scientific models

• Define: qualitative, quantitative, system, repetitions, replication

Page 3: The Scientific Method Chapter 2.1 Dr. C.’s PAP Chemistry Fall 2015
Page 4: The Scientific Method Chapter 2.1 Dr. C.’s PAP Chemistry Fall 2015

Scientific Method• Logical approach to solving problems

Page 5: The Scientific Method Chapter 2.1 Dr. C.’s PAP Chemistry Fall 2015
Page 6: The Scientific Method Chapter 2.1 Dr. C.’s PAP Chemistry Fall 2015

Observation• Observing requires your senses to obtain information (data)

– Data may be:

– Qualitative (descriptive)

– Quantitative (numerical)

• Examples of qualitative data: color or smell

• Examples of quantitative data: mass, volume, length

• A system is a portion of the universe being studied

– Can be as large as a rain forest or as small as the contents of a beaker

Page 7: The Scientific Method Chapter 2.1 Dr. C.’s PAP Chemistry Fall 2015

Hypothesis

•A Hypothesis is a testable statement.–Often “if-then” statements (But not always!)

–Often called “educated guesses”

Page 8: The Scientific Method Chapter 2.1 Dr. C.’s PAP Chemistry Fall 2015
Page 9: The Scientific Method Chapter 2.1 Dr. C.’s PAP Chemistry Fall 2015

Testing a Hypothesis• Testing a hypothesis requires experimentation to

support or refute the hypothesis.

• Controls are the experimental constants, they do not change during the experiment.

• Variables change during the experiment.

– Independent Variable: Manipulated Variable. Usually known to the scientist prior to the experiment.

– Dependent Variable: Responding Variable. Usually unknown to the scientist prior to the experiment.

Page 10: The Scientific Method Chapter 2.1 Dr. C.’s PAP Chemistry Fall 2015

One experiment isn’t enough!

• Repetition is the expectation of getting the same results when the experiment is repeated under the same conditions.

• Replication is the expectation that other scientists will be able to reproduce your experimental results.

Page 11: The Scientific Method Chapter 2.1 Dr. C.’s PAP Chemistry Fall 2015

Theory vs. Hypothesis• A theory is a well-substantiated explanation that is

acquired through the scientific method and repeatedly tested and confirmed through both observation and experimentation.

• Although a theory is a well-substantiated explanation, it doesn’t mean it can’t change over time.

During the next chapter we will see some of the changes that have taken place to atomic theory.

Page 12: The Scientific Method Chapter 2.1 Dr. C.’s PAP Chemistry Fall 2015

Scientific Models

•A model is an explanation of how phenomena occur. –Visual, verbal or mathematical

Page 13: The Scientific Method Chapter 2.1 Dr. C.’s PAP Chemistry Fall 2015

Lesson Objectives• Describe the purpose and steps of the scientific

method

• Distinguish independent, dependent and control variables

• Describe the difference between a hypothesis and theory

• Explain the purpose and use of scientific models

• Define: qualitative, quantitative, system, repetitions, replication

Page 14: The Scientific Method Chapter 2.1 Dr. C.’s PAP Chemistry Fall 2015

Sock Gnomes

Page 15: The Scientific Method Chapter 2.1 Dr. C.’s PAP Chemistry Fall 2015