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The Science of How we Learn
© Visible Learning plus
Repetition Reinforcement Conditioning Imprinting Mimicking
Working memory
© Visible Learning plus
Creativity and innovation
Learning and
innovation skillsCritical thinking and problem solving
Communication and Collaboration
C21st frameworkInformation literacy
Information media
& technology skillsMedia Literacy
ICT literacy
Flexibility and adaptability
Initiative and self-direction
Life & career skillsSocial and cross-cultural skills
Productive and accountability skills
Leadership and responsibility
© Visible Learning plus
The search for strategies = 400+ Brain Gym Mindfulness
Collaborative problem solving Mnemonics
Comprehension Monitoring Monitoring
Concept Mapping Note taking
Critical thinking techniques Planning
Discussion groups Practice / Rehearsal
Distributed Practice Practice Testing
Elaborative Interrogation Re-reading
Environmental structuring Retrieval cueing
Error monitoring Selecting Main Idea
Examination skills Self-monitoring
Help-seeking Self-questioning
Highlighting/Underlining Self-regulation
Interleaved Practice Sleep
Keeping records & monitoring Summarization
Learning Styles Think Aloud
Listening & Notetaking Time Management
Memorisation Underlining/Highlighting
© Visible Learning plus
A Model of Learning
Prior Achievement
© Visible Learning plus
A Model of Learning
The Will: Dispositions
RESILIENCE – emotional strength RESOURCEFULNESS – cognitive capability REFLECTION – strategic awareness RELATING – social sophistication
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The Thrill
Motivational strategies
Deep, Surface, Achieving: Motives and Strategies
Challenge
Success Criteria
Seeking to understand what success looks like
Having a sense of the standards desired © Visible Learning plus
A Model of Learning
© Visible Learning plus
A Model of Learning
SURFACE (increase in quantity) One idea
Many ideas
DEEP (change of quality)
Relate ideas Extend ideas
© Visible Learning plus
A Model of Learning
© Visible Learning plus
A Model of Learning
© Visible Learning plus
A Model of Learning
© Visible Learning plus
A Model of Learning
© Visible Learning plus
A Model of Learning
Environmental Structuring
© Visible Learning plus
What is learning?
The process of developing sufficient
surface knowledge to then move to
deeper understanding such that one can
appropriately transfer this learning
to new tasks & situations
© Visible Learning plus
The Evidence
1. Visible Learning
2. Lavery, 2009
3. Dutch team
– Dignath, Buettner & Langfeldt (2008)
– Donker, de Boer, Dignath, Kostons &Werf (2013)
4. Dunlosky, Rawson, Marsh, Nathan & Willingham (2013)
5. Hattie, Biggs, & Purdie (1996)
6. Our SLRC meta-analysis
10,000+ studies, 43,157 effects from about 12-16m students
© Visible Learning plus
No
. of
effe
cts
Learning strategies d=.60 © Visible Learning plus
No
. of
effe
cts
Learning strategies d=.60 © Visible Learning plus
A Model of Learning
No. metas
No. effects
ES
Prior Achievement 9 8014 .77
© Visible Learning plus
A Model of Learning
The WILL No. metas No. effects ES
Self-efficacy 11 2678 .63
Task Value 1 .46
Reducing anxiety 8 1305 .45
Attitude to content 4 782 .35
Learning styles 5 943 .23
Growth vs. Fixed thinking 1 113 .19
© Visible Learning plus
Motivational strategies No. metas No. effects ES
Deep motivation 1 72 0.75
Achieving approach 1 95 0.70
Goal intentions 2 190 0.68
Deep approach 1 38 0.63
Goal difficulty 7 526 0.60
Goals (Mastery, performance, social) 11 3531 0.48
Commitment to Goals 2 104 0.41
Mastery goals (general) 3 163 0.19
Achieving motivation 1 18 0.18
Surface approach 2 344 0.11
Surface motivation 2 58 -0.38
TOTAL 33 5139 0.39
The Thrill: a. Motivation
© Visible Learning plus
No. metas
ES
Similarities and differences
1 1.32
Problem solving teaching
2 0.84
TOTAL 4 0.99 © Visible Learning plus
Environmental structuring No. metas No. effects ES
Time Management 1 8 0.44
Environmental structuring 2 10 0.41
Working memory 1 30 0.35
Exercise 7 2325 0.22
Social support 1 33 0.12
Sleep 2 78 0.07
Student control over learning 3 132 0.01
TOTAL 23 2865 0.28
© Visible Learning plus
A Model of Learning
Self-efficacy
Challenge Knowing success
Prior achievement
Summarisation Organising
Practice Receiving feedback
Planning Evaluation
Self talk Self questions
Detecting differences &
similarities
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Rank Influence Effect-size
Inquiry based methods
Individualized instruction
Visual/Audio-visual methods
Problem based learning
Whole language
The Major Messages from this Meta-Synthesis of Learning Strategies
A.The right time for interventions
© Visible Learning plus
Rank Influence Effect-size
91 Inquiry based methods 0.31
143 Individualized instruction 0.22
144 Visual/Audio-visual methods 0.22
168 Problem based learning 0.15
184 Whole language 0.06
The Major Messages from this Meta-Synthesis of Learning Strategies
A.The right time for interventions
© Visible Learning plus
A Model of Learning
Problem based learning
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Learning strategies 90+% are surface
Teacher questions 90+% are surface
Lesson observations 90+% are surface
Test analyses 90+% are surface
Visible Learning 90+% are surface
We privilege a
grammar of surface learning
The Major Messages from this Meta-Synthesis of Learning Strategies
A. The right time for interventions B.An over emphasis on surface knowing
© Visible Learning plus
The Major Messages
A. The right time for interventions
B. An over emphasis on surface knowing
C. The mantra should be “surface to deep to transfer”
D. The importance of the skill, the will & the thrill (as both input and outputs)
© Visible Learning plus
© Visible Learning plus
