The Science of The Science of BiologyBiology

Chapter 1Chapter 1

Mrs. NorrisMrs. Norris

Spring 2013Spring 2013

Vocabulary: Write This Vocabulary: Write This DownDownon Chapter 1 Glossary Page!on Chapter 1 Glossary Page!• Science-Science- an organized way of using an organized way of using

evidence to learn about the worldevidence to learn about the world

• Inference-Inference- a logical interpretation based a logical interpretation based on prior knowledge or experienceon prior knowledge or experience

• HypothesisHypothesis – a scientific explanation for a – a scientific explanation for a set of observationsset of observations

• Theory-Theory- a well-supported, well-tested a well-supported, well-tested hypothesis that unifies a broad range of hypothesis that unifies a broad range of observations. Not absolute.observations. Not absolute.

What is Science?What is Science?

The goal of science The goal of science is to investigate is to investigate and understand and understand nature, to explain nature, to explain events in nature, events in nature, and to use those and to use those explanations to explanations to make useful make useful predictions. predictions.

What is Science?What is Science?

• SCIENCE is an organized way of using SCIENCE is an organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural evidence to learn about the natural world. world.

• The word SCIENCE also refers to the body The word SCIENCE also refers to the body of knowledge that scientists have built up of knowledge that scientists have built up after years of using this processafter years of using this process

• Science is a way of knowing – an ongoing Science is a way of knowing – an ongoing process that questions the world around process that questions the world around us.us.

Biology= The Study of the Biology= The Study of the Living WorldLiving World

Bio- (Life) -logy (Study Bio- (Life) -logy (Study of)of)

ObservationObservation

• The work of scientists begins with The work of scientists begins with making careful observationsmaking careful observations– the – the process of gathering info about process of gathering info about events or processes in a careful and events or processes in a careful and orderly way. orderly way. – Generally uses the senses.Generally uses the senses.

DataData- information gathered from - information gathered from observations.observations.

There are 2 types of data:There are 2 types of data:

1. Quantitative- expressed as numbers 1. Quantitative- expressed as numbers found by counting or measuring.found by counting or measuring.

2. Qualitative- descriptive and involve 2. Qualitative- descriptive and involve characteristics that can’t be counted.characteristics that can’t be counted.

Scientists use data to make Scientists use data to make inferencesinferences – a logical – a logical interpretation of data or interpretation of data or evidence collected.evidence collected.

Example: if you seeExample: if you see

wet pavement, it wet pavement, it

may have rainedmay have rained

Explaining and Interpreting Explaining and Interpreting DataData• After making observations, researchers After making observations, researchers

will propose one or more hypotheses.will propose one or more hypotheses.

• A A hypothesishypothesis is a proposed scientific is a proposed scientific explanation (or an educated guess) for explanation (or an educated guess) for a set of observationsa set of observations– Scientists generate hypotheses using prior Scientists generate hypotheses using prior

knowledge, or what they already know; knowledge, or what they already know; logical inference; and informed, creative logical inference; and informed, creative imagination.imagination.

Explaining and Interpreting Explaining and Interpreting DataData

• In science, a hypothesis is useful only In science, a hypothesis is useful only if it can be tested!if it can be tested!– Research! The ability to reproduce Research! The ability to reproduce

results is an important part of any results is an important part of any experiment!experiment!

• Hypotheses can then be either ruled Hypotheses can then be either ruled out or confirmed and supported.out or confirmed and supported.

• Collaboration is key! Collaboration is key!

Analyzing data: Analyzing data:

• Study the graph on page 27 of the Study the graph on page 27 of the textbook and answer questions 1-5 textbook and answer questions 1-5 (you do NOT have to write the (you do NOT have to write the Question). Question).

• TURN IT IN!TURN IT IN!

Scientific TheoriesScientific Theories When enough experimental data support When enough experimental data support

a hypothesis, the hypothesis becomes a a hypothesis, the hypothesis becomes a theory.theory.

A theory attempts to explain everything A theory attempts to explain everything about a phenomenon including it’s about a phenomenon including it’s cause.cause.

A theory is a well-tested explanation that A theory is a well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observationsunifies a broad range of observations

Scientific Scientific LawLaw

•A statement that describes A statement that describes some aspect of a some aspect of a phenomenon that is TRUEphenomenon that is TRUE

•Does not explain how or why Does not explain how or why – Example: The law of gravityExample: The law of gravity

Check Point 1.1Check Point 1.1: : Write Questions and Write Questions and Answers!!Answers!!

• How does an observation about an How does an observation about an object differ from an inference about object differ from an inference about that object?that object?– An observation uses senses to gather An observation uses senses to gather

information; an inference is a logical information; an inference is a logical interpretation based on what you already interpretation based on what you already know and have experienced.know and have experienced.

• What is Biology the study of?What is Biology the study of?– The living worldThe living world

Vocabulary: Write This Vocabulary: Write This DownDownon Chapter 1 Glossary Page!on Chapter 1 Glossary Page!• Controlled experimentControlled experiment: testing a hypothesis by : testing a hypothesis by

changing only one variable at a time while all other changing only one variable at a time while all other variables are unchanged, or controlledvariables are unchanged, or controlled

• VariablesVariables: Factors that can be changed in an : Factors that can be changed in an experimentexperiment– Controlled variablesControlled variables: unchanged, remains the : unchanged, remains the

samesame– Independent (manipulated variable)Independent (manipulated variable): Variable : Variable

that is changedthat is changed– Dependent (responding variableDependent (responding variable): the response to ): the response to

the independent variablethe independent variable

Scientific Method FoldableScientific Method Foldable1.1. Ask a question/State the ProblemAsk a question/State the Problem

2.2. Form a hypothesisForm a hypothesis– Must be testable. If…..then formatMust be testable. If…..then format

3.3. Test the hypothesis with a controlled Test the hypothesis with a controlled experimentsexperiments

4.4. Analyze dataAnalyze data

5.5. Draw conclusions and Record resultsDraw conclusions and Record results

MAKE FOLDBALE! Simpsons! Running in the MAKE FOLDBALE! Simpsons! Running in the Rain!Rain!

Vocabulary: Write This Vocabulary: Write This DownDownon Chapter 1 Glossary Page!on Chapter 1 Glossary Page!• Metric System – a decimal system of Metric System – a decimal system of

measurements based on multiples of 10measurements based on multiples of 10– Meter- basic unit of lengthMeter- basic unit of length– Liter- basic unit of volumeLiter- basic unit of volume– Gram – basic unit of massGram – basic unit of mass– Kelvin or Celsius- basic units of temperatureKelvin or Celsius- basic units of temperature

•Climbing the Stairs GraphicClimbing the Stairs Graphic

Tools and Procedures:Tools and Procedures:MeasurementsMeasurements• Scientists use a Scientists use a

universal system of universal system of measurement measurement called called Systeme Systeme InternationalInternational (SI) or (SI) or the the Metric Metric SystemSystem

• Importance of a Importance of a common system – common system – allows scientists all allows scientists all over the world to over the world to communicate with communicate with each other and each other and share data.share data.

Common Prefixes: Write It Common Prefixes: Write It Down!Down!

KiloKilo 1 000 X (thousand)1 000 X (thousand)

HectoHecto 100 X (hundred)100 X (hundred)

DecaDeca 10 X (ten)10 X (ten)

DeciDeci 0. 1 X (tenth)0. 1 X (tenth)

CentiCenti 0.01 X (hundredth0.01 X (hundredth

MilliMilli 0.001 X (thousandth)0.001 X (thousandth)

Sample Problems: Work Sample Problems: Work these!these!

• 25.8 g = __________ kg25.8 g = __________ kg

• 1000 g = _________ kg1000 g = _________ kg

• 45.9 cm = ________ m45.9 cm = ________ m

• 100 m = __________ mm100 m = __________ mm

• 75.2 mL = ________ L75.2 mL = ________ L

• 10 dm = __________ m10 dm = __________ m

• 27 L = ____________ kL27 L = ____________ kL

Sample ProblemsSample Problems• 25.8 g = .0258 kg25.8 g = .0258 kg

• 1000 g = 1 kg1000 g = 1 kg

• 45.9 cm = .459 m45.9 cm = .459 m

• 100 m = 100 000 mm100 m = 100 000 mm

• 75.2 mL = .0752 L75.2 mL = .0752 L

• 10 dm = 1.0 m10 dm = 1.0 m

• 27 L = .027 kL27 L = .027 kL

Length Lab, Practice ProblemsLength Lab, Practice Problems

Line graphsLine graphsWhen graphing the data from an experiment--

•The graph should have a title

•The graph should be drawn to scale

•Independent variable (manipulated variable)- goes on the X axis

Dependent variable (resulting variable) –goes on the Y axis

Tools of the Trade:Tools of the Trade:The MicroscopeThe Microscope

• Allows scientists to Allows scientists to see objects that see objects that would never be would never be seen with the seen with the unaided eyeunaided eye

Three Types of MicroscopesThree Types of Microscopes• Simple MicroscopeSimple Microscope – –

Consists of only a Consists of only a single lenssingle lens

• Light MicroscopeLight Microscope – – consists of two lens. consists of two lens. One lens magnifies the One lens magnifies the object and the other object and the other magnifies image. magnifies image. (Good for observing (Good for observing small, living small, living organisms)organisms)

• Electron MicroscopeElectron Microscope – electron beams are – electron beams are passed through the passed through the specimen and the specimen and the image is projected image is projected onto a monitor. onto a monitor. Better resolution and Better resolution and magnification. Two magnification. Two types – TEM and SEMtypes – TEM and SEM

Lab TechniquesLab Techniques

1.1. Cell cultures- single cell in a Cell cultures- single cell in a nutrient solution– then that cell nutrient solution– then that cell produces many cellsproduces many cells

2.2. Cell fractionation- cell is separated Cell fractionation- cell is separated into different cell partsinto different cell parts

3.3. Common Lab Equipment WorksheetCommon Lab Equipment Worksheet

4.4. Starting with Safety VideoStarting with Safety Video

Studying Life- Branches of Studying Life- Branches of BiologyBiologyADD TO CH. 1 Glossary!!!ADD TO CH. 1 Glossary!!!• Botany – study of plantsBotany – study of plants• Zoology – study of animalsZoology – study of animals• Ecology – study of interactions between Ecology – study of interactions between

living things and their environmentliving things and their environment• Genetics – study of heredityGenetics – study of heredity• Microbiology – study of microorganismsMicrobiology – study of microorganisms• Evolution – study of living things Evolution – study of living things

changing over timechanging over time• Biochemistry – study of organic Biochemistry – study of organic

moleculesmolecules

8 levels of organization in biology. 8 levels of organization in biology. You must know these!You must know these! (Write it (Write it Down!)Down!)1. Molecules- groups of atoms1. Molecules- groups of atoms

2. Cells- smallest functional unit of a living organism2. Cells- smallest functional unit of a living organism

3. Groups of cells- tissues, organs3. Groups of cells- tissues, organs

4. Organism- tree, dog, you4. Organism- tree, dog, you

5. Population- Groups of organisms of one type in a defined 5. Population- Groups of organisms of one type in a defined areaarea

6. Community- Different populations that live together in a 6. Community- Different populations that live together in a defined areadefined area

7. Ecosystem- Community and its nonliving surroundings in a 7. Ecosystem- Community and its nonliving surroundings in a defined areadefined area

8. Biosphere- part of the Earth that contains all ecosystems, 8. Biosphere- part of the Earth that contains all ecosystems, or all lifeor all life

8 Characteristics of Living Things. 8 Characteristics of Living Things. You must know! Write it down!You must know! Write it down!

1.1. Made up of cellsMade up of cells

2.2. Can reproduceCan reproduce

3.3. Have a genetic codeHave a genetic code

4.4. Grow and developGrow and develop

5.5. Obtain and use materials and energyObtain and use materials and energy

6.6. Respond to the environment:Respond to the environment:HomeostasisHomeostasis

7.7. Maintain a stable internal environmentMaintain a stable internal environment

8.8. Changes over timeChanges over time

I. Living things are made up I. Living things are made up of cellsof cells

• Cells – smallest unit of lifeCells – smallest unit of life

1.1. Unicellular organisms- consist of Unicellular organisms- consist of only a single cellonly a single cell

2.2. Multicellular organisms- contain Multicellular organisms- contain more than one cellmore than one cell

- The human body has over 85 The human body has over 85 different types of cells.different types of cells.

II. All living things II. All living things reproducereproduce

2 types of reproduction:2 types of reproduction:

1.1. Sexual ReproductionSexual Reproduction- cells from two - cells from two different parents unite to form the different parents unite to form the first cell of a new organismfirst cell of a new organism

2.2. Asexual ReproductionAsexual Reproduction- new - new organism has a single parent (ex.- organism has a single parent (ex.- hydra)hydra)

III. Genetic CodeIII. Genetic Code• Directions for Directions for

inheritance come inheritance come from DNAfrom DNA

IV. Grow and DevelopIV. Grow and Develop• Life cycles involve growth and development

V. Living Things Obtain and V. Living Things Obtain and Use Use

Materials and EnergyMaterials and Energy1.1. Metabolism:Metabolism: chemical reactions chemical reactions

through which organisms break down through which organisms break down materialsmaterials

2.2. Photosynthesis:Photosynthesis: the way plants, most the way plants, most algae, and some bacteria obtain their algae, and some bacteria obtain their energy- process of converting light energy- process of converting light energy into stored energy.energy into stored energy.

3.3. Decomposers:Decomposers: obtain materials from obtain materials from remains of dead organismsremains of dead organisms

VI. Respond to the VI. Respond to the environmentenvironment• Organisms respond to stimuli from the Organisms respond to stimuli from the

environment – (ex: light, temperature, environment – (ex: light, temperature, food) food)

VII. Maintain internal VII. Maintain internal balancebalance

•Homeostasis-process by which organisms Homeostasis-process by which organisms maintain a stable internal balance– to stay the maintain a stable internal balance– to stay the same.same.

Ex. – body temperatureEx. – body temperature

VIII. Change over timeVIII. Change over time

• Taken as a Taken as a group, all group, all living things living things change over change over time: time: EvolutionEvolution